Linguistic analysis of Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy’s political rhetoric: strategies & tactics

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Linguistic analysis of Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy's political rhetoric: strategies & tactics

Trebin Mykhailo Petrovych, Doctor of Philosophical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Sociology and Political Science, Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University, Kharkiv, Ukraine

Chernyshova Taisya Oleksiivna, PhD in Philology, Associate Professor, Associate Professor, Department of Philosophy,

Ivan Kozhedub Kharkiv National University of the Air Force, Ukraine

The purpose of the study is to characterize the discursive strategies and tactics of the Ukraine's President V. Zelenskyy. V. Zelenskyy's political discourse is mainly determined by the strategy for increase and the strategy of theatricality. The strategy for increase is used to create a positive mental space around oneself and one's political force, so it is implemented through the tactics of analysis-“plus”, which involves analyzing the political situation without explicit approval of one's contribution, with gratitude to ordinary citizens. The strategy of theatricality is realized through the tactics of cooperation, which explains the intention to identify with the people. Techniques here are the use of vocatives-ethnonyms and the inclusive pronoun “we”, which participate in the construction of “we-discourse” and “the communitization of responsibility”; reduced everyday communication in the format of storytelling; translingual speech practice. The tactics of irony is manifested in the use of irony against political opponents in order to selfposition and create a “manipulative discourse of the positive”. V. Zelenskyy's presidential discourse is a complex speech formation, the characteristic features of which are: the format of reduced everyday communication in addressing the Ukrainian people; intention to show solidarity with the people in solving common problems; representation of the values of the youth linguistic community; dissemination ofpublic messages through social networks; actualization in speech of physiological and social needs of people; performative function of irony.

Keywords: political discourse, strategy for increase, strategy of theatricality, “we- discourse”, tactics of cooperation, tactics of irony, tactics of analysis-“plus”.

Требін Михайло Петрович, доктор філософських наук, професор, завідувач кафедри соціології та політології, Національний юридичний університет імені Ярослава Мудрого, м. Харків, Україна

Чернишова Таїсія Олексіївна, кандидат філологічних наук, доцент, доцент кафедри філософії, Харківський національний університет Повітряних Сил імені Івана Кожедуба, Україна

Лінгвістичний аналіз політичної риторики президента України Володимира зеленського: стратегії та тактики

Мета дослідження - схарактеризувати дискурсивні стратегії та тактики Президента України В. Зеленського. Політичний дискурс В. Зеленського багато в чому визначають стратегія на підвищення та стратегія театральності. Стратегія на підвищення використовується для створення позитивного ментального простору навколо себе та своєї політичної сили, тому вона реалізується за допомогою тактики аналіз-«плюс», що передбачає розбір політичної ситуації без експліцитного схвалення власних досягнень. стратегія театральності реалізується за допомогою тактики кооперації, що експлікує намір ототожнити себе з народом. Прийомами тут є використання вокативів-етнонімів та інклюзивного займенника «ми», що беруть участь у конструюванні «ми-дискурсу» та «усуспільненні» відповідальності; знижене повсякденне спілкування у форматі сторітелінгу; транслінгвальна мовна практика. Тактика іронізації виявляється у використанні щодо політичних опонентів іронії з метою само- позиціонування та створення «маніпулятивного дискурсу позитиву».

Ключові слова: політичний дискурс, стратегія на підвищення, стратегія театральності, «ми-дискурс», тактика співпраці, тактика іронії, тактика аналіз-«плюс».

Требин Михаил Петрович, доктор философских наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой социологии и политологии, Национальный юридический университет имени Ярослава Мудрого, г. Харьков, Украина

Чернышова Таисия Алексеевна, кандидат филологических наук, доцент, доцент кафедры философии, Харьковский национальный университет Воздушных Сил имени Ивана Кожедуба, Украина

Лингвистический анализ политической риторики президента Украины Владимира Зеленского: стратегии и тактики

Цель исследования - охарактеризовать дискурсивные стратегии и тактики Президента Украины В. Зеленского. Политический дискурс В. Зеленского во многом определяют стратегия на повышение и стратегия театральности. Стратегия на повышение используется для создания позитивного ментального пространства вокруг себя и своей политической силы, поэтому она реализуется с помощью тактики анализ-«плюс», предусматривающей разбор политической ситуации без эксплицитного одобрения собственных достижений. стратегия театральности реализуется с помощью тактики кооперации, эксплицирующей намерение отождествить себя с народом. Приемами здесь являются использование вокативов- этнонимов и инклюзивного местоимения «мы», участвующих в конструировании «мы-дискурса» и «обобществлении» ответственности; сниженное повседневное общение в формате сторителлинга; транслингвальная речевая практика. тактика иронизирования проявляется в использовании относительно политических оппонентов иронии с целью самопозиционирования и создания «манипулятивного дискурса позитива».

Ключевые слова: политический дискурс, стратегия на повышение, стратегия театральности, «мы-дискурс», тактика сотрудничества, тактика иронии, тактика анализ-«плюс».

Problem setting

One of the functions of a person's language, like any other productive activity (in this case, products in the form of written or spoken text), is the function of influence. It is the one that is of particular interest to researchers and is considered from different points of view and in different contexts by linguists, sociolinguists, psycholinguists, psychologists, sociologists, political scientists, etc. The suggestive component literally becomes an air of political communication, without which it simply cannot exist and be successful.

Analysis of recent research and publications

Researchers' interest in the problems of political communication, which is manifested in a large number of publications devoted to various aspects of this topic [1-12], testifies not only to the theoretical significance of this field of knowledge, but also to the demand for results in many applied contexts related to the interests of entire states and individuals.

In the context of the formation of a qualitatively new geopolitical system, the development of the information society, the emergence of new threats in a rapidly changing world, special attention is paid to the figure of a political leader as the most influential communicator in the political world, awareness of how his verbal picture of the world is formed and improved, how it affects the use of various verbal strategies, tactics and techniques to ensure a conceptive and persuasive influence on his surroundings, opponents and associates, ordinary citizens of the country [13-19]. A political leader like Homo loquens is not an abstract, average reference native speaker, but a specific individuality immersed in the discourse that shapes the goal, the plan of verbal actions, the behavior in the discourse.

Of course, the most influential political leader in the presidential, presidentialparliamentary and even parliamentary-presidential republics is the president. Therefore, it is quite understandable that the task, which in 1979 set itself the American Association of Speech Communication - to investigate the presidential rhetoric as a means by which the president of the United States uses his power to govern the nation, to develop and communicate a strategic course for the development of the country, and to build popular support for it. In the American tradition, the subject of presidential rhetoric's research is the study of the genres of presidential discourse with the research of certain presidential speeches, rhetorical movements, speechmaking processes, the nature of presidential rhetoric and ethics, modern political language on the perception of new reality, social and political problems, politicians and influences of the present-day and the future [20-23]. Moreover, the study of the genres of presidential rhetoric is focused on comparing the statements of different presidents in similar situations, on the same topic and for different categories of listeners [24, p. 20].

It should be noted that in Ukrainian science there is a lack of thorough research of presidential discourse, and occasional studies in this field are mainly focused on identifying the specifics of implementation of the verbal influence in the discursive practice of American presidents. Therefore, the relevance of our research is motivated by the need to study the rhetorical practice of Ukrainian presidents.

The purpose of the article is to describe the political discourse of President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy in the first year of cadence. The specific objectives of the proposed study are the analysis of those discourse strategies and specific tactics of the current President of Ukraine, which are the explication of a certain cognitive model and serve as the implementation of speech influence.

Paper main body

In the process of sociolinguistic research, a set of methods was used, which is due to the complexity and versatility of the Ukrainian President's speech activity.

First, discourse analysis was used to identify both verbal components (combination of speech marks, their distribution in speech) and pragmatic factors (situations of speech and perception, study of the context of a communicative event, communicative and pragmatic settings of the president). Michel Foucault, the founder of the cratological theory of discourse, who interpreted discourse as a powerful resource of power, said: “There is no power without rational use of discourse about the truth, which manifests itself in power, moves in the power and acts with the help of it. Under the influence of power, we are doomed to produce truth and can use power only through the production of truth” [25, p. 43]. Therefore, discursive analysis was used to understand how the president produces the truth and communicates it to the people through his discursive strategies and tactics.

Secondly, cognitive analysis was used to explain how people's knowledge about the world, including the political world, modern society and people's place in it, and how Homo loquens formed a verbal picture of the world, is revealed in the structures of language. Thanks to it, studying concepts, frames and metaphorical wordings, we tried to identify mental schemes or cognitive models, which form the basis of the president's discursive strategies in a particular speech.

Third, by exploring the conceptual space of presidential discourse, we tried to find out what concepts constitute the center and periphery of the worldview, what is the content of basic political concepts and how they change over time, taking into account the possible lacunarity of the concept or its individual components. The ideal model for the implementation of conceptual analysis, according to O. Seliva- nova, is “a mental-psychonetic complex based on the synergetic supersystem of intelligence, on the conceptual and engram nature of memory, quantum-wave ability of encoding and transcoding of information by the human brain” [26, p. 197].

Fourthly, any text is a product of mental processes, as it contains one or more intents of different conjugation. Due to the content analysis we tried to find out the approach senses of speeches, intentions and goals, which influence the presidential discourse, determining the choice of this or that strategy, as well as the tactics of verbal influence, that are inaccessible with other types of analysis.

Political discourse is aimed at creating a certain reality that verbalizes the appropriate mentality and is organized in a special way depending on the intensities of Homo loquens as a carrier of power. This virtual political reality, especially in the modern post-truth era, impresses with its extraordinary full-bloodedness and ability to intercede in people's minds the real practice of social and political communication. No doubt, the aim of political discourse has always been domination in the political space, discrediting the opponents, winning the approval of the authoritarian party. Thus, the political reality, which is constructed by political discourse, not only reflects the way of interpreting the social reality and represents the ideological position of the spokesperson, but also actively forms in the minds of people the desired social and political image of the world and the patterns of their social and political activity.

The discursive practice of the head political leader of the country - the president, who creates a system of interpretation of political reality in the name of the state, thereby offering official ideology and specifying politically correct activity for the recipients, is extremely important and demanding. Presidential discourse must be aimed at ensuring public consolidation and solving domestic problems, as well as at coping with the challenges of the modern world, which can pose a threat to national security. In the current solution the formation of social and political identity of the citizens of the country depends on successful communicative practice of the president of the country.

Political discourse involves using speech strategies as a set of planned producer's moves aimed at achieving the goal. In the process of implementing the strategy various tactics are used, i.e. specific speech acts necessary at the appropriate stage of deployment of the speech strategy. Any tactics, in turn, is carried out by means of techniques - ways of creating a text or an individual statement using the appropriate lexical means and syntactic constructions. The classification of strategies of verbal influence, carried out according to different criteria by many researchers, can be limited in principle by two main options (as done by the Netherlandish linguist Tion Adrianus van Dijk [27]: the strategy of positive self-presentation (based on the desire of the addressee of the message “to maximize the significance of the own status” [9, p. 52] and the strategy of negative representation of the opponent (aimed at discrediting the political opponent and destabilizing his position in the political arena). Besides this subset of speech influence's strategies Olga Mihaljova adds the strategy of theatricality, which is focused on performativity of political discourse, on the people's perception of political reality as a kind of spectacle, which is played specially for them. Thus, we believe that O. Mihaljova's classification is the most thorough, because it describes all possible strategies, as well as tactics of speech influence.

In our opinion, Volodymyr Zelenskyy exploits mainly the positive “strategy for increase” (according to Mihaljova's terminology) and the strategy of theatricality, which were chosen by him as the leading ones during the election campaign and continue to define (more or less consistently) his political discourse as the President of Ukraine. The main intension of the speech strategies in the context of political rhetoric of President V Zelenskyy, from our point of view, is harmonization of communication with the citizens of Ukraine, namely the increase of communicative and performative acts, which maximally contribute to the elimination of cognitive contradictions of the assessment of the political situation. It should be added that the strategy of theatricality could not fail to be used by the Ukrainian President due to his past experience as an actor and successful entertainment manager, therefore, it is actively and productively implemented with the help of tested tactics and speech influence techniques.

The strategy for increase

The tactics of cooperation are also used by the President V. Zelenskyy through the adoption of a focus on life values - that is, actualization in the speech of physiological, security and social needs of people (health, family, housing, salary, personal security, etc.). The guarantor not only shows awareness of what worries the Ukrainian people in his daily ordinary life, but also promises concrete assistance. When the President says that only those “who have never had a child in a standard hospital” witness improvements in medicine [29, 2019, February 20], the recipients of this statement believe that he must have treated his child in such a hospital, and he has witnessed firsthand the presence of problems in the health care sector. Thus, the President, without taking upon himself the responsibility to operate with abstract notions of patriotism or community, at the same time appeals to the innermost feelings of any person - love for his child and desire to always protect him. The tenderness toward your own little son, in whom the President is learning to see the world from a new perspective, extends to the younger generation of today's Ukraine: in his speeches V Zelenskyy constantly talks about his desire to leave a livable country for the next generation, for example:

We have a lot of hard work ahead of us - to build Ukraine, which we want to pass on to our children [29, 2020, February 1]; We must promise ourselves that we will pass on a new country to the next generation” [29, 2020, February 28].

In a speech on the Independence Day of Ukraine 2020, the President used the reception of a detailed comparison, also based on family values: the mother-child relationship is compared with the relations between Ukraine and its citizens:

I think the main thing for every mother is the happiness of her children. The most important thing is that her children, Ukrainian citizens, are healthy. Today we are doing everything possible to stop the coronavirus in Ukraine... I also think every mom wants her kids not to quarrel. We are all children of Ukraine. And don't give anyone a chance to divide us... Every mother wants her children to always be at home. Unfortunately, Donetsk, Luhansk and Crimea are missing at our family table today. But we're doing everything we can to make the day come, and they're back... [29, 2020, August 24].

And finally, the format of the President's New Year's greeting was chosen to communicate with the children, for whom the appropriate format of storytelling was created and they were given the opportunity to express their wishes and to promise (personally by a guarantor) to fulfill them. Such active exploitation of the topic of almost kinship with Ukrainians forms a tangible narrative of the “father of the nation”, who cares, advises, protects against adversity, educates and quarrels his children.

The technique ofjoint responsibility for a good perspective

The tactics of cooperation are used in political discourse of V. Zelenskyy through the technique of joint responsibility for a good perspective. The President is consistent with the idea that only productive activity of each citizen for the good of the state determines its well-being and prosperity, for example:

This is a joint struggle where we will win only together [29, 2020, March 26]; We are all guarding democratic values and freedoms [29, 2020, April 7]; Today is a situation where each of us can save the lives of people around us [29, 2020, April 27]; Each of us should be an integral part of a single army - and only then will we defeat the disease [29, 2020, May 13]; Who should make the development of each region? Just you. To the owner of his land. Because Ukraine is you. Ukraine starts with you. All yours. Your home, yard, street, village or city, your region, and therefore your country” [29, 2020, August 24].

The modern domestic researcher Olena Chorna defines this technique as “the communitization of responsibility”, that is, “forming in the minds of the audience the idea that not only the authorities are responsible for the well-being of the state, but also every citizen of the country” [37, p. 14]. Although, according to O. Chor- na, “politics want “to communitize” and to share with the addressee mainly problems, failures and responsibility for unpopular steps” [37, p. 14], we believe that the use of this technique in the context of political discourse of V. Zelenskyy is conditioned by another intension - tolerance of differences: “We are different. But equal. We are different. But relatives” [29, 2020, August 24] and initiate a sense of “Ukraine in itself', i.e. the perception of the troubles and joys of its neighbors and daughters as the own experience of each citizen, for example:

...this is our common dream. But we also have common pain. Each of us died in Donbas. Every day we lose each of us. And each of us is a displaced person... And each of us is a worker... [29, 2019, May 20]; With the whole country we were cutting coupons and watching “The Rich also Cry”... With the whole country we were scraping the record height - 6 meters and 14 centimeters... With the whole country we made the giants of game football tremble... With the whole country, from Donetsk to Karpaty, we flew to the stars with Leonid Kadeniuk and rejoiced when “Shche ne vmerla Ukrainy...” sounded for the first time in history in the open space... With the whole country, on the internet and near television screens, we were riveted to the news from the east... [29, 2019, August 24].

In this way, the President tries to create the widest possible circle of spiritual involvement, in which Ukrainian citizens will exchange vital energy and jointly experience defeats and victories, “regardless of age, gender, religion” [29, 2019, August 24]. In this way, the President also includes himself, demonstrating to every Ukrainian his intimacy, “homeliness”, “normality” and, accordingly, his duty and vocation to take responsibility for the fate of the country he led.

As we can see from all the above examples, linguistically “we-discourse”, created by President V Zelenskyy due to tactics of cooperation, is expedated through the frequency use of the inclusive pronoun “we”. The latter is expressed in the formula “we” = “me + you (recipients)”, and thus it correlates with the speaker and his whole audience, i.e. “the Ukrainians”, to whom the acting president is constantly addressing.

The irony tactics. In the context of the above it is worth characterizing another tactic of speech influence used by the President in the process of realization of the strategy of theatricality - the irony tactics. We have stated that V. Zelenskyy practically does not subject his political opponents to poor attacks, and if they do fall into the focus of critical analysis, they receive an ironic assessment similar to the practice of the “95th quarter”, for example:

We have constantly heard about the economic leap, but there is an impression that the economy has taken overclocking, stumbled and risks passing face to face on the ground [29, 2020, March 4]; Under the new mechanism, some hospitals will have enough money except for a door lock and a poster: `We have closed. Stay strong. Good luck [29, 2020, February 4]; The point is that a virus has become active in some political parties and it has been sitting in them for the last 28 years. This virus is called “slyness ” [29, 2020, February 6]; We all started to get sick. It turned out that there was not much in the hospitals and pharmacies. Why? Simply, some people lost their sense of smell long before the “kovid” [29, 2020, March 31].

We can see that in the above examples (as well as in all other similar cases) the criticism of the opponents in the aspect of political rhetoric of the acting Ukrainian president is carried out in the form of well-intended ironic mockery, and not an outright sarcastic mockery. At the same time, the function of irony is non-aggressive (when the speech act is aimed at destroying the image of a certain person), but rather performative: it is the self-presentation of the author of the statement, his positive self-positioning as a person with a sense of humor, erudite and smart, the main means of successful speech influence of which in his “pre-presidential” time was the humor itself. Therefore, we do not believe that a negative assessment is a necessary component of irony in the context of V. Zelenskyy's political discourse. Rather, we accept the opinion of those researchers (such as Iryna Shkytska) who consider irony to be a component of “positive manipulative discourse” because, being ironic towards his political opponents, V. Zelenskyy demonstrates by this both his desire to avoid aggressive opposition and his implicit recognition that he does not have enough political experience to be able to successfully criticize his opponents.

Conclusions

Thus, we can make a conclusion that the political discourse of Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy is represented mainly by two strategies: for increase and theatricality, the main intensions of which are the harmonization of communication with the citizens of the country and the maximum elimination of cognitive contradictions in assessing the political situation. Speech influence tactics that implement the above strategies are mainly tactics of implicit positive analysis, cooperation and irony. A direct manifestation of the use of these tactics is a whole range of verbal applications of the intentions of the head of state, i.e. the use of specific language tools which are used to construct the body of discourse in order, in turn, to generate political reality. Our research has shown that the presidential discourse of V. Zelenskyy is a complex and richly varied verbal creation, the characteristic features of which are: the format of reduced daily communication in addressing the Ukrainian people; the intention to identify oneself with the people, to cooperate with them in solving common problems, to reveal a near-family connection with every citizen; the representation of value orientations of the young linguistic culture; expansion of public messages by means of social media; actualization of people's physiological, security and social needs in the speech; acceptance of joint responsibility for a good perspective; performative function of irony.

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