Consolidating potential of political language of France

В статье рассматриваются особенности языковой политики в современных условиях во Франции. Определяется роль языковой политики как стратегии гражданского общества. Анализируются возможности применения политического языкового маркетинга в развитии демократии. Проанализированы понятия: языковая политика, разрешение языковых политических конфликтов. Рассмотрено политические предпосылки и факторы языковых политических стратегий Франции.

Ключевые слова: языковая политика, языковая модель политики, политическая консолидация.

French Language policy determined by the political factor as the traditional model of the mechanism according interests of citizens and authorities. For example, "The system of election administration for national elections,"bureau Voters who provide training election to the lower house of parliament, the electoral bureau boards that unite voters by language and ethnic origin; provide appropriate office elections to the upper house of parliament (bureau, head of the local court in the administrative center of the board, head office, secretary, 4 members and 4 deputy members of the Bureau, appointed to head the office) - Office cantons" [1, p. 74].

Language policy is analyzed in the writings of French J.-L. Calvet and K. Azhezha. It Calvet introduced such a thing as "war of languages". Among his works singled out "multilingualism and identity". Labor K. Azhezha "French history a struggle," "Breath of European languages and dialects fate", "A child with two languages" can see the political and cultural history.

Socio-political aspects of language in society, including linguistic factors influence the formation of civil society highlighted in the writings of Bourdieu, A. Ferguson, N. Ferklou, A. Giddens, which defines the role of language in structuring social relations. It is noted that the status of the language and linguistic rights affect specificity of relations between social groups. Particularly noteworthy work TA Van Dyck, and works E. Yar, which analyzed aspects of linguistic factors of conflict and the relationship of language and nationalism.

Study of the conceptual problems of analysis and research of key political concepts in the political discourse devoted to the works of M. and K. Sergeyev, BV Mezhuyev, AN Baranov, S. Zolyana, J. E. Blyahera, VY Gelman, VG Ledyaev. The problem of national ideology and language of work devoted E. Mirsky, which are important for this study that consider language not only as an inexhaustible wealth of national culture, but also as a tool for national ideology.

The issue of cultural and linguistic expansion and its manifestation in language policy and education focuses on the works Vladimir Safonov, Charles E. Okonkvo, L. Calvet, Synahatulina IM, Robert Philipson, which clearly shows that for political and economic conditions we can get negative characteristics, become an instrument of manipulation, misinformation means, separation of people, prevent linguistic snobbery and social way of linguistic discrimination.

Among the works of local researchers regarding issues of multiculturalism and language policy is to provide labor Nagorna L., A. Harutyunyan, V. Petrenko.

The history of the language policy of France includes: determining a state or official status of the language of France; ethno-linguistic conflicts XIX-XX centuries.; metropolitan and colonial country; conflicts of post-colonial era; cultural and linguistic diversification and ethno- linguistic conflicts in the post-industrial society; Political and economic factors of these processes; dezintehratyvni integrative and trends; attempts at rapprochement between peoples kinship signs methods of language policy and linguistic construction [2, p.59.].

Under these conditions important to study the experience of implementing the language policy of France, a country where there was the concept of language policy, in which it has the longest history, which has long been a model and an example for inheritance.

At the same time example of France is a clear demonstration that neither the deliberate efforts of the government, carried out over several centuries, nor the presence of a developed legal framework can not ensure the achievement of the objectives of language policy. Therefore, the distribution will be correct to language policy as a system of subjective measures aimed at protecting and spreading the language and the language situation as a result of implementation of the language policy of the particular geographical, historical, economic, political and social conditions.

Therefore language planning in the EU declares the basic priorities of language policy of the member of the association and a specific hierarchy of languages that play a major role in the integration of transnational space: "Research Eurobarometer" Europeans and Languages "in 2006 shows that linqua franca for Europeans may be English. It is most common in Europe. She or as a mother (13%) or as a foreign (38%), owns more than 51% of Europeans. Second and third place respectively took French and German (14%). Citizens (77% Europeans) agree that as a first foreign language their children should learn English "[3, p. 249].

Language and politics are two aspects of relations: 1) the language as an instrument of policy, 2) language as an object of policy.

Policy actions to understand how language itself, that is actually the language policy. Western researchers often synonymous used term "language planning". History reveals his term relationship with the term "planned language" (E. Vyuster) and "constructed language" (A. Espersen).

Recent French policy on French language both domestically and abroad was articulated in 2003 the Prime Minister of France Jean Raffarenom in an official document - "circular letter dated February 14, 2003" published in the "Official Gazette" March 21 of that year. JP Raffaren said that French policy on long-term should be strictly defined and updated character. The purpose of this policy is to ensure "the dominant position of the French language in France" and "keep your French language internationally" [4, p.39].

Measures to ensure the primacy of French in France, Jean Raffaren completed: follow instructions regarding the use and development of the French language; "Extreme vigilance" by the respective organizations for implementation of the "Law on the use of French on August 4, 1994" and the documents attached to it; French vocabulary enrichment as a result of commissions on terminology and neologii that must be activated; Terms of use established government structures in the information and communications publications and the Internet; ensure the use of the French language in the scientific field (distribution of publications in French, the relevant provisions of the "Law on the use of French on August 4, 1994," the use of French at the conferences).

JP Raffaren stressed that the state must demonstrate by example the use of French citizens. Modern language policy associated with the new state immigration policy that provides maximum control the flow of immigrants and the necessary conditions of their integration into French society. Knowledge of the French language in this case is a key factor of social integration. "The law on immigration and integration of 24 July 2006" provides that an alien who comes to France for the first time with the purpose of long stays, concludes an agreement with the state of reception and integration, which involves, where appropriate, language training (Art. 5) [4, p.117].

The right to free exam given only once. Violation of the provisions of the contract may result in denial of extension of residence permit. Tighter immigration policy from 2007 defined the creation of appropriate legal documents containing new provisions of linguistic nature. Art. 1 "Law on control of immigration flows, integration and asylum of 20 November 2007" provides for any foreigner aged 16 to 65 years, receiving a visa within a family reunion, the need for the exam in the country of residence, which allows to assess the "level of knowledge of French language and the values of the Republic."Obtaining visas may only satisfactory drafting of the exam. If unsatisfactory results provided by law training, can not exceed 2 months, after which re-appointed examination. The need for such measures is explained in the law as providing opportunities foreign person "to prepare for integration into French society" [4, p.45.].

According to Art. 4 "Decree on the preparation for integration in France of foreigners arriving for longer stays from November 1, 2008" examination of the French language is in the form of test that detects possession of written and spoken forms of language. Learning French in poor drawing can not exceed 40 hours. The second part of the exam includes knowledge of control "values of the Republic" and is in the form of oral French. In case of poor drafting of the exam training covers knowledge of complex formation equality of men and women, secular nature of the state, respect for individual and collective rights, public freedoms, the safety of people and property, standards of education and schooling. Sufficient knowledge of the language frees the alien from passing language teaching in France within the contract of welcome and integration. Repeated poor exam results determined on the basis of the content of language training on arrival in France.

The decree defines the conditions under which a foreign person may be exempted from the exam, at least three years of training in the French educational institution of medium or French-speaking educational institution at least one year of study in higher education in France. In addition, the foreign person may apply for exemption from the exam because of civil unrest, war, natural or man-made disaster in the country of residence considerable difficulties that impede movement or endanger its safety in case of inability to study due to physical or financial reasons professional duties, personal security.

According to the government, foreigners who have entered into an agreement in 2007 were mainly Frenchspeaking citizens owned or French at a level sufficient to be exempt from language training on arrival in France; only 25% of arrivals were directed to passing language learning. "The law on the control of immigration flows, integration and asylum of 20 November 2007" enables authorities to determine the level of French people who come to the country within family reunification, at the stage of issuing visa in the home country [5, p.18].

Thus, currently there is no development previously created language legislation in the direction of improvement and additions polite now on French law in 1994 (Law Tubona). Language policy has become a key element of the renewed immigration policy authorities. French language space for the whole development of linguistic trend in immigration policy will obviously promote linguistic unification of the country. Required of French controlled power, will immigrants to use French in all key areas, which should cause the flow of two interrelated processes - improving linguistic and social integration. In 1998 the government adopted a program of action to prepare the entry of France into the information society.

The beginning of modern politics on regional languages can be considered in 2001, when the Department of French received another name - the Department of French Language and the Languages of France, indicating that the official recognition of the fact the authorities linguistic diversity in the country. Since 1999, each annual report to Parliament contains information on the degree of representation of regional languages in culture, media and education.

France, however, refused to grant regional languages official status in the public sphere. Ratification of these documents was carried out only if the possibility of applying the provisions of legal restrictions, removing mandatory implementation of the latter.

Thus, the modern French language policy includes internal and external areas. At the national level there is a synthesis of language and immigration policy, recognition of linguistic diversity in the country and, consequently, use measures that enable to introduce regional languages in culture, media and education, development and implementation of measures for implementation in French Internet sphere. Foreign policy includes finding new ways of promotion of French abroad.

At the beginning of the XXI century. when increasing globalization, strengthening in this connection position of English and French respectively weakening, French linguists began to actively discuss issues of language policy, wanting to find an explanation for the unsatisfactory situation of the French language in the world. Historical principles of language policy of the French state in general cover a system of concepts: centrism, which is expressed in an effort to form a unitary state within a single language (French) expansionism, expressed in a desire to add a French general and spreading it throughout France and in other countries; purism, expressed in a desire to produce perfectly correct form of French language and impose it to all French speakers in France and abroad.

Models of the state, ethno-cultural structure is conventional. In Belgium, Switzerland and France, there is a wide variety of ethnic groups, cultures and languages. French Unitarianism is the basis of state ideology and implemented in ethno-cultural and language policy. In ethno-linguistic politics of Belgium and Switzerland pronounced ethnic diversification and multilingualism.

In monarchical French language policy was aimed at only one official proclamation (French) language at the expense of Latin and dialects and regional languages.

Unitarian policy speech in France focused on one language, not only in the country but also abroad. French first expansion extended to Europe, then to large areas of the world. For a long time French play the role of general language, but it failed to realize the task, performed the role of world languages and English.

Centralization policy on language was first reported to the ordinance Francis I, which established that the proceedings in the kingdom should be in French only. Many other ordinances in XVI-XVII centuries. concerned the distribution of a single official language of form, out of the domain of French kings.

Later books, dictionaries, grammar books began to be published typographic way in the French capital and spread in the country and abroad. Established in XVII century. French Academy, was the only French dictionary, the contents of which were focused on the language of poets and writers of the royal court. These events observed such a pattern: the more close to the central system of autonomy and independence, the greater its peripheral territories joined the dependence of the center, attracted to it.

Language centralization in France rapidly evolved over the XVN! and XIX century. At this time, finally died Latin, faded dialects, strengthened the leading position of the French language and regional languages have experienced its powerful pressure. Due to the concentration of economic, political and cultural life in France French entered the stage of existence as a pan- European form of language. In addition, in the XIX century. France has become a mighty colonial powers and united around themselves using their language new nations outside Europe [4, p.129].

Public authorities (royal, imperial, republican) always used language in national politics, choosing it as a means to strengthen the national system of the country. Actions in this area answered fundamental union of separate areas into a single French state and its strengthening by the centralization of power, economy, culture and language.

Centralization French ended in late XX century. When in 1992 in the 2nd century. Constitution, adopted in the Fifth Republic, was written: "La langue de la Republique est le francais" (language of the Republic is French).

Yes, L.ZH. Calvet presents modern linguistic situation in the world, all languages make up the system of multilevel relations that correspond to the political, economic and cultural ties that historically between countries and peoples. At the heart of the system is hipertsentralna English, Middle periphery is supertsentralnyh dozen languages, including Spanish, French, Arabic, Chinese, Hindi, Ukrainian and others. Around supertsentralnyh languages is from 100 to 200 central languages, whose orbit is from 4000 to 5000 as far periphery. The relationship between the languages of the system are set horizontally (between languages of the same level) and vertically (between different levels languages where there are relations of domination and subordination). Thus, the French as the language supertsentralna is subordinate to the English language, but equality with other supertsentralnymy languages. However, French is dominant on many languages that are in direct subordination orbit. It consists of periphery languages: Breton, Corsican and others. (In France), bamana, Wolof and others. (In the former French colonies) [6, p. 97].

Two trends are identified for the establishment of bilingualism: bilingualism horizontal (eg frankoarabskyy, frankoispanskyy) and vertical bilingualism (eg anhlofrantsuzkyy, frankobretonskyy, frankokatalonskyy).

Thus, language policy as an object of political science belongs to the categories associated with the conscious influence of society on language. It is based on the social and ideological principles. Under the language policy is seen as a concentrated expression of the ideological and social principles that define the political, theoretical and practical attitude of the political system to function and interaction of languages, to their role in the lives of people. The language policy of France is part of the national policy, the implementation of a multi-ethnic and monoethnic country has its own characteristics.

Features of language situations prevailing in the EU are determined by factors such as multilingualism, a few indigenous languages used as languages of ethnic and international communication, introduction as former parent in all spheres of public life. The specificity of the language policy in French-speaking countries, mainly related to the problem of effective official language of choice. Due to objective reasons the official language as one of the components of the policy of reunification and the formation of nation states have the power to declare the language of the former colonizers.