Some aspects of axiom "The Jewish people are a nation that dwells alone" implementation in the modern Israeli foreign policy, human security and diplomacy practices

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Petro Mohyla Black sea national university

Some aspects of axiom «The Jewish people are a nation that dwells alone» implementation in the modern Israeli foreign policy, human security and diplomacy practices

Dmytro Bilyayev,

PhD

Mykolaiv

Abstract

The axiom «the Jewish people are a nation that dwells alone» has for centuries defined the relations of the Jewish nation with other nations of the world. Its presence is demonstrated in all spheres of the Israeli State and society by showcasing different events, which are shaping the modern Israeli national identity. Special attention is paid to its key role in shaping Israel's modern foreign policy, diplomacy practices, human security initiatives under the current government (37th). It is emphasized in the article that this essential core principle is the basis of Israel's foreign policy, its ability to successfully navigate complex regional and global dynamics, and that the mistakes made by the official authorities of the State ofIsrael at the present stage, as well as in the past, were largely due to ignoring such an axiom.

The purpose of the work. The purpose of this article is to indicate actions in modern foreign policy of Israel, diplomacy and human security practices of the current (37 th) Israeli government that reflect the axiom «a nation that dwells alone», its essential role and positive results in maintaining regional and world security, using the materials of English-speaking media.

Methodology. Method ofcase study ofthe State ofIsrael under the current (37th) Israeli government, comparative analysis and descriptive methods are used to explore the essential role of this axiom, identify similarities and differences in the Israel's foreign policy, diplomacy, and human security practices, as well as its positive influence and results. Human security is a concept in international relations that emphasizes the importance of protecting individuals and communities through people-centered approach, when previously all the focus was on state security. The UN Development Programme's 1994 Human Development Report was one of the first fundamental publications on this topic, which introduced such notions as: freedom from fear; freedom from want and freedom from indignity.

Scientific novelty. For the first time in Ukrainian science, the essential role of the axiom «the Jewish people are a nation that dwells alone» in the modern foreign policy of Israel, particularly human security practices and diplomacy of the current (37th) Israeli government has been studied and its positive results were explored in maintaining regional and world security.

Conclusions. Therefore, Israel, by examining the current opportunities and challenges it faces through the prism of the axiom «the Jewish people are a nation that dwells alone», successfully preserves its unique identity and promotes balanced interaction with other countries of the world in the modern system of international relations, which is characterized by highly interconnected and interdependent relations between its participants. It is determined that at the present stage, there are increasing trends towards greater adherence to this basic principle with the focus on human security concept in international relations, which is also associated with the policy of Israeli prime minister B. Netanyahu and ministers: B. Smotrich and I. Ben-Gvir, who are members of the government under his leadership.

Key words: Israel, international relations, human security, Jewish identity, foreign policy, diplomacy.

Анотація

Дмитро Біляєв

аспірант, Чорноморський національний університет імені Петра Могили, Миколаїв

Деякі аспекти реалізації аксіоми «Єврейський народ - нація, яка живе окремо» в сучасній ізраїльській зовнішній політиці, практиках людської безпеки і дипломатії

Аксіома «єврейський народ - це народ, який живе окремо» протягом багатьох століть визначала відносини народу Ізраїлю з іншими народами світу. Аналізуючи різноманітні події, які формують сучасну ізраїльську єврейську ідентичність, прослідковується її присутність у всіх сферах життя сучасної ізраїльської держави та суспільства. Особлива увага акцентується на ключовій ролі у формуванні сучасної зовнішньої політики Ізраїлю та дипломатичній практиці, ініціатив з людської безпеки за нинішнього (37-го) уряду. У статті підкреслюється, що цей невід'ємний основоположний принцип лежить в основі зовнішньої політики Ізраїлю, його здатності успішно орієнтуватися в складній регіональній і глобальній динаміці, а помилки, допущені керівництвом Держави Ізраїль на сучасному етапі, як і в минулому значною мірою були спричинені його нехтуванням.

Мета статті. Мета цієї наукової роботи: проаналізувати діяльність нинішнього (37-го) уряду Держави Ізраїль, його зовнішню політику, дипломатію та практики людської безпеки, які виражають аксіому «народ, який живе окремо», її визначальну роль та позитивні результати у зміцненні регіональної і світової безпеки. Людська безпека - це концепція сучасних міжнародних відносин, яка підкреслює важливість захисту індивідів і спільнот крізь призму людино-центричного підходу, в той час як до того основна увага приділялася питанням державної безпеки. Однією з перших фундаментальних публікацій на цю тему була «Доповідь про розвиток людини» Програми розвитку ООН 1994 року, в якій були введені такі поняття, як свобода від страху, свобода від нужди і свобода від приниження гідності.

Методологія. Метод кейс-стаді щодо дослідження Держави Ізраїль при нинішньому (37-го) кабінету міністрів, метод порівняльного аналізу та описовий (дескриптивний) метод використовуються для обґрунтування визначальної ролі цієї аксіоми, виявлення подібностей та відмінностей у сучасній зовнішній політиці Ізраїлю, дипломатії та практиках людської безпеки Ізраїлю, а також її позитивного впливу та результатів.

Наукова новизна. Вперше в українській науці досліджено невід'ємну роль, яку грає аксіома «єврейський народ - це народ, який живе окремо» в сучасній зовнішній політиці Ізраїлю, зокрема практиках людської безпеки та дипломатії нинішнього (37-го) кабінету міністрів, а також досліджено її позитивні результати у підтримці регіональної та світової безпеки.

Висновки. Отже, Ізраїль, приймаючи рішення відносно сучасних можливостей і викликів, з якими він стикається, саме через призму аксіоми «єврейський народ - це народ, який живе окремо», успішно зберігає свою унікальну ідентичність і сприяє збалансованій взаємодії з іншими країнами світу в умовах сучасної системи міжнародних відносин, яка характеризується занадто взаємопов'язаними і взаємозалежними відносинами між її учасниками. Визначено, що на сучасному етапі посилюються тенденції до більшого дотримання цього базового принципу разом з акцентом на концепції людської безпеки в міжнародних відносинах, що також пов'язано з політичною діяльністю прем'єр-міністра Б. Нетаньягу та міністрів: Б. Смотріча та І. Бен-Гвіра, які входять до складу очолюваного ним уряду.

Ключові слова: Ізраїль, міжнародні відносини, людська безпека, ідентичність єврейського народу, зовнішня політика, дипломатія.

Main part

Problem statement. While the axiom «a nation that dwells alone» has sometimes been falsely viewed by some authors as isolationist, it has also been credited by the majority of researchers for enabling Israel to navigate through regional conflicts and protect its national interests. Understanding its importance for international security and human security concept in international relations is essential for comprehending Israel's approach to regional and global security challenges.

It should be noted that the current thirty - seventh government of Israel, organized on 29 December 2022 under the leadership of Israeli prime minister B. Netanyahu with such rightwing ministers as B. Smotrich and I. Ben-Gvir is actively working on the further adherence to this axiom in Israel's foreign relations and human security practices towards new positive outcomes that may result from it.

Analysis of previous research and publications. The themes of modern foreign policy and diplomacy of the State of Israel are explored in the articles of many contemporary Ukrainian scientists, some of them are: V. Niehina and O. Vysotskyi, K. Rohulia. There are also qualification masters theses, that are devoted to this issues, some of these authors are: V. Mustipan, O. Yavorska, Nevertheless, there are no Ukrainian scientific works aimed at exploring the reflection of the axiom «a nation that dwells alone» on Israel's modern foreign policy and diplomacy, particularly in relation to the current (37th) Israeli government under the leadership of В. Netanyahu, as well as the researches of the positive outcomes that may result from it.

The word phrase «a nation that dwells alone» used in this study originated from the Torah (Five Books of Moses) from the Torah portion Balak (23, 9) [27, p. 137]. As an axiom of co-existence of the Jewish people and the State of Israel with other world nations it was defined by the Lubavitcher Rebbe King Moshiach SHLITA, particularly during the visit of Yitchak Rabin, Prime Minister of Israel in 1972, during which the Rebbe SHLITA explained that the Jewish people should not fully place their trust in any treaty with any nation [17]. Among the many foreign researchers who extensively explore the connection of this core principle to the foreign policy and diplomacy of the State of Israel are such scientists as E. Lewin, Ch. D. Freilich, who insist on its presence in a modern foreign policy and diplomacy of the contemporary Jewish state.

The UN human security concept, introduced in 1994, is used in this article in a broader meaning and in connection with the new approaches of the 2022 Special Report on Human Security, according to which K. Balogun, K. Weru and X. Shen recommend «capitalising on the concept of relational wellbeing.» It should be also mentioned the Israeli scientific works about conceptual framework regarding foreign relations, such as T. Arieli and N. Cohen research.

Primary purpose is to specify actions in modern foreign policy of Israel, especially in the human security practices and diplomacy of the current (37th) Israeli government which reflect the axiom «a nation that dwells alone», its essential role and positive results in maintaining regional and world security, using the materials of English-speaking media.

Research methods. The case study of the State of Israel under the present government is used to examine the crucial role of «a nation that dwells alone» principle in the modern foreign policy of Israel, with focus on the human security practices and diplomacy and its positive results in maintaining regional and world security. Comparative analysis and descriptive method are used to identify similarities and differences in the modern foreign policy of Israel, diplomacy and human security practices of Israel, as well as in its positive results and mistakes made by the government.

Presenting main material.

To answer the question: «How does «a nation that dwells alone» axiom reflects on the foreign policy and diplomacy of Israel at the present stage, the Jewish identity and human security practices?» it is necessary to examine the essential aspects of this core principle, explained by the Lubavitcher Rebbe King Moshiach SHLITA and then connect them to the Israel's actions and events at the present stage.

According to the Rebbe SHLITA, the Jewish people «dwell alone» firstly as result of their own choice to hold fast to their faith and tradition and such will of Jewish people together with their actions preserved their uniqueness for two thousand years, despite the lack of a country of their own. The other factors, which are explained by the Rebbe SHLITA, are the external forces - the pressures and persecutions from the outside, which resulted in pogroms, expulsions, inquisitions and, most of all, the Holocaust. They also strengthened the core of Jewish people's belief and their loyalty to Jewish values and traditions. Therefore he states that both positive and negative factors are keeping the Jewish people loyal to their Jewish values, tradition and faithful to their belief [17].

Some examples of this are the following actions of the present government to advance the legal reform, backed by the majority of the Jewish people and their responses of Israeli officials to US President Biden's criticism of Israeli judicial reforms implementation that appeared in media at the end of March 2023, supported by the Knesset opposition with its leader Yair Lapid.

In response to question about the Israeli legislation reforms J. Biden once again expressed his prevailing disapproval, stating that he is: «concerned that they get this straight. They cannot continue down this road». Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu rejected J. Biden's advice, saying, «Israel is a sovereign country» and opposed to this idea with the necessity of government's actions, that are derived from «the will of its people and not based on pressures from abroad». The National Security Minister Itamar Ben-Gvir respectfully replied: «While we appreciate [U.S.] democracy, they need to understand that Israel is an independent country and not another star on the American flag» and once again pointed out that: «…the people here voted in an election, and they have their priorities» [26].

Hence, by using this main principle to the maximum extent possible, B. Netanyahu, as well as I. Ben-Gvir specify the undivided association of the Jewish State, which is not subservient to the American government, with the Jewish nation and its undisputed demand for further implementation of the reforms, which is backed by the current government's electorate.

Therefore, by choosing to hold fast to Jewish values and principles and standing up to the external forces - the pressures from the outside, mainly from USA and EU countries, Israel gives an important message to other nations: regardless of international alliances, cooperation and other mutual positive relations, first of all there is the choice of the Jewish people. Moreover, if there is the place for the government actions, they could only be based on the Jewish values and traditions, and only in such way they might result in strengthening of the unity of the whole Jewish nation.

This axiom as an integral part of Israeli national identity is even more noticeable in the context of human security, especially the protection of civilians from the terrorist attacks. On the 6th of April 2023, when speaking about the reaction to offensive and aggression towards the Jewish nation, Yair Lapid, the Knesset opposition leader stressed out: «When it comes to security, there is no opposition or coalition in the State of Israel. We will stand united against any enemy» [23].

According to the Israeli scientist E. Lewin this core principle «is embedded not only in the long history of pogroms, destruction, and deportations; its key historical origins lie in the memory of the Holocaust. The fact that when millions of Jews were murdered the world remained indifferent has left its mark on future generations» [24, p. 9].

Therefore, this core principle is integrated into the Jewish identity and in the idea of a unified front of all Jews against external threats to Jewish people, which emphasizes the importance of being able to defend oneself without relying on external allies or support.

As a result of such firm standing to the pressure from the international community is the support for implementation of the military preventive actions and the right of the Jewish State for self-defense also with the help the closest ally - the USA. According to the State Department's official position, indicating support of Israeli actions after the rocket attacks on the 6th of April: «Israel has the right to defend itself' [12].

K. Rohulia states that Israel's foreign policy strategy is determined by national priorities, which specifically depend on the geopolitical situation in the region. [4, p. 323]. Ch. D. Freilich emphasizes that Israel «can ultimately rely only on itself. Accordingly, it remains a «nation dwelling alone» [14, p. 38].

While Israel constantly develops a technologically advanced military, which serves as a deterrent to potential adversaries, and preserves the strategic alliances with key global powers, such as the United States, it is absolutely important to act according to the core principle «a nation that dwells alone», in order protect the Jewish State and Jewish people, especially when it comes to human security concept.

This axiom is also deeply rooted inside the struggle of Jewish settlers for the rights on their land by judicial instruments, which constantly results in the more effective work of Knesset that passes the laws about giving the equal rights to the settlements, their judicial protection, military protection against human security issues on these territories, as well as prevention of the terrorist activity in these regions. In March 2023 Knesset abolished the law of disengagement in northern Samaria after 17 years and is searching for new opportunities to restore governance in regions that have been neglected for decades by the lawmakers, such as the Negev region [22]. By passing laws that give equal rights and judicial protection to Jewish settlers in these Israel's regions similarly as on the rest of the Israel's territory, Israel ensures that they are not only safe and secure, but also recognized and supported by the government.

The «Disengagement Law» itself was the opposite to «a nation that dwells alone» axiom. In August 2005, over 8000 Jews were uprooted and forced out their homes in Gaza. It was a one-sided policy resulted in destruction of homes, torched synagogues, and the destruction of profitable greenhouses. Hamas, a terrorist organization was established on this territories in June 2007, whose terrorists have been hitting with missiles the southern and central Israel territories. More than 9000 rockets and mortar shells were fired at Israeli targets, causing economic damage. As a result, several IDF operations were conducted against terrorist bases during the 10-year period since the deportation. These operations caused 115 soldiers and civilians to be killed, and hundreds injured. The IDF suffered severe post-traumatic distress, and thousands of Israeli settlers were severely affected, with over 20% still without permanent residence or proper employment after 13 years. The uprooting was an unforgivable crime against humanity [30]. Considering its devastating results it was seen by most of the Israeli society as a severe mistake. The abolishment of this law can lead to a sense of stability and security for settlers, stronger sense of Israel's pride and identity and other positive initiatives to restore governance in neglected regions such as the Negev and to greater economic development and growth in these areas. All of these actions are preserving the development of human security policies on the territories of the settlements.

On the contrary, the resumption of talks with Arab terrorist organizations according to the Jerusalem Post article [6] from this point of view can only be viewed as a complete mistake, in fact, resulting in increase of terrorist activity, Hamas firing around 34 rockets on the 6th of April on the Jewish cities and its citizens, only after 2 months of the mutual talks of PA organization with Israel [12].

Such actions are only the opposite to the integrity of the Land of Israel and the human security of the Jewish people. While another meeting with the PA was scheduled for April, violence continued the whole March in the West Bank: repeated shootings of Arab terrorists against Israeli citizens, numerous attacks with stones and knives against civilians in Huwara and on other Israeli territories.

In fact, such talks decreased the human security level and the terrorists became even more ruthless, because they feel their impunity, especially with no adequate response of the Israel on the judicial level. According to the latest study report of PMW organization it becomes clear that the more US aid leads to more Arab terror. PA organization pays salaries to prisoners and released prisoners and to living terrorists, as well as injured terrorists and the families of terrorists who have been killed. PMW is also exploring the data of the similar financial support from European Union [9].

Taking into account the integrity of the Land of Israel together with the human security of the Jewish people and the facts of increased Arab terrorist activity in the period of negotiations between the PA organization and Israel it becomes evident that the U.S. is still actively promoting the totally ineffective cooperation with the PA. How does the terrorist organization could fit into the peace talks? Obviously it is totally unacceptable, as well as the initiatives of the USA that is still pushing the inappropriate «two-state» solution, which is opposite to the integrity of the Land of Israel.

According to the Jerusalem Post article during a meeting in Sharm el-Sheikh between Israel and the PA in a joint communique with Egypt, Jordan and the US, the Israeli government pledged to stop unilateral measures for 3-6 months, including that Israel commit to suspend discussions of new settlement units for 4 months and official permits for settlements for 6 months [6].

Both then and now, the main emphasis of the PA and similar terrorist groups in Israel is to recognize them as independent political entities in order to gain additional funding for advancing of their terrorist activities, receive possibilities for more pressure on Israel from international terrorist supporters, and to expand mechanisms to terrorize Israel more actively, including through influential international organizations such as the UN, and to deceive the world public with lies.

However, according to the abovementioned axiom, if the U.S. promotes a harmful supposedly «peace» plan, it is necessary to resist their pressure and act diplomatically, to convince them more of the unacceptability of this position in the context of the fight against anti-Semitism in the U.S. and terrorism around the world. In order to keep to the axiom «a nation that dwells alone» according to different experts it is necessary to end these talks and implement more preventive measures against terrorist organizations both on judicial and on military levels.

Another aspect of this core principle according to the Lubavitcher Rebbe King Moshiach SHLITA is the importance of preventing assimilation. It is also seen nowadays when the Jewish people in Israel and in other world countries are putting a lot of affords to oppose the assimilation processes[17].

The support of the Jewish values is visible on different levels of US-society. According to the author Ron Kampeas the Pennsylvania Governor Josh Shapiro, Congresswomen Helen Lurie from Virginia and Becca Balint from Vermont, use their Jewish identity extensively in their political and public activities, as Scott Lasensky, a professor of American Jewish studies at the University of Maryland says that they are higher than the political dogma «because they exude pride» [21].

In March 2023 Pennsylvania official authorities announced that first Jewish legislative assembly will be established and this marks a milestone for the state's Jewish community. The assembly is expected to protect Jewish interests and play an important role in shaping policy and promoting Jewish values in the state [16].

This initiative demonstrates the Jewish community's commitment to an axiom «a nation that dwells alone» by maintaining its distinct identity, traditions and lifestyle while keeping the good relations with the authorities, where they live through the establishment of their own distinct organizations together with using the state's instruments for the development of their communities. By forming their own legislative assembly, the Jewish community is also asserting their autonomy and promoting the beneficial political decisions.

Another aspect of this axiom, to which the Lubavitcher Rebbe King Moshiach SHLITA is referring, is that Jewish people «have never lost their beliefs, their hope to return to Jerusalem, and the land of Israel» [17].

Evident traces to this axioma are seen in the recent Israeli UN Permanent Representative Gilad Erdan's initiative to host a mock Pesach seder at the United Nations on the 3oth of March 2023. This event showcases Israel's commitment to strengthening the knowledge among other ambassadors about the Jewish identity and Judaism values on the relations with other nations, at the same time it demonstrates Israel's emphasis on preserving its distinct identity, even while keeping peaceful relations with the international community. He also makes an undisputed association between the people of Israel and their legitimate right on the land that God promised to them from his statements: «At the seder, we are commanded to retell the Exodus as if we ourselves were slaves in Egypt and we, ourselves, were brought out by the hand of God.» and «…it is also the story of Jewish statehood - the legitimate right of the Jewish people coming home to the land that God promised us.», «. we remind the world that Israel has been, is and always will be the homeland of the Jewish people.» [11].

Also on the 7^th of April 2023 in response to terrorist firing around 34 rockets from the Lebanon on the Israeli cities and the followed terrorist activity, Gilad Erdan made an official statement on behalf of Israel, which reflects Israel's perception of itself as a nation that must rely on its own strength and resources to safeguard its human security, rather than relying on external support or assistance. He responded: «Israel condemns in the strongest terms the attempts by terrorist groups in Lebanon to infringe upon its sovereignty in blatant violation of Security Council resolutions, including Security Council

Resolution 1701 (2006). Israel will not accept any violation of its sovereignty and security, and will take all necessary steps to protect its citizens» [25].

This statement is also in line with the previous cases. Therefore, such position in the UN reinforces Israel's determination to protect its citizens and not to tolerate any violations of its sovereignty, and the language used in the statement conveys a sense of self-reliance, which is consistent with the idea of «a nation that dwells alone».

The existing multinational peace-keeping practice of UN member countries and similar to UN organizations is further advanced to a brand new level with the help of Israel's recognition practices of «Righteous Among the Nations» and by promoting the 7 Universal Laws for all humanity - the 7 Noahide Laws for all the world nations according to the Jewish Law (Halakha). The Yad Vashem Holocaust Memorial Complex lists 2,673 Righteous Among the Nations in Ukraine and 27,921 Righteous Among the Nations from 44 countries of the world according to the data of 2021. According to the Lubavitcher Rebe SHLITA King Moshiach non - jewish population of the world should adhere to the 7 Noahide laws as the set of moral and ethical principles applicable to all humanity, that were given to Moses on the mount Sinai by G-d at the same time as the G-d's 10 commandments to the Jewish people. A good example of such practices of social cooperation and understanding among different nations is Ukraine. The Congress of the Descendants of the Righteous Among the Nations held in Ukraine in September 2021 demonstrates such positive results of these trends: building and strengthening bridges between Jews and non-Jews on the international and regional levels; creating different platforms for future collaboration; fostering goodwill and collaboration in various fields, including mutual research initiatives; preserving the knowledge about Holocaust events [1].

What are the beneficial results of applying this axiom to the foreign policy of Israel?

Firstly, it has the positive effects on relations with other nations, their official authorities and prominent political leaders. As an example of such effects is Arnold Schwarzenegger's (a former Governor of California) video speech, which he posted on different media platforms as well as his other speeches on anti-semitism and hate crimes in 2023, following after his visit to Auschwitz concentration camp, where more than 1 million Jews were mercilessly murdered during the 2^nd world war. He delivered these statements against a growing evidence of anti-Semitism in the United States, hate crimes, especially against people of other nationalities, particularly Jews. He urged non-Jewish population to get rid of such behavior, which could be a result of incorrect parenting or the aggressive influence of extremist ideologies on the Internet [28].

Secondly, this axiom does not deny cooperation with foreign countries according to Jewish law (Halakha) and Jewish values. The signing of the Abraham Accords with Israel in 2020 became the key turning point for the long-term progressive human security vision of cooperation with Israel, especially for the Arab nations. Moreover, the results of these agreements indicate the rise of the initiatives of these nations on different levels of society as they gained opportunities for cooperation in the spheres of commerce, tourism, and innovation.

K. Balogun, K. Weru and X. Shen point out the tendencies of world countries of «capitalising on the concept of relational wellbeing», which they recommend to foster according to the new approaches of the 2022 Special Report on Human Security [8].

After finding the key points towards cooperation among the different countries of the region, while preserving own interests Israel is still continuing to foster the membership in the Abraham Accords, signed by Israel, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Sudan, and Morocco in 2020 as one of the key pillars for foreign relations network enhancement between Jerusalem and other world nations. The non-protocol decisions and informal contacts were, according to VO. Musti - pan, the key elements to further strengthening of Middle Eastern security system [2, p. 13].

At the beginning of March 2023 Netanyahu government announced that it is currently working to expand the Abrahamic agreements with four new countries: Mauritania, Somalia, Niger and Indonesia. The initiatives of Israel are actively supported by the U.S. Secretary of State Antoni Blinken, National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan, and Senior Energy Security Advisor Amos Hochstein [10].

The government promotes the membership in these agreements for other countries as a progressive practice to change the mutual challenges in their foreign relations into mutual opportunities for different development scenarios in such spheres: cybersecurity, military, medicine, agricultural innovations, renewable energy, economy etc. The recent example of such practice is the beneficial results in the activity of Israel's Liquidity Group. This top financial technology company advertised long-term plans to make $500 million investment in startups during this year on the territory of the UAE and MENA region according to the information of Investo - pia x SALT conference in Abu Dhabi that was organized in the beginning of March 2023. The statements of Ron Daniel, company's CEO indicated that human security practices in this region backed by a capital actually advances «the flourishing tech ecosystem and lively community of global entrepreneurs, VCs, and accelerators in the UAE» [13].

Additionally, these statements play a crucial role regarding human security issues within the country, as the authors of the 2023 Strategic Analysis for Israel, published by the Institute for National Security Studies at Tel Aviv University, suggest countering the economic threats from outside by relying on «countries, including partners to the Abraham Accords, who have profited from the rise in energy prices, and they could serve as a solid alternative for Israeli exports.». The authors of this Strategic Analysis encourage Israeli actions for human security practices in the economy sphere, as «the government should initiate a national project to integrate all populations in the economy, through programs to impart skills needed by the marketplace» [15, p. 75].

This could be another possible explanation for the government's 2023 promotion to join the Abrahamic Accords with other countries of the world in order to acquire new trading partners, especially with energy resources, with the aim to overcome the struggles of the global economy and the variability of global currency markets for businesses that are heavily dependent on imports and exports. Hence, the issue of diversifying export markets and integrating all segments of the population into the economy is definitely relevant to a core principle «a nation that dwells alone», so that Israel can build a more resilient and integrative society that will be better prepared to deal with the various possible external challenges in the future.

It is also evident that currently Israel, as it was previously specified by O. Yavorska, continues to use: «different interaction strategies, concepts of development, participation in international cooperation, democratic values» in its foreign policy strategies [5, p. 72].

The Latin America countries are searching for new opportunities to cooperation in trade, technology, agriculture, military spheres with the government of Israel. According to V Niehina and O. Vysotskyi, in this region it is still evident the usage of «the following technologies in the foreign policy of Israel: the signing of trade agreements, the promise to support Israel during voting in international organizations, as well as official visits of Israeli officials to Latin American countries, the making of agreements with

Latin American countries intended to promote the development of science, technology and innovation [3, p. 102].

The decisions aimed at breaking ties with Israel are also not in line with the human security policies of European countries and mutual cooperation with Israel in different spheres.

Such conclusion could be made after the Isabel Diaz Ayuso, a Spanish politician and future candidate for Prime Minister of Spain, visit to Israel in February 2023, where she conducted meetings with Israeli President Yitzhak Herzog, head of the National Security Council Tzachi Hanegbi, Economy Minister Nir Barkat, technology entrepreneurs, top ranked businessmen and high-level officials in the medical field. Diaz also criticized the recent decision of Barcelona Mayor Ada Colau to terminate the twin-city agreement with Tel Aviv and cut ties with the Israeli government, saying that such a decision was against the wishes of the people of Spain and Catalonia. Such irresponsible decisions, in her opinion, can only be harmful to cooperation between the countries. She also mentioned the great impact of fake news on the understanding between the countries and their people: «Coming to Israel or talking to Israelis is essential to understanding the reality of life in Israel. Otherwise, you will get a picture of violence that leads to brutality, and that is the only thing you will know about Israel. This is not something I will promote, because it's just not true.» She also expressed her support for the Israeli government's judicial reform and as it: «clearly demonstrate that Israel is a democratic country.» Previously, Diaz Ayuso strengthened Madrid's community ties with the Jewish community by showcasing the positive image of Israel among the dozens of businessmen who agreed to cooperate with Israeli counterparts in the fields of technology and health care and passed a series of resolutions against the boycott of Israel [20].

Such positive initiatives as the policy entrepreneurs according to T. Arieli and N. Cohen research «can introduce new frames of thinking about peace and the opportunities it holds for a better, more prosperous life for everyone in the region.» and «self-interest actors may generate noble results on local and even regional, national, and international levels» [7, p. 245].

Another technological sphere that reflects the implementation of the axiom «a nation that dwells alone» policies by the current Israeli government in its mutual relations is the Israeli defense industry with such major manufacturers as Elbit Systems, IAI-Israel Aerospace Industries, Rafael Advanced Defense Systems and more than a dozen other defense manufacturers.

Through participation in various military technology exhibitions and showcasing its innovations around the world, by building new ties in the defense industry and reinforcing old networks, Israel can remain at the forefront of defense technology and maintain the highest level of military and technical development. The Israeli Defense Ministry opened it's first - ever national pavilion with 30 Israeli leading companies at the International Defense Exhibition and Conference (IDEX) in the United Arab Emirates, the largest military exposition in the Middle East in February 2023 [18]. Similarly, it was established the first national pavilion at the DSEI Japan Defense Exhibition in the middle of March, where Israel presented its own: unmanned aircraft systems, ground systems, missile systems and communications technology [19].

There is another reason why Israel is considering to increase its participation in arms exports and to represent its innovations around the world. Nowadays Israel still experiences various security threats and challenges, making the advancement in defense technology essential to its national security policies. According to a new SIPRI report, Israeli arms exports have recently declined by 15%. It is most probable that the government's focus on entering into new partnerships and contracts with other nations might help to compensate that decline [29].

Conclusions. Therefore, it is necessary to specify that «a nation that dwells alone» axiom still refers to all the Jewish people because its presence is demonstrated in all spheres of the Israeli State and society, as well as in foreign relations and diplomacy. The continuing adherence of the Jewish State to this policy axiom plays crucial role in preserving the Israel's unique position in the Middle East and allowing it to pursue its national interests while maintaining a high level of selfreliance, resiliency and openness to cooperation. Its positive results within Israeli society are encompassed towards strengthening of the national identity and unity inside and outside the Israel. The abovementioned cases of such actions by the current Israeli government reflect the strong resilience in the face of numerous security challenges, enabling the country to adapt and respond effectively to any threats, and withstand external diplomatic pressures. In human security concept the emphasis on the core principle «a nation that dwells alone» in future policy of Israel could further lead to the advancement in well-being and safety of its citizens. Moreover, it could continue to have positive effects on the broader region of Middle East and other world countries, as it encourages other nations to adopt their policies and strategies to the Jewish principles of peace and prosperity and respect for the interests of Israel, ultimately contributing to a safer and more secure world.

References

israeli politics diplomacy

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