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The empirical studying of teenagers' ideas of the life activity safety

Kotova I.B., Pirmagomedova E.A.

Annotatіon

teenager life activity safety

In the article there are stated the results of the theoretical-empirical research of teenagers' ideas of the life activity safety. There is shown the marginality of the safety phenomenon, urgency of its studying at various stages of ontogenetic development. It is substantiated the model and program of development of teenagers' ideas of safety; it is suggested the analysis of the empirical research results.

Key words: safety, life activity, teenagers, personality, social intensity, positive activity, identity, mental well-being of the person, self-identity; subjective control; social status, condition, personal anxiety, coping-strategies.

The urgent need of reception of the general encyclopedic knowledge of a safety phenomenon in the person's projection promoted the expansion of limits of its research in psychological science and practice. As a reference point of the last decade there was consideration of the safety problematic in the context of its personal features. There have been undertaken enough successful attempts of definition of the person's safety through some mental structures peculiar to personality.

Safety is one of the major, key parameters of the person's life activity. Absence of safety generates social intensity, paralyzes positive activity, restrains development of separate states, regions, social groups, and each person without dependence on his age or a kind of activity. Safety experience, on the contrary, acts as a powerful stimulus of positive processes as, thus, there are created optimum conditions which allow subjects of life to stay in a condition of calmness, steadiness and harmony. Psychological safety is considered as one of safety forms which promotes valuable life activity of people, formation of humane relations, comprehension of environment importance, sensation of identity with it, along with respect, trust, responsibility and acceptance of other people (I.A. Baeva, g.V. grachev,

T.M. Krasnyanskaya, N.P. Tatyanchenko, А. Maslow, K. Rogers, E. Fromm, A. Edmonson,

S. Kadel, j. Watkins, j. Follman, c. hammond, B. Sprague, g. Sugai, h. Walker, etc.).

The safety importance for society as a whole and for the concrete person promoted preservation of the centuries-old interest to its studying and development of recommendations on its security. As the sources supplying us with the data on development of social ideas of this problematic, it is possible to consider the philosophical doctrines of Ancient East (Upanishads, Buddhism, confucianism, Daoism), antiquity (Aristotle, Platon, Epicure), the Middle Ages (Tertullian), Renaissance (N. Kuzansky, j. Bruno, L. Valla), the Modernity (F. Bacon, Т. gobbs), the Age of Enlightenment (j. Lock, g.V. Leibnitz), german classical philosophy (L. Feuerbach), Russian cosmism (V.I. Vernadsky, K.E. Tsiolkovsky, A.L. chizhevsky). Within the limits of the stated philosophical doctrines, from our point of view, it is most clearly reflected the understanding of the safety problem and ways of its decision in a concrete stage of development.

In psychology the indirect and incidental reference to the safety phenomenon practically was marked in all scientific schools and currents: in psychoanalysis (А. Adler, Z. Freud, K. horney, E. Ericson, etc.), gestalt-psychology (M. Wertheimer, K. Levin, L. Festinher, etc.), cognitive (Miller D, Naisser W., Shennon K., Kelly g.А.), existential (Binsvanher L.) and humanistic (Maslow А., Allport g., Rogers K., Fromm E.) psychology.

Last decade there has been considerably extended the volume of researches of the safety phenomenon, spent in works of the psychological-pedagogical direction (Baeva I.A., Berkovits L., Vlasov L.V., gershunsky B.С, Dmitrievsky V.А., Krasnyanskaya T.M., Panarin I.N., Sukhov A.N., Fedorchenko A.D., etc.). The data obtained in result of research searches has allowed to develop the base approaches to interpretation of its essence with use of the psychological science's set of tools, and also to develop a number of recommendations on safety achievement in concrete conditions of activity and types of situations threatening life and mental well-being of the person.

The concept of safety is traditionally considered as a condition of security of vital interests of the person, society and State from internal and external threats. The person' ideas of the life activity safety are characterized as a subjective image of some circumstances which are significant in connection with occurrence of the necessity to overcome some threats of external and internal plan.

By this time there is established the connection of safety ideas with a level of the subject's professional competence; with possibility of the base needs realization (security, self-confidence, satisfaction in available circumstances etc.); with a level of prosocial needs' satisfaction (possibility to state own point of view, to show activity and initiative, to keep personal dignity and the right to respect); with action of social-demographic, individual-psychological, social-psychological and organizational factors. At empirical level it is proved the connection of safety ideas with personal features: with a type of sex-role identity; with a self-identity level; with character of subjective control; with social status, with a condition of personal anxiety, with used coping-strategies, etc. A number of structural features of safety ideas is revealed.

Ideas of the life activity safety of a concrete age group are developed on the basis of reflection of vital circumstances typical for it, those problems which most often arise during a corresponding period of life activity. Information on ideas of the age groups which “are sated” by problems of development and crises connected with them is significant. To the full it concerns studying of ideas of the life activity safety of teenagers which remain insufficiently studied till now.

Reference to the analysis of psychological preconditions of development of ideas of the life activity safety at teen-age has shown that they are a consequence of a whole complex of difficult and intensive process of physical, mental and social changes occurring at a critical stage of their transition from the childhood to adulthood.

To a number of psychological preconditions there are atributted: intensive development of cognitive abilities; occurrence of abstract thinking; perfection of reflective abilities; self-consciousness development; identity formation; constant expansion of knowledge of world around, of social space and of self.

Intensive and continuous formation of teenagers under the influence of expansion of subject experience and interiorization of experience of contemporaries and adults make their behavior enough contradictory and unpredictable that also influences their ideas of different aspects of the life activity safety.

Establishment of substantial-structural features of teenagers' ideas of the life activity safety was realized with attraction of the interrogatory method and methods of experimental psychosemantics - associative experiment and semantic differential.

As the research has shown, teenagers' ideas of the life activity safety possess own substantial-semantic specificity:

? For teenagers' ideas of the life activity safety the most informative is the factor of estimation of life activity conditions and their subjects; further on decrease of informativeness there follow force and activity factors;

? In spite of the fact that at teen-age it extremely increases the importance of company of contemporaries, friends, self-perception in a life activity context (Me by myself) is always combined with ideas of the mother who, probably, continues to remain the basic condition or the constituting of safety for the teenager;

? The school in teenagers' ideas always acts as an element which is in opposition to role positions associating with the life activity safety.

On the empirical basis we established high validity of results of an expert estimation of formativeness of teenagers' ideas of the life activity safety. The teenagers attributed to groups with high and low level of formativeness of ideas of safe behavior, possess, accordingly, the structured or diffused ideas of the life activity safety.

Assuming that distinctions in teenagers' ideas of the life activity safety are combined with certain distinctions in their individual-psychological features, we have conducted the following stage of the empirical research. Two subsamples of teenagers (with generated and not generated ideas) have been examined with attraction of a package of psychodiagnostic techniques and compared by the received results.

According to the received results, high adaptability characterizes 76,8 % of teenagers with the generated ideas of the life activity safety and only 56,2 % of the subsample of teenagers with not generated ideas of the same sort. According to the ц* criterion, distinctions in number of these two subsamples are statistically trustworthy, i.e. have the significance with probability of an error not less than 1 %. Thus, with sufficient reliability it is possible to say that teenagers possessing the generated ideas of the life activity safety are characterized by high adaptability.

There are also revealed three statistic tendencies to possession of certain personal qualities of teenagers having and not having the generated ideas of the life activity safety. Preparation of the forming experiment foresaw working out of a model of development of teenagers' ideas of the life activity safety (fig. 1).

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Fig. 1 The model of development of teenagers' ideas of the life activity safety

The carried out model of development of teenagers' ideas of the life activity safety reflects an idea of integral expansion, deepening and integration in a new level of available for them ideas of safety in unity of four basic components: cognitive, emotional, reflective and behavioural. It reflects the idea that development of teenagers' ideas of the life activity safety should be built taking into account the necessity of control of influence from significant for this sphere factors: school; family; out-of-school institutions visited by the teenager; circle of contemporaries referential for him; mass media and current vital events occurring to the teenager and informative from the point of view of formation and correction of ideas of the life activity safety.

Development of teenagers' ideas of the life activity safety was carried out within the limits of a complex of actions united by us in the psychological-pedagogical program “Bases of the life activity safety for teenagers” (fig. 2).

Fig. 2 Structure of the psychological-pedagogical program “Bases of the life activity safety for teenagers”

In development of this program it was important to observe the following principles: account of age and individual features of teenagers; unity and continuity of influence rendered on teenagers; communication of rendered developing influence with real teenagers' life activity; systematic character and sequence of construction of influence on teenagers on development of ideas of the life activity safety among them.

Experts have confirmed the results of the forming experiment. Their analysis has shown the following:

? Among all teenagers participating in experiment, there were generated full enough ideas of the life activity safety;

? Among them there has been developed interest to the analysis of events occurring to them and round them, from the point of view of ideas of the life activity safety;

? Among teenagers there was generated interest in self-development and selfimprovement in a direction of achievement of fuller conformity to requirements shown to the life activity safety;

? Teenagers show readiness for the further enrichment of their competence of the life activity safety sphere.

The results received by us have allowed to come to a conclusion that the experimental work spent by us, having realized all designated problems and having confirmed the put forward hypothesis, promoted full achievement of the experimental purpose. There have been revealed substantial and structural features of teenagers' ideas of the life activity safety; psychological conditions promoting their formation in this age period are revealed. Experimental program developed by us by results of its approbation could confirm the efficiency in the plan of development of teenagers' ideas of the life activity safety that has allowed to develop corresponding recommendations for employees of psychological service of average compulsory schools. The conducted research has allowed to formulate the following conclusions.

1. Development of teenagers' ideas of the life activity safety is a complex multidimensional psychological-pedagogical activity on change (expansion, deepening and integration) of a corresponding group of ideas among them, focused on formation of competence of the life activity safety sphere and readiness for its security at occurrence of dangerous vital situations. This activity should be built taking into account the content of ideas of the life activity safety and psychological features peculiar to teen-age.

2. Ideas of the life activity safety are a subjective formation which is the structured reflection of a complex of circumstances of life activity, actual at occurrence of any dangers. At teen-age the most significant circumstances of life activity, reflected in ideas of its safety, are the essence of this phenomenon, its role in human life, preconditions of preservation and infringement factors, a circle of subjects of safety and qualities connected with its achievement.

3. Formativeness of ideas of the life activity safety is shown in a degree of their content's structured character. To the generated teenagers' ideas of the life activity safety there correspond clear three-factorial structure in which it is possible to distinguish components of estimation, force and activity. To the not generated teenagers' ideas of the life activity safety there corresponds five-factorial structure in which there are diffusively presented components capable to be conditionally related to estimation, force and activity.

4. Teenagers' ideas of the life activity safety can differ on a level of formativeness depending on a condition of some of their individual-psychological features. The most generated ideas of life activity safety are traced among highly adaptive teenagers. This tendency is traced also concerning the teenagers characterized by high communicative abilities and developed personal identity. There is revealed the tendency of prevalence of not formativeness of the considered ideas among teenagers with high interpersonal anxiety.

5. The basis of development of teenagers' ideas of the life activity safety should make an expansion of their competence of the life activity safety sphere which should be built within the limits of the activity allowing to realize a change of teenagers' corresponding ideas in unity of cognitive, emotional, reflective and behavioural components.

6. Development of teenagers' ideas of the life activity safety should be realized taking into account action of some external factors (influence of parents, school, out-of-school institutions, circle of referential contemporaries, mass media, spontaneous vital circumstances) on the basis of observance of a complex of organizational principles.

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