Cold fusion
Limited energy resources as a major problem in the energy sector. Increased use of oil and natural gas. Reaction of nuclear fission and fusion. The energy released in the fusion of two light nuclei. Isolation of radioactive hazardous substances.
| Рубрика | Физика и энергетика |
| Вид | реферат |
| Язык | английский |
| Дата добавления | 18.01.2014 |
| Размер файла | 17,3 K |
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Ministry of education and science of the Russian Federation
Federal State Budgetary Educational institution of Higher Professional Education
National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University
Scientific research work
Cold fusion
Ilya S. Dergachev
student of 3rd course
group 5012
The Institute of Power Engineering
Tomsk 2013
This work is developed to a global energy problem which has not been decided by scientists yet. It's cold fusion so the variants of solutions are given in the paper.
One of the major problem in the energy sector today is the limited energy resources. Scientists estimate the amount of oil and natural gas and come to conclusion we may use oil for 200 years and coal for 100 years, if we do not increase the use of these resources. One solution of this problem is a nuclear physics with the reaction of nuclear fission and fusion. Since the fission reaction occurred people are able to to rein in, then talk about the fusion of the nuclei, as well as touch on one of the most promising types of synthesis: the cold fusion.
At the beginning of analysis let's find out what nuclear fusion is. In nuclear physics, nuclear fusion is a nuclear reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei collide at a very high speed and join to form a new type of atomic nucleus. During this process, matter is not conserved because some of the mass of the fusing nuclei is converted to photons.
Energy released by the fusion of two light nuclei per nucleon is much more than the energy per nucleon is released from the fission reaction. Also, in the synthesis of reaction are not allocated radioactive dangerous substances so it is safer, for both people and enviroment. Thus, the fusion reaction is much more promising than fission reaction. Why do we still use fission of heavy nuclei? The temperature required to heat two light nuclei is approximately ten to the ninth degree Kelvin. On our planet, we unfortunately can not reach such a temperature. One example of a fusion reaction that we can see every day is our sun, at where the reaction takes place every second. We do not want to create the sun on the Earth?
There are several ways to solve this problem.
Muon-catalyzed fusion.
This method greatly facilitates the fusion reaction, due to commissioning of the plasma negatively charged muons. They bring together the atoms, which then reduces the required temperature.The method is quite good, but the energy required to create a negatively charged muons is greater than the energy released by a fusion reaction.
Cold fusion
Cold fusion is a hypothetical type of nuclear reaction that would occur at, or near, room temperature, compared with temperatures in the millions of degrees that is required for "hot" fusion. In the scientific community, this reaction is also known as LENR (low energy nuclear reaction).
There are many scientists, who like worked on this problem: Louis Kervran, Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann. Even Richard Feynman, in his book "Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman" describes his thoughts on the matter. But all the studies of cold fusion reactions or stalled or were incorrectly treated, and the results were different from those that needed to be obtained.
Due to of the failure of experiment, many scientists attributed cold fusion reaction as a pseudoscience and forgot about it for a long time. However, many science fiction writers of the 20th century wrote in they book about the reactors, and even entire stations based on the fusion reaction. Modern use of this reaction in popular culture can become an example of the Hollywood blockbuster "Iron Man".
However, in 2008 after the publication of Yoshiaki Arata experimenting with electronic cell that resulted in the release of huge amounts of energy, the scientists explain the cold fusion reaction, this reaction started talking again.
In January 2011, Andre Rossi presented to the scientific community the results of the experimental setup CNS. Installation is called the E-Cat, its size is not more than a washing machine, and the energy released in the course of about 1 MW. However, due to lack of data, this unit was refused to patent.
The scientific community is waiting for the completion of data collection unit. If such data could be, as they say in the reports Rossi, mankind will enter a new era where the energy problem will not stand as acute as it is now.
References
energy nuclear fusion
1. 60 Minutes: Once Considered Junk Science, Cold Fusion Gets A Second Look By Researchers, CBS, 2009-04-17.
2. Huizenga 1993, pp. 210-211 citing Srinivisan, M., "Nuclear Fusion in an Atomic Lattice: An Update on the International Status of Cold Fusion Research", Current Science 60: 471.
3. Daniel C. Rislove (2006), C. The Cold Fusion patents, "A Case Study of Inoperable Inventions: Why Is the USPTO Patenting Pseudoscience?", Wisconsin Law Review 2006(4): 1302-1304, footnote 269 in page 1307.
4. Chubb et al. 2006, Adam 2005 ("[Absolutely not]. Anyone can deliver a paper. We defend the openness of science" - Bob Park of APS, when asked if hosting the meeting showed a softening of scepticism).
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