Problems and tendencies of development of higher education in Ukraine

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National Aviation University

The Department of Sociology and Political Science

Problems and tendencies of development of higher education in Ukraine

Stryhul M.V. Ph.D. in Sociology, Associate Professor,

Associate Professor

Khomeriki O.A. Doctor of Sociological Sciences, Professor,

Head of the Department

Abstract

Key words: higher education, university, institute, innovation, transformation.

Анотація

Проблеми та тенденції розвитку вищої освіти в Україні

У статті здійснено аналіз поняття інновацій у системі вищої освіти України. Зазначається, що існує ще одна серйозна проблема, яка впливає на розвиток ринкових механізмів регулювання системи освіти.

Основна гіпотеза дослідження полягала в тому, що процеси трансформації вищих навчальних закладів знаходяться в прямій залежності від того, як у контексті Болонської декларації змінилась ідеологія підготовки фахівців у вузах, сформувались нові завдання розвитку освітнього процесу, в якому основне місце приділяється освіті, орієнтованій на розвиток особистості, на формування професійної компетентності, стійкої мотивації до навчання протягом усього життя. У статті розкриваються результати інтерв'ю, проведеного в рамках дослідження кафедрою соціології та політології (Національний авіаційний університет, 2021 р.), що охоплювало аудиторію викладачів вищого навчального закладу.

Ключові слова: вища освіта, університет, інститут, інновація, трансформація.

Introduction

Formulation of the problem. The problems recorded during the research and way of an exit from them to some extent allow to put forward the provision that for ensuring transformation of higher education at the level of the state conditions are created: Ukraine has signed the Bologna declaration, in the concept of modernization of native education its principles are considered, the Ministry of Education and Science has approved the normative documents considering existence of governing bodies of quality of education in higher education institution, introduction of multilevel training of students, existence of the international exchanges of teachers and students.

The need for carrying out comparative estimates became aggravated need of the development of policy of higher education institutions in relation to processes of the European integration of the educational system (Bologna Process).

The main purpose of an empirical research is the identification of problem zones which demand a profound understanding of processes, their adjustment taking into account requirements of entry of the Ukrainian higher education into the European education space. The developed forms to semistandard deep interview consider specifics socio-humanistic educations (fast renewability of knowledge, the subjective nature of judgment and perception of information streams, possible divergence of the European and Ukrainian installations as criteria of the cognitive field, etc.).

In methodical documents on holding an interview it is recommended to build assessment and to state judgments in comparison of the actual results to the norms offered by the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine. Estimating activity of higher school in chosen the directions, it was considered within the research program developed by the author which consisted of three stages and attracted both quantitative (poll), and qualitative methods.

Analysis of recent research and publications. Modern development of foreign education sociology is described in papers by M. Archer, J. Beaulieu, R. Boudon, J. Coleman, N. Luhmann, J. Meyer, J. Passeron. The authors mentioned consider the education system within the context of its socio-typological, morphogenetic, functional-systemic specific features, as an instrument of establishing distinctions, communication, gabitualization [1; 4]. All the processes mentioned are inherented in the system of education of both institutionalized and non-institution- alized forms. Institutionalization of the education system is accompanied by its establishment as a completely autonomous system able to develop following on from the limited interference of other social subsystems with its operation. professional education ukraine european

The attention of the Ukrainian sociological community is constantly drawn to education as a social institution and social aspects of higher education. Special attention is to be paid to the achievements sociologists of the second half of the 20^th century including А. Аstakhova, O. Dikova-Favorska, V. Dobrenkov, V. Nechaiev, S. Oksamytna, A. Osypov, Y Podolska, M. Rutkevych, L. Rubin, L. Sokurianska, M. Titma, V. Turchenko, F. Filippov, A. Shereha, S. Shchudlo, O. Yakuba and other scholars. These authors studied issues regarding the role of education in the development of the society, in social mobility, life plans of youth and social characteristics of lecturers and teachers [3].

Major functional aspects of education should be considered within the framework of the systemic approach. Education is a sophisticated multifunctional system, and its operating efficiency can be estimated through analyzing the complex of objective connections of education as a society subsystem with other subsystems and taking into account their interinfluence [7].

The main material

Main objective of a research is the analysis of the of transformation in higher educational institutions in Kyiv.

The key tasks in the course of the expert poll have been set:

- to characterize the features of functioning of higher education institutions at realization of the principles of the Bologna declaration;

- to reveal the main sources of obtaining information on Bologna Process;

- to carry out the analysis of specifics of interaction of scientific and pedagogical and administrative structure during educational innovations in higher education institutions;

- to analyse approaches to management and estimates of introduction of innovations by heads, officials of higher education institutions, erudite, independent experts, analysts;

- to develop recommendations about introduction of the principles of the Bologna declaration in higher education institutions;

- to reveal the most problem zones in higher education, to systematize them.

The transformation of the Ukrainian higher education in the conditions of Bologna Process is considered as the object of research.

The main hypothesis of a research consists in the following: processes of transformation of higher educational institutions are in direct dependence on how in the context of innovations, new problems of development of educational process in which the main place is given to the education focused on development of the personality, on formation of professional competence, steady motivation to training during all life are formed [5].

Auxiliary hypotheses:

- processes of transformation of higher school depend on the developed conditions for professional development of heads and specialists of higher education institution on problems of reforming of higher school at the present stage, on specifics of interaction of pedagogical and administrative workers during reforms and also on active position of the management of higher education institution in the solution of these tasks;

- the main problem zones of higher education institutions are caused by problems of lack of financing.

The methods of application-oriented sociology directed to confirmation or a denial of the hypotheses made by the author and framing of recommendations became the main scientific methods of a research. The main methods of this applied research became:

- an interview with representatives of administration of the state and non-state universities;

- an interview with principals of labor union of Ukraine;

- an interview with scientists-experts from the sphere of the education and teachers.

The content of the interview has been directed to obtain the profound information concerning features and characteristics of administrative management by innovative processes in the surveyed higher education institutions, the main problems of introduction of innovations. The guide contained the questions concerning sources of those information channels on which the interview gains a question of assessment of activity of divisions of the university, a condition of implementation of innovations, assessment of results of multilevel training of students, of the personal relation of the interviewer to occurrence Ukraine in uniform European educational space, about demand in labor market of bachelors and masters, about threats on institutional barriers of native education at the present stage, the main problems of higher education [5].

An important condition for comparison is the community of welfare bases in the educational systems of Ukraine and the leading European countries. It is known that the Ukrainian higher education has developed under the influence of the European educational and cultural traditions. Therefore, communicating with respondents on a subject of changes in modern higher education, first of all their view of effectiveness of the introduction of the Bologna system and assessment of the main negatives and positives of reforming of modern education interested us. All respondents have complained on:

- insufficient attention of the modern power to higher education;

- vulnerability of the rights of educators;

- shortcomings ofintroduction of the Bologna system, in particular small awareness of teachers on opportunities of the Bologna system.

All respondents noted:

- crisis insufficient funding of education and innovative technologies;

- lack of support of integration processes from the state, in particular academic mobility.

Efforts of private higher education institutions with the low level of teaching and the lack of a concept of the state order for certain specialties creates prerequisites for: commercializations of education, depreciation of a mission of education in general.

The most widespread diseases which have struck the modern higher school: nepotism; low level of the scientific sector in education; a weak work practice of students on a number of specialties; shift in popularity of a number of specialties which have already oversaturated labor market.

Transformation of higher education in perception of the management has to be followed by mass training of personnel. In higher education institution, especially state, not enough financing from the budget, therefore process goes very slowly is allocated for these purposes. Understanding relevance of the solution of this problem, heads allocate money from extrabudgetary funds, but they aren't enough.

For the solution of tasks of transformation of higher education institute were named such necessary conditions: the publication of the regional and departmental regulations promoting an institutionalization (regulation) of activity of institution of higher professional education at entry into uniform European educational space; on their basis - development of the local documents of higher education institution regulating process of creation of new administrative structures of the organization in the field of education quality management; multilevel preparation; international cooperation; systematic professional development of administrative shots and increase in financing from budget funds for the solution of these problems.

The analysis of answers of respondents of the sociological research found out the following:

- practicipans agree that of the state control admissible by results of activity of higher education institutions, but not throughout training. The statistics demonstrate that only the few non-state higher education institutions left at a boundary of criteria of state universities;

- the system of the Ukrainian higher education undergoes changes of high degree of complexity, the economic, organizational and sociocultural living conditions of higher education institutions caused by change now. These transformations are expressed in politically operated processes of reforming of higher school various ways and consequences of adaptation of higher education institutions to the changing conditions, a conversion of the relations in the labor market and also in sociocultural dynamics of motivations of the subjects of higher education.

Thus, in the sphere of higher education of Ukraine there were certain contradictions, main of which are:

- a contradiction between the sphere of higher education and labor market;

- contradictions in education system (the conflict between requirement of an education system and uselessness of knowledge);

- a contradiction in mentality of society (formation of “new mentality” in education: essential changes in the relation of students and teachers of higher educational institutions to training process) [8].

Conclusions

All above-stated allows to draw a conclusion that the current state of mechanisms of functioning of the Ukrainian higher education is in the process of search of the most effective ways of development of education in the occurrence of the national educational sphere to world education and scientific space.

From the point of view of the Ukrainian and European educational system, becomes pressing need of time the solutions of a number of problems in the field of higher education of Ukraine, which have arisen in connection with the accession of the country to innovations. The National Institute of strategic researches has defined key problems of implementation of the requirements of the innovations in Ukraine [8]. So, according to experts, the next several years can be key and critical in the Ukrainian higher education taking into account that, first, in connection with demographic recession the number of entrants who will come to study to higher educational institutions will decrease. At the same time the offer of places in institutions will begin to exceed the real number of entrants that will lead to the competition where will win only those higher educational institutions which have positively proved in the education market.

Secondly, the new law on higher education will be perhaps adopted which in a new way will define operating conditions of native education. So, the future of higher education of Ukraine substantially depends on political decisions on activity of the branch. The autonomous rights of a higher educational institution have to provide an independent determination of content of training and structure of curricula.

It means that it is necessary to revise the principles of formation of state standards, in particular: to define the obligatory subjects for all directions and specialities (for example the foreign language) and for the main directions, at that to recommend wide list of general education disciplines so as to the institute of higher education could shoose those disciplines which correspond for the most to the speciality every educational programm; to establish the minimum educational loading by obligatory disciplines (for example 3-5 disciplines); to establish the minimum educational loading by disciplines of branch standart (for example, 50%); the state has to record the minimum volume of an academic load necessary for obtaining this or that specialty for the purpose of further state recognition of the diploma.

At the same time it is possible to define such external factors, to opinion of experts influencing a crisis situation in the field of higher education in Ukraine: mass character of education (higher education becomes the general, at the same time students don't connect training in a higher educational institution with real competitiveness in labor market, and consider it social norm); education commercialization (the new form of export - receiving educational services by foreign students has appeared, at the same time the majority of educational programs adhere to the international, but not national quality standards); information transformation (the modern information network contains enough the general and subject knowledge - it demands from teachers of viewing of a form of delivery and assessment of knowledge in educational process); demographic recession (reduction of the number of graduates of the general schools with a simultaneous growth of a number of places for training in institutions of higher education of Ukraine that involves decrease in a competition and threatens with reduction of requirements to entrants); a break-up of generations among teachers (there is an aging pedagogical and research and educational personnel, at the same time there is no their updating).

The most important condition of an exit from a crisis situation of higher education is development and realization in practice of a new educational paradigm which has to be put in the maintenance of regional educational policy.

References

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4. Archer M. Social Origins of Educational Systems. New York : IA Books, 2007. 215 p.

5. Khomeriki O.A. Commercialization of education: world experience and Ukrainian context. Dnipro : Grani, 2015. Vol. 8 (124). Р 101-105.

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