Department of Pedagogy named after Bogdan Stuparik, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University (Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine)

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Department of Pedagogy named after Bogdan Stuparik, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University (Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine)

Galina Bilavych,

Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, Department of Pedagogy of Primary Education, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University (Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine)

Borys Savchuk,

FOREIGN ASSOCIATIONS OF UKRAINIAN PUBLIC ORGANIZATIONS OF SUBCARPATHIA (LATE XIX - EARLY XX CENTURIES)

Abstract. Development of theory and practice of education of economic culture among children and adults in Western Ukraine from the second half of the 19^thcentury to the beginning of the 20^thcentury proceeded in the context of European household and economic enlightenment. International ties played an important role in this process that was manifested in different forms and approaches of activity of «Silskyi Gospodar» society and other public institutes: overseas internship for «exemplary farmers» who belonged to «Silskyi Gospodar» society, foreign studies for talented youth, studies for farmers at foreign agronomical courses, their participation in international exhibitions, scientific internship for heads and activists from local centers and participation in various household and economic forums, etc. Integration of Ukrainian people into European community, acquirement of global household experience and its distribution throughout Western Ukraine proceeded in this way.

Keywords: international ties, Western Ukraine, «Silskyi Gospodar» society, exhibitions.

ЗОВНІШНІ ОБ'ЄДНАННЯ УКРАЇНСЬКИХ ГРОМАДСЬКИХ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЙ СУБКАРПАТІЇ (КІНЕЦЬ XIX - ПОЧАТОК XX СТОЛІТЬ)

Галина Білавич,

доктор педагогічних наук, професор кафедри педагогіки початкової освіти, ДВНЗ «Прикарпатський національний університет імені Василя Стефаника» (м. Івано-Франківськ, Україна)

Борис Савчук,

доктор історичних наук, професор, кафедри педагогіки імені Богдана Ступарика, ДВНЗ «Прикарпатський національний університет імені Василя Стефаника» (м. Івано-Франківськ, Україна)

Анотація. Розвиток теорії та практики виховання економічної культури серед дітей та дорослих на Західній Україні з другої половини ХІХ - початку ХХ ст.продовжувався в контексті європейського домогосподарства та економічного просвітництва. Важливу роль у цьому процесі відіграли міжнародні зв'язки, що проявилося в різних формах та підходах діяльності товариства «Сільський господар» та інших державних інститутів: зарубіжні стажування для «прикладних фермерів», що належали до товариства «Сільський господар», закордонне навчання для талановитої молоді, навчання для фермерів за кордоном на агрономічних курсах, участь у міжнародних виставках, наукові інтерв'ю для керівників та активістів місцевих центрів, участь у різних приватних та економічних форумах тощо. Інтеграція українського народу в європейську спільноту, засвоєння світового досвіду розпочалося по всій Західній Україні.

Ключові слова: міжнародні зв'язки, Західна Україна, товариство «Сільський господар», виставки.

INTRODUCTION

Nowadays one of the most actual problems is decadence of Ukrainian village, which is caused by low social, economic, cultural and educational development in rural areas, demographic crisis, high death rate in villages, poor competitiveness of agricultural production, low entrepreneurial initiative of farmers that is caused by unfavorable tax environment, low level of credit resources admittance, absence of effective economic formations (cooperatives, associations, etc.), stagnancy of economic thinking and attitude to the improvement of forms and methods of economic management, lack of widespread massive propaganda of household and economic enlightenment and appropriate institutions (agriculturists, economists, social services, educators, noncommercial associations, cooperative organizations, etc), which would improve economic culture among children, youth and adults. These and some other problems create big risks for further development of Ukraine, disrupt its basis. There is a danger of loss of national cultural heritage and Ukrainian gene pool in general. In the late 19^th - early 20^th century peasants from Western Ukraine had to solve a lot of similar problems too. However, Ukrainian noncommercial associations organized farmers, engaged them to various forms of household and economic enlightenment, in particular through international ties. It essentially enhanced the level of economic management of Ukrainians, improved their economic culture and integrated Ukrainian people into European community.

Brief literature Review economic culture education european

The problem that is covered in the article has many aspects. It is studied at interdisciplinary level by scientists-educators, historians, economists, etc. Despite the fact that history of household and cooperative movement in Western Ukraine was actively studied during various periods by Ukrainian and foreign scientists (O. Verbova, I. Vytanovych, Z. Gipters, S. Gelei, S.Zlupko, L. Reva-Rodionova, M. Sych, etc.). Issues connected with analysis of methods, means and forms of household and economic enlightenment were not considered by them.

The goal of the article consists in definition of the role of international ties, improvement of the economical culture level of Western Ukrainians during the second part of the 19^th - early 20^th century.

RESEARCH RESULTS

The development of the theory and practice of education of economic culture among children and adults in Western Ukraine within the period was not isolated from European and global context. Western Ukrainian figures with the help of international contacts studied the concept of western labor school, organization of agricultural education in Czechoslovakia, productive ideas of agronomical education among adults in Denmark and other European countries, adopted American idea of farmers education among youth, creatively developed on the national ground. It enabled to acquire real success in the short term. International contacts were a great impact on the process of economic culture formation among Ukrainians in Western Ukraine. It materialized in various forms and activity trends such as internship of «exemplary farmers» (farmers who efficiently worked in their own private household and belonged to «Silskyi Gospodar» society), international studies of talented youth, farmers' studies at agronomical courses, their participation in international exhibitions and scientific internship for heads and activists from local centers, participation in various household and economic forums, contacts with Czechoslovakian ministry of agricultural industry and Ukrainian household academy in Podebrady, etc. Such forms required critical material expenditures for Ukrainian noncommercial associations. However, they were efficient and perspective enough considering integration of Ukrainians into European space, acquisition of global experience and its distribution in Western Ukraine. Thus, during pre-war period in the 20^th century where was a practice of expatriate assignments for Ukrainian peasants. There they were acquainted with progressive experience of exemplary households work. In 1912 «Silskyi Gospodar» society assigned 35 young villagers to annual «household practice» to Czech Republic. They printed a lot of articles in «Gosporska Chasopys» magazine. Ten people showed their willingness to study at semiannual wintertime household courses in Czech Republic. On that purpose «Silskyi Gospodar» and Czech Council of Culture rendered money assistance every month. This practice proved its value completely: Ukrainians acquired international experience of economic management; highly-qualified specialists joined household and economic institutions [8, p. 4, 35].

In 1912-1913 along with cooperative institutions a few foreign «scientific trips» for heads of Ukrainian household and cooperative unions were organized [8, с. 4, 35]. In May, 1912 71 villagers took part in regional household exhibition in Prague and visited exemplary households in Czech Republic and Moravia, in particular agricultural machinery factory, household school, country sugar mill, «electrical dairy» (farms), etc.

In the 1930s' foreign trips for heads and activists of «Silskyi Gospodar» society became more intense. For example, in August 1938 theorists and practicians of household and economic enlightenment in Western Ukraine (Y. Khraplyvyi and A. Terpyliak) represented «Silskyi Gospodar» at the XII International Gardening Congress in Berlin. As report on this assignment there was a book called «Review on Gardens and Herbary of Germany» (1938) [9, p. 14] that propagandized experience of foreign countries and became the so-called manual on gardening and fruit-growing for Ukrainian villagers.

In September 1935 representatives from Czechoslovakian agricultural academy in Prague arrived to Galychyna. They concluded an agreement on cooperation: «became steady involved with» branches, «observed exemplary households» [10].

The second trend of bilateral relations during interwar period of the 20^th century was participation of Ukrainians in international economical forums where exchange of experience, demonstration of acquirements of national cooperation and products of Ukrainian agricultural manufacturer took place. Ukrainian women participated in congresses of International women cooperative guild in Vienna (1930) and London (1937). It organized exhibitions of books, cooperative posters, and articles by women-members, which received a good mark. In particular «Nova Khata» magazine was nominated, «postcards and ornaments» issued by «Ukrainian Folk Art» cooperative, photos depicting work and everyday life of the cooperative, etc [2, p. 457].Women cooperative «Ukrainian Folk Art» organized exhibitions at Slavic congress in Prague (1932), International exhibition in Chicago (1935) [8, p. 141-142].

Another vector of international cooperation was foreign studies for Ukrainian youth. Nagirnyi E. was responsible for this case. In autumn 1910 he developed typical projects and cost sheets regarding foreign assignments; he adjusted it to local conditions and requirements. In such a manner youth acquired progressive professional knowledge and when coming back to their Motherland they began to realize it in practice [11, p. 23]. In the period of 1924-1927 «Silskyi Gospodar» society gave scholarships to 3 students in agricultural academy in Vienna and agricultural university in Krakow. For the purpose of arrangement of household school for women in Korshev two scholars were assigned on studies to schools in Austria [11, p. 30].

«Silskyi Gospodar» society initiated campaign to help students who studied abroad. Regional Union of Ukrainian Cooperatives (RUUC), Butter Union, «National Trade», «Dnister» and «Greek-Catholic Metropolitan» kept one-two students each [11, p. 23]. As a result of acquaintance with finest international experience in the sphere of agronomy future specialists actively used acquired knowledge at their homeland. In the sphere of animal breeding enlightenment and propaganda activity among villagers was aimed on using new species, improvement of cattle and poultry productivity and implementation of new production technologies connected with sustainable feeding, veterinary attendance, keeping housekeeping area clean, etc [12, с.346-347]. Stable activity regarding improvement of farmers' agriculture on the basis of European household experience usage proceeded by way of transfer of knowledge, formation of skills and abilities regarding process of rational growing and maintenance of domestic animals, selection, veterinary care, recycling and organization of products sales.

Various exhibitions, which were organized by Ukrainian noncommercial associations, performed similar role. There was not only experience exchange, but also demonstration of achievements in the area of household and economic enlightenment of Ukrainians. By the way, progress of Ukrainian villagers was acknowledged by officials as well. In 1936 Polish regional department held agricultural exhibition in halls of tobacco shop in Borshchev (Ternopil region), where exhibit items from «Silskyi Gospodar» society occupied 50 meters of the wall. As evidence of achievements there were diagrams, tables, etc. Also there were samples of field, garden and orchard crops on display. Guests from Warsaw, Poznan and other cities were astonished by «Silskyi Gospodar» exposition made in Ukrainian language. Committee awarded Borshchiv branch a gold medal and regional department gave a reward of 3000 zl. It was an impressive success for Ukrainians, first of all considering the fact that there were 50 participants who took part in exhibition [13, p.270]. Such cases were typical in Galychyna during the period.

In Bukovyna agricultural exhibitions were not as popular as they were in Galychyna. However, local Ukrainians actively participated in this form of household and economic enlightenment. They succeeded in the area of domestic and art crafts. Wares of national embroidery made by local women who belonged to Vyzhnytsia and Vashkiv «Zhinocha Gromada» clubs that specialized in national costumes production were a success [14; 15, p.3]. These wares were actively popularized on European market. They were widely recognized at local and global level due to activity of women society special committee for embroidery gathering and organization of products sales (January, 1910). Thus, in April 1910 in Chernivtsi there was an exhibition of wares that were successfully displayed in Vienna and The Hague. In Vienna there was a triumph of Ukrainian national art: Bukovyna women were awarded a gold medal; group that presented works of craftswomen was invited to the ball dance arranged by Development society of domestic craft in the capital of Austro- Hungarian Empire [15, p.6]. So, first steps of integration into European space were successful and testified high artistic level of Bukovyna women and capability of Ukrainian wares to compete on the global market. In the times of Romanian occupation of the region «Zhinocha Gromada» society continued its work on arrangement of exhibitions (and sales) of national art works, foremost embroidery (1924, 1935, 1939, etc). This activity continued to May, 1940 [16].

Essential moves took place in various areas of agronomy and cooperation due to many forms of household and economic enlightenment, international contacts in particular. On the example of Borshchiv district (Ternopil region) it can be seen how the region (south towns of Borshchiv and Zalishchyky) became center of scientific researches, where experiments were carried out on growing not only highly-productive fruit breeds, but also breeding of new fruit trees and growing «exotic» grape breeds, apricot, pistachio, etc [13, p .267]. So, apricot orchards were founded almost in every village in the southern part of the region. Before the Second World War District Cooperative union (DCU) started sales of apricots. Branch of «Silskyi Gospodar» society recommended villagers to begin cultivation of bush-fruits as raw material for jam and liqueur making. For example, in 1938 DCU of Borshchiv district sold 8 wagon loads of plums at the price of 0.5 zl for kg to Polish magnate Chetvertynskyi for his Medlyn enterprise specialized in slivovitz making(alcohol made from plums) [13, p. 267-268].

During the period vegetable growing was considered as «neglected section». Heads of «Silskyi Gospodar» society persuaded villagers that vegetable growing is foremost profitable business. They printed topical articles in agricultural magazines, acquainted with European experience of vegetables growing (Czech Republic, Bulgaria, etc.). One of

the efficient ways was seedbeds foundation. Authors of articles suggested experiments and acquired new cultures breeding, for example soybean, mushrooms, chicory, watermelons and melons, pistachio, etc. [12, p. 353-354]. International experience of economic management in Western Ukraine was distributed by the way of «research fields» arrangement. «Prosvita» society commenced stable work in this direction during prewar period of the 20th century. Due to modern European technologies appliance «research fields» ensured high productivity of various species of plants. They were of a great interest among villagers considering possibility of acquiring free professional knowledge and discount on seed and purchase of agricultural machinery.

Research fields were recognized as the best means of household rationalization and involvement of villagers into modern technologies usage. Actually they commenced using mineral chemical fertilizers in Ukrainian small farmlands and became a base for formation of scientifically grounded breeding of forage cultures - beet, potato, carrot, clover, alfalfa, etc. On the basis of this model villagers learned how to independently calculate outcomes, incomes and total annual balance and predict positive or negative balance. Results of research fields functioning were discussed and studied at special workshop sessions that were conducted in certain communities or districts. Acquired experience was rapidly and widely applied. During the interwar period of the 20^th century this activity was scientifically and methodologically proven. Professor V. Domanytskyi, one of theorists of Ukrainian Household Academy (UHA) in Podebrady, founded major project for organization of network of «research stations» for certain districts of Bukovyna, Galychyna, Volyn, Podillia, Polissia, etc. His goal consisted in exploration of local circumstances of economic management and in accordance with it to define rational forms and trends of its improvement. In practice this program had to be realized through «research fields» of farmers.

Y. Khraplyvyi, another theorist and practician of household and economic enlightenment, who was well informed with household experience of many European countries, proved essential idea that «Silskyi Gospodar» society should massively involve villagers into so called economic exploration through social agronomists (majority of them studied at UHA in Podebrady) [18, p. 68-70]. For example, in spring 1928 there were founded 1940 «research fields», 1300 of them with using artificial and organic fertilizers, 60 of them - with seeds, 60 of them - with vegetables and others combined various forms of crop farming. Then the first Ukrainian seed-breeding station was founded in Korshev, near Kolomyia [19, p. 17]. In the period of 1935-1936 there were «demonstrative researches» with tagged superphosphate [20, p. 33-34]; later - with various kinds of mineral fertilizers. In 1938 1746 households, which participated in it, were given 493 wagons of fertilizers for free or with discount [9, p. 38].

It is interesting to note that «researches» on seed material optimization were quite successful: for example, two- year carrying out in Borshchiv district enabled to recognize «Sekach» wheat as the most productive breed of cereals and distribute it in Borshchiv district. Before World War II DCU had been selling about 900 wagons of seeds annually [13, p. 266]. Similar success was in other districts of the region [12, p.348-349].

CONCLUSIONS

In the period of the second half of the 19^th century to the beginning of the 20^th century in Western Ukraine social, household and economic activists and educators through international contacts were acquainted with best foreign experience of economic management that was inventively distributed in the homeland. Ukrainian Household Academy in Podebrady was an important scientific center dealing with improvement of agronomical culture of Ukrainians. International ties with Czechoslovakia were the most intensive. Ukrainian social agronomists also used productive ideas of agronomical education of adults in Scandinavia, Germany (particularly during World War II) and other European countries. Through various forms of international contacts (internship of «exemplary farmers», foreign studies for youth, studies for farmers at agronomical courses, their participation in international exhibitions, scientific internship for heads and activists from local centers and participation in various household and economic forums, etc) not only process of improvement of household culture of Ukrainians, but also their integration into European community, acquirement of global experience and its distribution throughout Western Ukraine.

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