How Do We Know Earth Rotates

The main proof of Earth's rotation in the system of Copernicus from the point of view of physics scientists Hooke and Newton. Tests conducted by scientists for several centuries. The first dynamic proof of the rotation of the Earth Foucault scholar.

Рубрика Физика и энергетика
Вид доклад
Язык английский
Дата добавления 26.01.2015
Размер файла 11,4 K

Отправить свою хорошую работу в базу знаний просто. Используйте форму, расположенную ниже

Студенты, аспиранты, молодые ученые, использующие базу знаний в своей учебе и работе, будут вам очень благодарны.

Размещено на http://www.allbest.ru/

ACADEMIC LYCEUM UNDER WESTMINSTER INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

REPORT ON THE TOPIC:

“How Do We Know Earth Rotates?”

DONE BY: TURSUNOV OLIM

TOYMASOV SAID

How Do We Know Earth Rotates?

Proving that Earth rotates was no simple matter for the scientists of yesteryear. Does Earth rotate? The question seems silly nowadays, but finding proof that our planet rotates was one of the grandest adventures in science. This year marks both the centennial and bicentennial of landmark experiments that provided the evidence needed to establish the Copernican system. Copernicus set the Earth in motion, revolving around the Sun and rotating on its axis once a day. Both radical concepts flew in the face of the universally accepted ideas of Aristotle. earth rotation copernicus dynamic

In a 1679 letter to Robert Hooke, Isaac Newton explained his idea that Earth's rotation could be proved from the fact that an object dropped from the top of a tower should have a greater tangential velocity than one dropped near the foot of the tower. By saying that the velocity of falling bodies in the eastward direction was greater than the velocity of Earth's surface, Newton thus predicted an eastward deviation for a falling body. Hooke said that the deviation "would not be directly east, as Mr. Newton supposed, but to the southeast."

Newton's suggestion presented a novel way to confirm the Copernican system, which most astronomers had accepted by this time. Those who didn't "were a bit slow-witted or under the superstitions imposed by merely human activity," wrote Dutch astronomer Christian Huygens.

Even so, acceptance is not proof. Hooke had already discovered that Jupiter rotates on its axis. Proving that Earth itself rotates was a tempting prize. Hooke dropped balls from a height of 8.2 meters and claimed to have noted a deviation to the southeast, but because the magnitude of the deviations differed, Hooke did not know "which was true:'

A century passed before Giovanni Guglielmini repeated the experiment. Between June and September 1791, Guglielmini scaled the 78-meter city tower of Bologna, from which he dropped 16 balls. This was reminiscent of Galileo 200 years earlier, who reputedly dropped weights from the Leaning Tower of Pisa. But Galileo was studying motion in the direction of the gravitational center, and was thus not looking for a deviation. While Guglielmini successfully noted a southeast deviation, both his measurement and the calculated deviation were incorrect. Physics in the late 18th century was not grounded in mathematics as it is today.

Lack of a firm mathematical basis did not deter a 25-year-old teacher newly arrived in Hamburg in 1802. Johann Benzenberg was determined to make his mark by proving Earth's rotation. He chose the highest point available, the spire of St. Michael's church, from which he dropped 31 balls onto a prepared wooden surface. He also noted a deviation to the southeast, but the results begged the question: What results should be expected according to theory?

Benzenberg turned his results over to Wilhelm Olbers, who was unable to solve the problem. Fresh from his triumph in calculating the orbit of the first asteroid, Ceres, the mathematician Carl Gauss developed a workable theory. This spurred Benzenberg to repeat the tests in a mine shaft. In 1804 he dropped 29 balls a distance of 80.4 meters. The eastward deviation differed only one-twelfth from Gauss's predicted value.

It fell to French physicist Leon Foucault to offer indisputable proof of Earth's rotation. He did so in a novel manner. Realizing that the free fall of a weight was difficult to measure accurately, he began experimenting in his cellar using a 2-meter pendulum with a 5-kilogram bob.

On February 3, 1851 he presented his experiment to his colleagues, and Prince Louis Bonaparte asked him to give a public demonstration. The scene could hardly have been more dramatic. Foucault set up a pendulum more than 60 meters long hanging from the domed ceiling of the Pantheon in Paris. The pendulum never retraced its path as each swing deviated to the right, which meant that the floor of the Pantheon was moving! Foucault had at last provided the first dynamical proof of Earth's rotation. Foucault pendulums now hold a place of honor in science museums worldwide.

The interest in falling bodies did not end with Foucault. In 1902 E. H. Hall at Harvard University conducted a careful experiment in which 948 balls were dropped 23 meters. Using Gauss's theory, he predicted an eastward deviation of 1.8 millimeters. His experimental result was 1.5 millimeters, but he also observed a southward deviation of 0.05 millimeters, which is not expected from Gauss's theory.

As late as the 1940s some authors regarded the southward deviation as a mystery, but it is explicable as part of the Coriolis force. The basic equation predicts only an eastward deviation, but inclusion of further mathematical terms reveals that a small southward deviation should occur. What is amazing is that Robert Hooke expected it more than 300 years ago. High school students seeking a challenging science fair project need look no further!

Размещено на Allbest.ru

...

Подобные документы

  • Create a source of light in Earth orbit. Energy source for the artificial sun. Development of light during nucleosynthesis. Using fusion reactors. Application lamp in the center of a parabolic mirror. Application of solar panels and nuclear reactors.

    презентация [2,7 M], добавлен 26.05.2014

  • The principles of nonlinear multi-mode coupling. Consider a natural quasi-linear mechanical system with distributed parameters. Parametric approach, the theory of normal forms, according to a method of normal forms. Resonance in multi-frequency systems.

    реферат [234,3 K], добавлен 14.02.2010

  • The Rational Dynamics. The Classification of Shannon Isomorphisms. Problems in Parabolic Dynamics. Fundamental Properties of Hulls. An Application to the Invertibility of Ultra-Continuously Meager Random Variables. Fundamental Properties of Invariant.

    диссертация [1,6 M], добавлен 24.10.2012

  • A cosmological model to explain the origins of matter, energy, space, time the Big Bang theory asserts that the universe began at a certain point in the distant past. Pre-twentieth century ideas of Universe’s origins. Confirmation of the Big Bang theory.

    реферат [37,2 K], добавлен 25.06.2010

  • Стереоскопічна картинка та стереоефекти: анаглофічний, екліпсний, поляризаційний, растровий. Нові пристрої 3D: Prespecta, Depth Cube, Cheoptics360. Пристрої запису: Minoru 3D, FinePix Real 3D System, OmegaTable. Принцип дії поляризатора та голографії.

    реферат [355,0 K], добавлен 04.01.2010

  • Угловая скорость вращения магнитного поля. Математическая модель асинхронного двигателя в форме Коши, а также блок-схема его прямого пуска с использованием Power System Blockset. Зависимость угловой скорости ротора от величины электромагнитного момента.

    реферат [672,5 K], добавлен 03.01.2010

  • Pictures of scientists of possible future of Earth. Scientific informations about influence of solar radiation on a planet. Earthquakes as a necessary evil. Change of the state arctic sea ice extent for twenty five years from data of satellite of NASA.

    презентация [4,7 M], добавлен 19.12.2011

  • Прикладное значение для проектирования приложения Google Earth, преимущества программы SketchUp. Алгоритм действий пользователя при импорте данных из Google Warehouse в Sketchup и экспорте проекта. Особенности моделирования объектов для Google Earth.

    курсовая работа [2,3 M], добавлен 23.02.2011

  • It is a try to examine some alternative methods in construction. Adobe construction is one of the oldest forms of building technology. A method of similar to rammed-earth is cast earth. A create monolithic walls of earth. Industial Construction Materials.

    контрольная работа [777,2 K], добавлен 18.07.2009

  • The safety of an earth dam structure. The properties of the material of which the dam is constructed. The process of collapse of an improperly designed earth dam with slopes too steep. Stability of the hydrodynamic pressure of the penetrating water.

    реферат [4,6 M], добавлен 11.04.2016

  • The space is the structure, the world and the universe. Some people say that on the opposite side, beyond the Sun, there is a planet like the Earth and her name is Gloria. Ufologists noticed, says that this planet would become an ideal base for UFO.

    презентация [1,5 M], добавлен 08.06.2011

  • Laika - the first dog who has visited Space, outside an orbit of the Earth. The history of the dog Laika into space to launch and in orbit in popular culture. Record of a track about Laika. Release of cigarettes "Laika". Laika monument in Greece.

    презентация [999,8 K], добавлен 06.03.2011

  • Investigation the relationship for the extension of spiral spring and for the oscillation period of this spring of suspended different mass. Earth Gravitational Intensity. The results of load mass and reading on ruler. Measurement error and calculations.

    реферат [209,9 K], добавлен 17.10.2014

  • Static model analysis. Proof mass, suspension beams, static deflection. Residual stress and Poisson’s ratio. Spring constants. Strain under acceleration. Sensitivity, thermal noise. Resolution due to the ADC. Maximum acceleration. Dynamic model analysis.

    курсовая работа [1,2 M], добавлен 21.09.2010

  • Общее понятие о системе Earth Resources Data Analysis System. Расчет матрицы преобразования космоснимка оврага. Инструменты геометрической коррекции, трансформирование. Создание векторных слоев. Оцифрованные классы объектов. Процесс подключения скрипта.

    курсовая работа [4,3 M], добавлен 17.12.2013

  • Декоративная живопись в интерьере, ее история. Декоративная живопись и графика. Разработка проекта и обоснование дизайнерского решения декоративного панно. Выполнение декоративного панно "Тарантино. Death proof". Должностная инструкция художника.

    дипломная работа [160,7 K], добавлен 13.07.2014

  • Testing as a form of control the level of students’ skills and abilities. The classification of tests in learning English. Problems in the control of education. The final results on the evaluation system of knowledge. The main stage of the lesson.

    курсовая работа [37,8 K], добавлен 08.05.2014

  • Historical background, basic standards. A Brief Account of American Education: Differences and Similarities. American School from the Point of View of Russian Teenagers. What American Students think their Educational System. Alumni’s Experience.

    реферат [23,1 K], добавлен 22.11.2010

  • Ecology as the scientific study of the relation of living organisms to each other and their surroundings. Overuse of pesticides. Climate change. Urban development. Scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate. Genetically modified foods.

    презентация [3,3 M], добавлен 17.03.2017

  • Tragedy of Chernobyl. The explosive nature of destruction. Quantity of the radioactive substances which have been let out in environment. A modular condition of radioactive substances and their distribution on an earth surface. The harm caused to people.

    презентация [749,5 K], добавлен 21.02.2012

Работы в архивах красиво оформлены согласно требованиям ВУЗов и содержат рисунки, диаграммы, формулы и т.д.
PPT, PPTX и PDF-файлы представлены только в архивах.
Рекомендуем скачать работу.