The features of the state policy of some SCO countries in the field of internationalization of scientific and innovative activities

Jinping Li Postgraduate

student, lecturer, The Center for the Study of SCO Countries and the Institute of Foreign Languages of Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, People's Republic of China

Melnychenko Anatolii Anatoliyovych

PhD in Philosophy, Professor at Department of Theory and Practice of Management, National Technical University of Ukraine �Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute�, Kyiv

Abstract

The article examines the specific features of state policy in the field of internationalization of scientific and innovative activities of certain member countries of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Three countries - India, Pakistan and Iran, which recently joined this international organization, were chosen for analysis. The authors demonstrate positive dynamics in the development of international scientific and technical cooperation based on publication activity in publications indexed in authoritative international scientificometric databases. The work notes that India is an undisputed leader among the mentioned countries in the field of internationalization of scientific and innovative activity. In particular, the authors highlight the ambitious goals of the Indian government to achieve leadership in the global scientific and technical space. At the same time, it is noted that the state policy of Pakistan and Iran is generally aimed at creating conditions for the development of international scientific and technical cooperation. The authors use statistical data published by organizations such as UNESCO, UN and others. The article analyzes specific regulatory documents of these countries, which contain principles for the development of scientific and innovative activities. Additionally, the authors examine the features of state management systems that may act as barriers to the effective implementation of state policy in the field of internationalization of scientific and innovative activities. The authors have processed a large amount of English-language literature, including publications by authors representing the countries analyzed in the study. The article demonstrates that despite the significant centralization of state management and its theocratic nature in the Islamic Republic of Iran, indicators of increasing internationalization of scientific and innovative activity, as well as decisions taken by state authorities, indicate the effectiveness of their activities in this area. Based on the analysis of the UNESCO Science Report, it is concluded that Pakistan's state policy in the field of international scientific and technical cooperation over the past decade can also be considered effective.

Keywords: internationalization, scientific and innovative activity, state policy.

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state policy shanghai cooperation organization

Literature Review

In recent decades, scientists in the field of public management, science and education management, and sociology of science have paid attention to internationalization processes, but the overwhelming majority of publications have been devoted to internationalization of higher education. In turn, the problems of internationalization of science and innovation, and especially the features of state policy in this area, have been relatively rarely considered.

Objectives of the study

The main aim of our research is to examine the features of state policy in the field of internationalization of scientific and research activities of the member countries of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, as well as to identify the problems of state management that may create barriers on the path to effective internationalization of scientific and research activities.

Results of the study

In this study, we intend to examine the issues related to the internationalization of scientific and research activities in specific member countries of the Asian region of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. The selection of these particular countries, namely India, Pakistan, and Iran, is driven by their increasing roles as influential subjects in international economic relations, as well as due to their large human potential. The population of these countries in the region comprises 35% of the world population [19].

We will look into the key aspects of the implementation of state policies to attain effective internationalization of scientific and innovative activities in these countries, identifying their peculiarities, differences, and problems. It is notable that in the 2022 Scimago Journal & Country Rank rating, these countries occupy relatively high positions concerning the number of documents published in journals indexed in the Scopus database. India ranks third, behind only the United States and China, while Iran ranks 15th, ahead of several countries such as Turkey, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Switzerland. Meanwhile, Pakistan ranks 26th, having better indicators than Portugal, Denmark, and Belgium (Table 1). Although the H-index sorting of the rating demonstrates the weaker positions of these countries compared to the US and developed European countries (India ranks 19th, Iran ranks 41st, and Pakistan ranks 45th), the trend of the number of cited documents in these countries is positive.

Table 1

Created by the authors based on [17]

All of this indicates the implementation of an effective state policy in the internationalization of scientific activity since the publication activity in journals indexed in the Scopus database suggests consistent steps towards entering the global scientific community by familiarizing them with the results obtained. It should be noted that governments of the member countries of this international organization declare their readiness to develop cooperation in the field of science and innovation. The Statement of the Heads of State Council of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization on Strengthening Cooperation in Science, Technology and Innovation, issued on September 17, 2021, notes their plan to intensify interaction in the SCO region to create favorable conditions for the development of science and technology in accordance with the SCO Development Strategy until 2025, stimulate the development of research and innovative infrastructure, and increase cooperation in training highly qualified and innovative technical and managerial personnel, especially leading young scientists and engineers, using educational opportunities, including the SCO University [26].

The implementation of such ambitious goals is directly related to the efficiency of the state management systems, which is determined by its peculiarities in each specific country.

We can confidently say that India appears to be the most confident among the named countries in the internationalization of the scientific and innovative sphere. India is one of the largest countries in the Asian region of South Asia and as of 2023 is the world's largest country by population (1.4286 billion people) [19], with a constantly strengthening economy (according to IMF analytical data, the predicted contribution of India to the growth of the global economy during 2023-2028 will be 12.9%). India has a complex and widespread system of state management.

The fundamental basis for the functioning of the state management sector in India is the adopted system of goals that defines the general direction and priority of the development of the main directions of state policy. Given the high level of population density indicators, cultural and ethnic distribution, and the presence of spatial development asymmetries, India's state governing system faces a wide range of tasks, starting from overcoming illiteracy and poverty, to accelerating industrial development and the development of high-tech industries. However, at the state level, India has a clear system for setting goals, characterized by the following priority directions: 1. self-reliance. 2. economic growth. 3. industrialization. 4. modernization. 5. social justice [16].

It should be noted that India's state policy in internationalizing scientific and technical activities has a differentiated character. According to the information provided by the Ministry of Science and Technology, "The International Cooperation in STI is realized through (i) Bilateral Cooperation with developed and developing countries; (ii) Multilateral & Regional Cooperation; and (iii) Thematic Cooperation" [11]. The goals set by the Indian government are characterized by a high level of ambition in the context of achieving global results. Among these goals, we can note:

�- enlarging India's pursuit of influence in global arena/platforms and mainstreaming Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) into international diplomacy and foreign relations;

-showcasing and projecting India's scientific excellence in the global research landscape;

-leveraging foreign alliances and partnerships to accelerate key priorities and programs devoted to strengthening India5s national science and technology (S&T)/ Research and Development (R&D) competencies-capabilities-access to technologies in synergies with national flagship programs� [Ibid].

Madhusudan Bandyopadhyay from Centre for Science and Technology of the Non-Aligned and Other Developing Countries (New Delhi, India) offers a comprehensive description of the current state of implementation of the state policy in the field of science and innovation. In his/her opinion, �India has achieved significant progress in the creation of a strong Science & Technology (S&T) ecosystem that includes a robust S&T infrastructure, and broad human resources enriched by a huge S&T Diaspora, The country is a signatory to almost all relevant international conventions, treaties and protocols; and today, it occupies a prominent place in the promotion and application of science and technology-based solutions to issues of global concern. A number of global and regional S&T programs are being implemented in India, and the country maintains bilateral S&T cooperation agreements with several countries. All this has taken shape through the practice of successful Science, Technology & Innovation (STI) diplomacy. The contributing factors have been the implementation of well-framed S&T policies that remained in tune with the country's changing needs over time, and an efficiently linked foreign policy guided and supported by coordinated advice from the relevant science ministries especially in matters related to the country's participation in international cooperation in S&T and related global negotiations� [2].

In the interest of fairness, it should be noted that India's current performance is a predictable result of the state's attention to this issue for several decades prior. P. Desai from Jawaharlal Nehru University asserts that, �India's efforts in international science and technology cooperation were initiated as early as 1950s in the post-independence period. These efforts conducted through different actors and channels have been undergoing transformation through different phases of regulation and deregulation of economy� [6, P.53].

It is worth noting that even in the sphere of international scientific and technical cooperation between Ukraine and India, there was some progress prior to the Russian military invasion, although there were diplomatic obstacles. According to the report by the National Institute for Strategic Studies, "At the current stage of bilateral relations between Ukraine and the Republic of India, cooperation in the scientific and technical field is among the most promising. The main promising areas of cooperation between the two countries are pharmaceuticals and space, but the weakness of the political intergovernmental dialogue remains an obstacle to achieving concrete results" [25, p. 59]. Therefore, India is not limited to international cooperation in the field of science and innovation within the framework of SCO member countries but is implementing a policy of broader interaction.

Next, we propose to consider the features of the organization of the system of state management of another Asian country, namely Pakistan. Pakistan is a South Asian country formed as a result of post-colonial geopolitical transformations associated with the formation of independent India. Today, Pakistan is the fifth most populous country in the world.

Over the past decade, Pakistan has achieved significant results in the field of international scientific and technical cooperation. According to the UNESCO Science report, this country is among the top ten countries that have made the main contribution to the growth of the number of researchers worldwide based on data from 2014-2018.

Moreover, this report states that "Malaysia (44% in 2019), Pakistan (56%) and Singapore (71%) have some of the highest ratios of international scientific collaboration in Asia; moreover, all three have seen a rise of at least 5% since 2015 [21, p.59]. Pakistani scientists tend to collaborate most with other G20 countries. It is natural that China is the leading partner for Pakistani scientists. In turn, the fact that Saudi Arabia is Pakistan's second-largest partner can be explained primarily by links to the diaspora.

During the period of 2011-2019, Pakistani scientists made the most publications in the fields of Health sciences, ICTs, maths & statistics, physics & astronomy. Pakistan is showing the most striking increase from 147 (2012-2015) to 756 (2016-2019) publications on smart-grid technologies [21]. Pakistan's public- sector infrastructure for science and technology is complemented by academic institutions and the strategic and defense sectors. Up until now, policy has been driven primarily by two policy frameworks, Pakistan Vision 2025 (2014) and the National Science, Technology and Innovation Policy (2012).

According to the authors of the UNESCO report, policy implementation within both frameworks has been impeded notably by the inoperative status of the National Science and Technology Commission, despite attempts by the Ministry of Science and Technology (MoST) to revive this apex policy-making body.

Among the main problems of state governance in Pakistan, which may restrain scientific and technical cooperation, it is worth noting [9]:

1) the need for systemic restructuring of the state administrative apparatus at the provincial level in accordance with the principles of socially-oriented and sustainable management;

2) the development of a political culture of representative democracy at the local level in order to more adequately and fully involve citizens in the process of state governance;

3) the problem of the effectiveness of mechanisms for delegating administrative functions, which is manifested in imbalances between delegated powers and funding for their applied implementation;

4) a low level of budgetary efficiency of the state apparatus at all levels, characterized by a negative synergy of current problems of corruption and bureaucratization of the corresponding management entities;

5) the need to reform the public services sector, stimulate processes to increase transparency, digitization, and overall support for restoring the reputation of government authorities;

6) the need to improve the institutional environment for business functioning, create preventive mechanisms to prevent the use of unfair competitive practices;

7) the lack of a proactive approach in involving the business sector in the development of state management policy both in the context of certain consultative platforms and in the sphere of implementing supervisory functions;

8) limited government actions to counter destructive practices of informal institutionalization (corruption, tribalism, nepotism, etc.).

The final stage of the analysis of state policy in the field of internationalization of scientific research activity in countries participating in SCO is the study of the corresponding system on the example of Iran.

Iran (Islamic Republic of Iran) is a country in the Western region of Asia characterized by a theocratic form of government represented by Islamic theocracy, partially combining certain features of a presidential system. Formally, the President is the head of state, but the Supreme Leader has an absolute level of power. The system of state governance is characterized by high authoritarianism and low social orientation. The distinctive feature of the Iranian system of state governance is an extremely high level of administrative centralization, which focuses primarily on compliance with religious dogmas and the development of the security sector, including the military-industrial complex. Democratic practices are limited, only loyal regime party formations are allowed to the election process. There is a high level of corruption in the state apparatus and political establishment. Although Iran is considered a multicultural country, 99% of its population follows the Islamic religion. The dominant form of ownership is state-owned (80%). The government carries out active regulatory interventions in the context of implementing monetary policy. The country is under significant sanction pressure from progressive countries of the world, which practically isolates Iran from any form of participation in international economic relations [13]. Nevertheless, Iran is building international economic relations with SCO member countries.

To characterize Iran's state policy in the field of internationalization, we will use the report IRAN 2023. Science, Technology, and Innovation in Iran: A Brief Review posted on the Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in France website.

It is worth noting that in Iran, the necessary institutional changes have been made to implement the corresponding state policy in the field of internationalization of science and innovation. In 2022, the Law for Knowledge-based Production Leap was adopted, and four years earlier, a corresponding document called "Comprehensive Document of the International Scientific Relations of IRI" No. 805, dated March 6, 2018, was approved at a meeting of the Supreme Council of Cultural Revolution. To solve the tasks formulated in this document, The Center for International Science and Technology Cooperation (CISTC) was created as the functional wing of the Vice-Presidency for Science and Technology (VPST).

The above-mentioned document reflects the most important macro-level objectives and strategies:

* Realizing active scientific diplomacy for acquiring new knowledge and emerging technologies in the required and prioritized fields;

* Coordinated and coherent use of scientific capacities of the country to promote science and technology in other aligned societies and countries;

* Promoting, disseminating, and transferring the country's scientific and technological achievements with a focus on the national interests and macro-level policies of the country

* Creating coordination and synergy between the related bodies and coherent policymaking with a view to developing international scientific cooperation;

* Developing transnational networks among scientists, students, academic researchers, research centers, S&T parks, and KBFs at home and abroad; and

* Intelligent development of scientific relations with other countries focused on comparative advantages of the country� [12].

However, in Iran, key challenges in the process of developing an effective system of state governance remain, including:

-limited functional potential of local government activity, which creates the need for an active policy of decentralization with a clear distribution and delegation of powers at the local level, which should be accompanied by the corresponding fiscal decentralization;

-the need to carry out restructuring and deregulation of the state management system towards redistributing functional responsibilities within the existing system of government institutions to overcome inefficiency and resource dysfunction in their main areas of activity;

-a low level of development of the four-fold economy sector, including the processes of digitization of economic relations, which requires the construction of an effective government policy for digitization, both in terms of implementing key principles of e-government and forming proper infrastructure support;

-a high degree of bureaucratization of the state governance system, which requires the development of applied measures to eliminate non-productive intrasystem administrative procedures, ensuring the people-centric focus of the governance system, and reducing the risks of corruption [18].

Conclusion

Based on the analysis conducted, it can be concluded that all the countries considered are actively working to improve their scientific potential, including through the development of international scientific and technical cooperation. However, despite this, all countries face certain barriers related to their systems of state governance that need to be overcome. This means that further research in this area will be relevant and necessary to identify the most effective strategies and tools for forming state policies in the field of internationalization of scientific and technical activities.

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