Psychological and pedagogical aspects of niche tourism in the system of additional education

The theory of Fh. Pearce (Pearce Fh., 1982-2020) describes the career of a traveler: his tourist and other types of travel form a journey up the career ladder, a career of a traveler. Pierce's career ladder is based on the hierarchy of travel motives and is built on the model of A. Maslow [34; 41; 42]. Each person has a "travel career' similar to their "work career'. People start their tourism careers initially at different levels of their development. During his travel career, while gaining travel experience according to TCL theory, a person increases the level of motivation. Travel decisions and decision-making processes are not static; they change throughout a person's life depending on his travels and other life experiences. Also Fh. Pearce noted the differences between tourists and travelers, highlighting the system of describing typical tourist roles, which are different from the types of roles that are not typical for tourism, but are associated with travel in general. He identified five concepts of travel: environmental -- close encounter -- spiritiual -- pleasure -- business. However, now the differences between the tourist and the traveler are changing.

Fh. Pierce identifies the following stages of development of tourist needs (from the highest to the lowest): 1) satisfying the needs for self-actualization and for the experience of flow / creativity of relations with the world of people and objects; 2) meeting the needs to maintain high self-esteem / development needs: a) aimed at others: the need for status, the need for respect, recognition, the need for achievement; b) self-directed: the need for self-development, the need for growth, the need for mastery or controlling competence, the need for self-efficacy; 3) satisfying relationship needs: a) aimed at others: the need to reduce anxiety about others, the need to join (turn on);b) directed at oneself: the need to give love, affection, care; 4) meeting security / security needs: a) directed at others. related to others: the need for security from others, the need to have their own time and space / boundaries from others; b) self-related: the need to reduce anxiety, the need to predict and explain the world; 5) meeting the needs for relaxation: a) externally oriented: the need for escape from reality, internal and external arousal (drive and stimulation), curiosity; b) internally oriented: needs for rest, food, drink (vital), relaxation (control of the level of arousal) [40; 41]. In general, Fh. Pearce argues that people tend to climb the travel ladder as they become more experienced travelers. Higher-level motives that are neither shared nor guided by include low-level motives. Tourism can therefore be seen as a developmental practice. However, it does not always become or is not always, since some types of tourism and some tourist operators consciously or unconsciously exploit mainly the “low” needs and motives of customers. Lower-level motives must be satisfied or tested before higher-level motives come into play. But, nevertheless, any journey requires a ladder, assuming the prospects for the development of a person as a person, a partner and a professional.

The next model is the theory of optimal excitement or the theory of search and escapes (stimulation), also called the two-dimensional theory of tourist motivation, developed by S.E. Iso-Ahola [35]. The basic principle behind the theory of optimal arousal is that a person seeks the level of stimulation that works best for him / her as a person, partner and professional. If a individual's life is “too quiet” and motionless, he or she may look for incentives to change through activity. If there are too many things happening in the person's world, he tries to turn off the stimulation and find a calmer environment. Tourism is an excellent means of meeting human needs for the optimal level of stimulation. Someone whose daily life is domineering may choose a secluded and peaceful place to withstand pressures at home and at work. Someone whose work and life are boring may want to take a vacation that brings adventure and excitement (Iso-Ahola, S. E., 1984) [35].

Another very impotent in tourism studies theory is St. Plog's psychocentric-allocentric model (Plog, St., 1973- 2004; Cruz-Milan, O., 2017) [28; 43; 44]. This model is very important in the development of a unified theory of travel motivation. St. Plog (1973-2018) published one of the first “psychographic” scales of types of tourists, it includes several types (psychocentrics -- near psychocentrics -- mid- centrics -- near allocentric -- allocentrics). At one end, the psychographic scale includes individuals traveling alone or with a partner or friend. Such travelers tend to leave their own routes and travel at their own rhythm and pace, they want to be independent and active, tend to avoid typical tourist sites and take an interest in the local population and its culture, as well as nature and its inhabitants).These people usually trying to move away from standards, they can be called the allocentric part of the lifestyle scale. The other end of the scale is a profile of people who do not want any problems before or during their vacation, they like to have everything organized for them, and they want total relaxation. They take care of their own body and therefore their interests are in the areas of relaxation, health care and / and beauty. They do not show much interest in the locals or their culture, as well as in nature, he is psychocentric. There are three more intermediate groups, a total of five: close to psychocentric, middle and close to allocentric. Recently the typology has been changed and the dimension of traditionalists -- sightseers and travelers -- pioneers is added. Most tourists are located between these extremes, so the differences between “mass” tourists on both sides of the center are small, may not be noticeable, and change (Figures №1,2).

Figure №1. Psychographic types of tourists (Plog, St., 1991, 2001, 2004)



Figure №2. Psychographic types travel offers / destinations and tourists (Plog, St., 1991, 2004) [43; 44]

St. Plog proposes a breakdown of travel offers (and destinations) and tourists by psychological segment, highlighting five main personality types and types of travel products. For this, St. Plog (Plog, St., 1973) used a psychometric scale to classify tourists into allocentric, midcentric and psychocentric, depending on the individual's relative orientation to their culture and the culture they visit. Psychocentric tourists like good facilities; good pools; well organized trip; dinners in the pub. They do not seek to leave their comfort zone. Allocentics, on the other hand, are interested in new experiences and new cultures. The personality scale helps explain why the popularity of destinations rises and falls. In particular, the personal characteristics of tourists determine the nature of their travels and preferences. The psychocentric person is conservative about travel and prefers "safe” directions. The allocentric person loves adventure, preferring “new” directions and discovering these new directions (Plog, St., 2001) [43].

Another model is suggested by Er. Cohen. Er. Cohen proceeds from the phenomenological distinction that tourists let go of the orientation of their everyday world and focus on the other and unknown Tourist travel is a specific interweaving of alienation from everyday life and longing for another place / time. The degree to which a person tends to separate from the familiar world (“center”, center) and join the world elsewhere (“center-out-there”, center-out-there) can vary significantly and lead to a “continuum” of experiences... The needs and motives underlying travel differ greatly among (potential or real) tourists, which indicates the importance of psychological distance from the usual world in tourism, but only just physical one [25-27]. In E. Cohen's theory, there are several types of tourists (Table №1).

Let's give the examples of comparison of tourist typologies (table №2).

Based on the five orientations (that allocated by of Er. Cohen) B. Elands and J. Lengkeek identified five modes of existence of tourists (Elands B. & Lengkeek, J., 2012) [28]: from an entertainment mode, in which people go beyond the usual in search of entertainment, to an initiation mode, in where the alienation from ordinary life is so strong that it even gives rise to the search for new everyday life, after the tour.

Table№1. Types of tourists in E. Cohen's model (Cohen, E., 2003) [24].

Tourist roles between familiarity and novelity
Institutionalized tourists / Институционализированные туристы Dealt with routinely by the tourism industry -- toor operators, travel agents, hoteliers and transport operators	Non-institutionalized tourists/ Неинституционализированные туристы Individual travel, shunning contact with the tourism industry except where absolutely necessary
Organized mass tourist / Организованный массовый турист Low on adventurousness he / she is anxious to maintain his / her environmental bubble' on the trip. Typically purchasing a ready-made package tour of-the-shelf, he / she is guided through the destination having little contact with the local culture or peoples	Researcher, explorer / Исследователь The trip is organized independently and is looking to get off the beaten track. However, the comfortable accommodation and reliable transport are sought and, while the environmental bubble is abandoned on occasion, it is there to step if things get tough.
Unorganized mass tourist, individual mass tourist / Неорганизованный массовый турист Similar to the above but more flexibility and scope for personal choice is built in. However the tour is still organized by the tourism industry and the environmental bubble shields him / her from the real experience of the destination	Tramp, drifter / Бродяга All connection with the tourism industry are spurned and the trip attempts to get as far from home and familiarity as possible. With no fixed, he drifter lives with the local people, paying his / her way and immersing him/ her their culture.

Table №2. Examples of comparing tourists

Authors' typologies	Value orientations (metaphors)
Identity types	Traditional active tourist	Mass passive tourist	Tourist consumer of goods and services	Tourist traveler / pilgrim	Post-tourist, consumer and experience maker
J. Boorstin	Tourist	Traveler
E. Cohen	Individual mass tourist	Organized and individual mass tourist	Organized mass tourist	Researcher	Tramp
J. Urry	Tourist co-presence	Community tourist	Tourist -- visitor to places	Tourist implications	Tourist -- kinesthetic
Z. Bauman	The player, his leading concept is «risk»	Vagrant, his flagship concept is «mobility»	Pilgrim, his leading concept -- «place / territory»	Tourist, his leading concept is «experience»	Flaner, its flagship concept is «freedom»
I.V Zorin	Travel as an opportunity to go beyond everyday life	Travel -- communication	Travel -- change of place	Travel cognition	Travel -- discovery and search for novelty
M. Mats^y	Tourist events	Tourist camping, tourist center, club	Beach hedonist	Traveler -- discoverer of the unknown	Esthete -- flannere
O. Lysikova	Practicality («constructor», «pragmatist»)	Traditional rest («traditionalist», «epicurean»)	Prestigious consumption («consumer», «hedonist»)	Curiosity («researcher», «skeptic»)	Novelty, freedom («kinesthetic», «clinic»)
M.R. Arpentieva	«Having fun»	«Resting»	«Business»	«Romantic»	«Seeker»



These shifts in modes or orientations refer to two oth- p er frequently used terms: travel motives based on escape p and search, respectively. Some tourists may adhere to their p own habits and traditions, while others are more open to t different sociocultural environments: the tendency to stay close to or distance from what is familiarly known as a "dis position” that affects the immediate and retrospective experience of travel situations. Typologies of subjective interpretations and experiences of the tourist experience have been summarized by a number of researchers (Elands, B. & Lengkeek, J., 2012; Gisolf M., 2017) (Table №3) [28; 29]:

Table №3. Key characteristics per experience mode (Elands, B. & Lengkeek, J., 2012 and Gisolf M., 2017) [28; 29]

Mode:	Amusement	Change	Interest	Rapture	Dedication
Subjective Distance	Close by	Going away from	Going to	Far away	Immerse
Subjective Time	(Short) break	Another sense of time	As long as you can	Unanticipated	Permanent
Space	Familiar, symbolic and physical	Elsewhere	Vistas, Gaze, Liminal	Really different, high level of liminality	Backstage world
Sociality	Familiar social groups	Free onself from home environment	Stories	Open to the unknown	Authentic otherness
Impact sources	Main Impact sources	Main & Side impact sources	Any experience clue	Mainly shared impact sources	Local life
Expectations	Specific -- physically oriented	Well documented	Mixed	Broad	The unknown

We can try to connect the modes of tourist experience of a person with concepts such as needs, expectations and liminality (Gisolf M., 2017) [29].

1. Recreational orientation: The stories and metaphors of the travel experience are well known and do not create any tension with everyday reality. Tourists want to be entertained and do not try to move away from their roles.

2. Distracting orientation -- refers to the real difference between the tour and everyday life, connected with the need to break away from it, "recharge”. There is a genuine search for the unknown and tourists deliberately distance themselves from their home social life. However, many do not seek to deviate from the beaten path here.

3. Empirical orientation refers to much stronger tendencies to compare one's own and another's: the unknown must be experienced, the break with one's own world is completed, zones of liminality are deliberately introduced. Metaphors refer us to the mystical feeling that there is more between heaven and earth than we can understand.

4. Experimental orientation is largely self-directed. Tourists are immersed in the atmosphere of their holiday in search of new values and experiences. Liminality is consciously sought and experienced, its presence acquires an existential character. Here we are talking about deep religious beliefs, amazement and delight. The tourist is ready to undergo transformation at all levels.

5. Existentialist orientation, its motives primarily relate to the self. Liminality is fully experienced, and the tourist is seriously considering the option of overcoming the threshold in order to try to enter the destination socio-cultural environment on an ongoing basis. Metaphors refer to the role of nature for the planet, its immensity. Religious experiences are also common experiences.

A strictly psychological approach to understanding the problem of tourism motivation meets us in the tourism experience model (TEM) of J. Gnot and his followers. G. Gnot and H. Matteucci (Gnoth, J., and Mateucci X., 2014) believe that experiences / impressions depend not only on how a person perceives the activity in which he participates, interacts with his environment, but also on that the goal provides him with the keys to understanding experience [30]. A person either imposes on new times, spaces, people and situations old, stereotyped or transference understandings, or is open to new impressions and experiences. TEM is based on two axes. The model distinguishes two scales: the scale of consciousness (self-awareness of oneself as a person and self-awareness of oneself as an individual) and the scale of activity (activity axis, focus on the world, or consciousness axis / passivity, focus on oneself) in tourist activity (Figure №3).

Figure №3. The space of tourist typology in the model of J. Gnoth and H. Matteucci (Gnoth, J., and Mateucci X., 2014) [30]

Thus, at the intersection of the axis of activity (a person moves along a continuum from a consolidating and self-directed orientation to an exploratory orientation and focus on something else) and the axis of consciousness (a person moves from role authenticity, being an individual to existential authenticity, being a person -- a member of society, an inhabitant of the Earth, comic creature). These axes form four intersecting areas: the egoistic pleasure seeker, the discoverer / rediscovery, the knowledge / wisdom seeker, and the holistic.

* Selfish pleasure seeker: a tourist experiences certain impressions, he is able to predict what impression a moderately new environment may make on him and others. He changes their intensity by making decisions and making choices.

* (Re)discoverer, re-discoverer: the tourist begins to rediscover himself as he / she seeks to put some effort into recovering or appropriating certain skills and knowledge, status, etc.

* A seeker of knowledge: the tourist's search for novelty goes beyond self-satisfaction, the tourist becomes an explorer, and he or she is looking for life wisdom related to other people and the world.

* Holist: The exploratory behavior of this type of tourist is spontaneously playful, experimental. The tourist is looking for an existential, psychological convergence, the activity becomes creative and holistic, since moments of experience, situations are experienced as gestalts, and not differentially experienced details.

M. Gilsof and many other researchers criticize personally, narrowly psychologically oriented typological and other theoretical approaches (Gisolf M., 2017) [29]. He writes that the tourist destination itself is important as the physical and psychological time-space turns into a relational place when the tourist interacts with it. He can identify the types of agents that the destination includes in interaction with him and other tourists, which lead him or her to the question of how one can live and influence the destination and the world as a whole. Destination is a "humanized space-time", experienced by tourists in different ways. What is import- ant is that "An isolated tourist profile does not exist without context... one cannot separate the experience of a tourist from a tourist destination... The involvement of tourists in a destination depends on their personal predisposition, which can be typified on the basis of psychological or socio-psy- chological grounds." External factors can influence a tourist's choice of a tour that deviates from his usual profile, and the very behavior in the destination can change in relation to the predicted one in the context of various factors. So, for example, there is tourism zapping (Gisolf M., 2017) [29], the phenomenon of overtourism is also described as the fatigue of the destination and adjacent territories / waters and their inhabitants (flora, fauna, people and their organizations) from tourist visits [51]. This idea generally corresponds to the ideas of St. Plog (Plog, St., 1973-2004) that, as there are types of tourists, there are also types of tourist products, tourist destinations, in varying degrees typical for different regions at different times [16; 43; 44].

In general, many studies, including the study of Sh.D. Ma and colleagues (Ma Sh., Kirilenko AP, Stepchenkova S., 2020) subject to empirical testing the main idea / hypothesis of D. Weaver (Weaver D., 1999) and colleagues, created at the end of the 20th century, that mass tourism is significantly different from tourism with special interests (table №4) [37; 57].

Table №4. Comparative analysis of mass and niche tourism according to D. Weaver (Weaver D., 1999) [57]

	General Interest Tourist	Special Interest Tourist
Personality	Centricity, reluctance to adapt to local cultural conditions	External centeredness, willingness to adapt to local cultural conditions
Accommodation	Large-scale and intensity	Based on the local architectural style, sparse and scattered accommodation
Pull Items	Artificial pull items, a vacation isolated from local people and the culture	Authentic pull items, the warm relations between visitors and hosts
Economy	Interest in Imported and nonlocal products	Interest in local and authentic products
Effect	sensitivity to the carrying capacity	Cultural, social, economic sensitivity to the carrying capacity

The fact is that earlier, in the twentieth century, the still partly distinguishable border between different tourism products, in the modern world of diversification and downsizing of the tourism business became blurred (Akinci, Z. & Kasalak, M., 2016) [21]. In the opinion of some scientists, it was -- often -- speculative, since in any group of mass and any group of niche tourism tourists with different types of needs can be encountered.

B. Trauer conceptualized many issues of niche tourism (Akinci, Z. & Kasalak, M. 2016, p.185; Trauer, B., 2006), many other researchers rely on her models [21; 54] (Figure № 4, 5; table №5).

Typically, researchers, comparing mass and niche tourism, identified two types of tourists: opportunists and hardcore (opportunists, atypical and hardcore, typical). However, as the more recent data show, the motivational profile of these tourists is similar, it is just that most of the tourists involved in what is traditionally understood as tourism activities of special interests demonstrate behavior and profile characteristic of mass tourists, on the one hand, actively seeking novelty but, on the other hand, are well aware of the risks and importance of comfort (Trauer, B, 2006) [54]. Therefore, it is more correct to talk about a tourist career, about the movement of a tourist from the choice of mass familiarization tours to mixed and special (niche) ones.

Different forms of alternative tourism, to varying degrees, take into account the needs of tourists for individualism and identity, as well as the interests of communities, culture and the environment (Brasales E.D., Tapia P.H., & Koroleva I.S., 2020) [4, p.3]. Niche or alternative tourism is involves tourist trips aimed at organizing, conducting and participating in recreational, recreational, educational and developmental, mediation and other activities in direct contact with the natural and cultural wealth of the planet and its regions, providing an opportunity for self-expression and self-realization of all subjects of tourism. activities that envelop people with relationships and obligations to be aware, respect, enjoy and participate in the preservation and enhancement of natural and cultural resources (Brasales E.D., Tapia P.H., & Koroleva I.S., 2020) [4, p. 6].

Figure №4. Leisure-Tourism Interest Cycle (Trauer, B., 2006) [54]

Figure №5. Travel career in tourism (Trauer, B, 2006) [54].

Generally speaking, it is possible to propose a systemic generalization of the problem of motivating niche tourism in the context of the "pyramid of needs" model by A. Maslow (2012) [39]. The point is that different types of niche tourism meet different systems of needs -- types of clients of travel agencies. Where the central needs of clients are the needs of the vital level, the leading orientations of niche tourism are the corresponding types, from gastronomic tourism to rural and ethnic tourism. This can also often include tourism, sexual sports, medical, recreational and health. At a relatively "high" level of development of the needs of (potential) tourists, ecological and ethnic tourism is more in demand. People with creative needs, formed hobbies and professional orientations actively demand art tourism, business and hobby tourism. In the case of a person turning to the motives and values of self-realization and self-realization, pilgrim tourism turns out to be the most significant.

But we must not forget about the compensatory and developmental functions of tourist activity, that it allows a person to experience states of relaxation and recreation, to comprehend himself and the world anew. A person needs this in order to reach a new way of being, or at least outline it as a project that meets the essential aspirations of a person in his formation and development as a person, a partner and a professional (Table №6).



Table №5. The Tourism Interest Continuum (Akinci, Z.& Kasalak, M. 2016) [21, p.186].

Table №6. Author's model of motivation for tourist activity

Development stages	Identity type	Career features	Contents of the development
Becoming a person	Personal identity	Self-realization	Individuation, personalization, choosing yourself and / or oversocialization, depersonalization, refusal of choice
Becoming a partner	Interpersonal Identity / Role	Affiliate (friendship, love) and family careers	Inclusion, relevance independence and autonomy or alienation, dependence, / insignificance
Becoming a professional	Professional identity	Professional career	Professionalization, creativity and craftsmanship, reference or deprofessionalization, burnout and deformations, non-reference
Quasi-professional development (hobby)	Hobby identity	Hobby career
Becoming a tourist / traveler	Tourist identity	Travel career	Awareness, purposefulness, involvement of travel in development or unconsciousness, lack of involvement in development and lack of purpose
Becoming a member of a large group	Ethnic, religious, etc. identity	Social career (religious, ethical, etc.)	Sacralization, dedication, service, mentoring or desacralization, corruption, egocentrism and sociopathy
Becoming a cosmic being	Cosmic identity	Self-fulfillment / self-actualization	Humanity, responsibility, freedom of choice or inhumanity, irresponsibility, lack of freedom or compulsion

Based on this model (Table №6), we believe that tourists differ in the type of attitude towards tourist travel: someone uses tourist travel in order to "escape” from ordinary life and someone in order to change their "ordinary life”. Obviously, being in the living conditions typical for an "average” city dweller, a tourist will see some travel opportunities and directions as more attractive than others: isolation, encounter with "wild nature” and other more "special” including "elite” ways of constructing space and travel time. If a person lives in circumstances that are far from the mass "urban routine”, then he can undoubtedly be attracted by objects, situations and products inherent in this routine for someone. A tourist career develops as a variant of a hobby career, and, after passing through the stages of professional and hobby self-determination, it can be used by a person in order to begin to consciously build himself in other identities (social, cosmic). The motivation of a tourist trip in this case will be different: at the stages of becoming a person, a partner and a professional, a tourist career does not exist in itself, it develops in a certain period of time when a person is already able and strives to choose the direction of his movement in the space-time of building social and space career. The travel career of a mature person, a client of special interest tourism, is part of these larger careers. In other cases, it will be difficult to find special differences between tourists of different types of tourism (mass and niche).

All of the above allows us to conclude that modern niche tourism needs specialists who are familiar with solving the problems of supporting the development of a person and his interests, a tourist career in the context of developing as a person, partner, professional and representative of humanity as a whole. Such specialists can be obtained in two main ways: 1) retraining or additional training of educational psychologists in the field of (niche) tourism; 2) retraining or additional training of specialists in the field of tourism in the field of psychological and pedagogical problems of support (coaching support) of the development and career of an individual.



Conclusion

The current perspectives of tourism research focuses on the understanding that human life is social and man is a social phenomenon. Tribes and other numerous small groups to which people belong are essential for their life, processes and results of accumulation, transformation and application of life experience, from individual (tourist and other) experiences to the experience of joint activities. The activity of consumption of tourism products and services helps an individual to build important relationships with himself as a person, with other people and with the educational, professional and hobby environment, with the natural world and the world of culture. Now a new paradigm in tourism research, including tourism consumption, is actively developing, which is directly addressed to such phenomena as niche tourism and other analogues of "tribal consumption". Niche tourism as tourism of special interests has arisen and is developing as a response to the problems of diversification and ensuring the quality and competitiveness of tourism products, the problems of developing customers and transforming their interests and motives of travel, the tourism businesses' awareness of their mission -- cultural, professional, interpersonal and personal development of a person, and also the development of society (strengthening social ties as opposed to "easy sociality", retransmission of cultural norms -- prohibitions and regulations, support for the development of culture and, thus, humanity) in general. Niche tourism as a field of tourism business is progressing annually, along with the progress of tourists. The need for niche tourism is associated with the emergence of a special group of tourists-travelers who strive to penetrate the veils of the familiar and understand the world and themselves, not being limited by the ordinary framework, tourists who have formed their own tourism career, which is a component of a "life-long" career, a person's path. Tourism, even taken as travel in the period of "inter-seasons", is an important part of human existence; it stands for this applies not only to esoteric tourism, but also too many other options for niche tourism, including even dark tourism / tourism of disasters and destruction, extreme tourism, etc. Old traditions of pilgrimages and religious tourism, traditions of extreme and sports travel, are supported by innovative technologies such as travel therapy, esoteric therapy, "dark tourism", etc. As a result, the niche type of tourism transforms itself and transforms other types of tourism (mass and mixed). It causes changes in supply and demand in the tourism market. The market itself is changing, turning from a market for services into a market for experiences (experiences). Thus, it has a significant impact on the development of a person in terms of working with his own and universal human experience, that is, it performs the functions of a psychological and pedagogical type. The niche type of tourism directly or indirectly fulfills the tasks of training, education, as well as psychological and spiritual support for the development of a person as a person, a partner and a professional. This type of tourism is intended for tourists with a special type of needs (focused on self-exploration, self-fulfillment and self-improvement), as well as for tourists who are no longer satisfied with the traditional framework of consumption of tourist products (images), and who are looking for new areas of self-realization and need help in supporting them. Family, professional, hobby and other careers includes through building, improving, developing a tourism career. Changes, innovations in tourism of niche and other types are also associated with changes in the system of motivation of tourists that occur during their travel career. The niche type of tourism is actively developing and developing tourists, their travel motivation. This type of tourism has great development prospects, since it activates the work of a person with his experience of internal and external relations: the organization of such work requires significant efforts on his part and on the part of the organizers of tourist travel.

To develop and understand the importance of developments in the field of diagnostics and orientation of tourism to satisfy more or less individualized systems of tourists' motives, the tourism business needs special efforts. Tourism of modernity and postmodernity needs specially modified tourist destinations, multicomponent and multivariate routes that allow satisfying the special needs of customers so that this type of business can fulfill its psychological and pedagogical functions, one way or another related to the mission of tourist trips in general and in each tourist company and destination separately.

Psychological and pedagogical comprehension of the phenomena, components and types, processes and results, subjects and objects of niche tourism focuses the attention of practitioners and theorists on the problems of a tourist career and motivation for participation in niche tourism, as well as on the problems of (psychological) types of tourists and tourist destinations. Working with the phenomena of a psychological and pedagogical level (a tourist's career, tourist motives, etc.) most often already requires the presence of specialists with a special psychological and pedagogical education. For the very same psychological and pedagogical education, turning to tourism and its possibilities is a significant development of teaching and educational technologies and means. The most productive options in this case are the creation of additional training areas: 1) in the field of niche tourism for teachers and psychologists, social workers and other specialists in helping professions, 2) in the field of psychological and pedagogical support / coaching of tourism activities for future and working guides and managers travel companies.



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