Means of electronic communication as a tool of Russian anti-Ukrainian propaganda

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Means of electronic communication as a tool of Russian anti-Ukrainian propaganda

Belkin L.M., Lawyer of Individual Practice

lurynets J.L., National Aviation University

Sopilko I.M., National Aviation University

Belkin M.L., Moris Group Law Firm

Introduction

Although the term «propaganda» began to be used in 1622, but the revolutionary opportunities for its practical promotion arose due to the development and promotion of basic media [1]. The emergence of writing, printing, periodicals, telegraph, radio, television, Internet, social networks were revolutionary and stimulated economic, political, social, spiritual, intellectual development of mankind [1]. At the same time, however, at every stage they opened the Pandora's box more and more widely - the uncontrolled possibility of manipulating the consciousness of the masses [2, p. 65-66]. In an interview with the question «Why does television remain a more important means of influencing people than online media and paper: newspapers, magazines?» G.G. Pocheptsov expressed the opinion that «television information is more accessible, it is supported by a picture, it gives advantages before the newspaper. Besides, the newspaper can't tell about what happened live» [3].

Presenting main material. Canadian culturologist M. McLuhan considers television a means of communication that activates all the senses. As a result, it is more difficult for the viewer to break away from the course of the proposed thoughts, to take a different point of view, to try to get a critical assessment of what is being said. Communication goes at once on all channels that does not give the chance to go aside (quoted by the publication [4, p. 363]. The understanding of the world around us does not become diverse, but shrinks to the level of patterns broadcast on television. And this creates absolutely unprecedented opportunities for propaganda [5, p. 24].

Therefore, television is designed to make the substitution of the real world propaganda. The TV world is overcoming the reality that we have learned to do since Soviet times. Only now for the creation of the TV world is a huge flow of taxpayers' money [6].

So, first of all, television solves the problem of propaganda to transfer a person to another picture of the world.

In this sense, Russian television has played this role most effectively. For example, British journalist Peter Pomerantsev, who specializes in exposing the methods of Russian propaganda (source: https://nashformat.ua/authors/piter-pomerantsev-books), states: «Viewers are fascinated by Russian channels. The Kremlin is blurring the line between fact and fiction. During the preparation of «information-analytical» programs used cinematic techniques, sensational presentation. Fears are brewing, such as rumors of ethnic cleansing plans in eastern Ukraine in the United States, and eerie fictional stories such as the famous story of the "crucified boy." Misinformation fits into a consistent line of narrative. News programs focus on hostilities in Ukraine, Western conspiracies against Russia, and positive stories about Vladimir Putin. The president ensures stability in a country surrounded by enemies on all sides. These emotions are heightened by expensive documentaries about the glorious battles of World War II and the betrayal of liberals» (source: https://bramaby.com/ls/blog/policy/ 2905.html).

It should be borne in mind that television is the main source of information for Russia citizens [6]. The answer to the question, where do you get the news, was as follows: 85 % - television, 27 % - friends, family, neighbors, 27 % - online publications, 21 % - social networks, 15 % - radio, 13 % - newspapers, 2 % - magazines (several answers could be given). The most popular news channels are «Channel One» (72 %), «Russia-1» (57 %), NTV (44 %), and «Russia-24» (38 %).

Such intense influence bears fruit. Thus, the well-known Russian journalist A. Babchenko so describes the Russian propaganda: «In the Russian Federation in the twenty-first century, television and the legacy of Goebbels met. And gave a powerful shock effect. Eighty-six percent of the population of the largest country on the planet has gone mad, in the form of madness, aimed at the lowest, most animals, the most negative human feelings, combined with the most powerful means of relaying ideas. Putin's propaganda extracted all the impurity from people, turned all the worst into good, allowed murder, xenophobia, obscurantism, persecution, hatred, aggression, racial intolerance, sowed brains with chauvinism and national superiority, imperial grandeur, lifted prohibitions, lowered limits to almost zero, and said: everything, now everything is possible - and it turned out to be incredibly effective.

For ten years, the screen was packed with a product in which hate was the only communication model. The only pattern of conversation is screaming. The only model of communication with a child is shouting, screaming, beating. The only model of behavior, decision-making is moral idiocy. The only development model is violence. The only model for solving problems is aggression and murder.

Already now we can say for sure that the most powerful weapon that Russia possesses is not the «Iskander» or submarines. This is television» (source: https://rusmonitor.com/arkadijj- babchenko-putinskaya-propaganda-dostala-iz-lyudejj-vsyu- mraz.html).

Apparently, it is not accidental that in 2004 the President of the Russian Federation V. Putin spoke out against restrictions on the broadcasting of scenes of violence on Russian television, noting, in particular, that such a ban «would affect the patriotic upbringing of minors, largely due to the demonstration of films about the exploits and courage of our compatriots» (source: http://moral.ru/news/04_1222_Putin_smi.htm).

In this sense, it is obvious that Russian TV content played a very big negative role in the events of 2014 in Donbas, in fact acting as a trigger for the war. So, a resident of Donetsk: «I remember this "referendum". A few days earlier, on one of the Russian TV channels, the news anchor said that in Donetsk, signs were put on the homes of Russian-speaking citizens. My wife and I giggled then. What nonsense!.. Then this nonsense was seriously retold to each other by people in the referendum... And we suddenly realized that the people began to go crazy en masse» (source: http://hronika.info/obwestvo/141857-kak-zhivetsya-v-donecke- posle-dvuh-let-v-dnr.html).

I.V. Krupsky views the Russian television product as a factor in inciting interstate enmity. Specific examples of the most popular Russian TV channels «Russia-1», «Russia-24», «NTV», «Channel One» show fabrication, distortion of events, omission of certain, «unprofitable», part of the information, inventing incredible stories. The scientist concludes: «in Donbas, an unprecedented technology in world history was used, when thanks to the information weapons of the Kremlin propaganda and manipulation of consciousness, a separate political identity was artificially created among the population of the two Ukrainian regions» [7].

The Internet has recently joined the traditional means of disseminating information (print media, radio and television), supplementing them with blogs and social networks, ensuring prompt response to events and interactivity. It is natural that the Internet is gradually becoming a leader and a leading place among popular sources of information, because searching for data online is simple, convenient and takes much less time than going to the library, reading newspaper archives or even watching TV [2, p. 96].

At the same time, the Internet creates incomparably greater opportunities for the distribution of unwanted content than television and radio. O. Vergolyas points out that the on-line social network, in terms of information and communication technologies, creates conditions for the use of much more tools of information and psychological influence than off-line due to technological capabilities for placement and delivery of audio and video information to the recipient. On-line networks have a much wider range of options for placing and delivering information to the recipient of various kinds (video, pictures, photos, text, audio). The speed of information dissemination in the on-line network is much higher than in the off-line network due to the simplicity of transmission and broadcasting. In addition, it is worth noting that the production, distribution and delivery to the recipient of information products (content) for distribution in the on-line network requires much less human and material resources than in the on-line network, especially for due to the speed of distribution and extremely low cost of animation of information materials [8].

Thus, information networks create all opportunities for the delivery of hostile cultural and/or informational content.

For example, according to American experts, up to 75 % of the so-called «life stories» and «references to sources» given in comments on social networks during the intensification of antiUkrainian aggression were almost entirely fictional. At the same time, from half to two thirds of this number had obvious indicators of manipulative influence. According to domestic experts, 45 % of the information disseminated in our information field has signs of purposeful external manipulation directed against our state [9, p. 7-8; 10, p. 25].

At one time, Russia effectively used the methods of information hybrid warfare to annex Crimea. According to N. Minyailo, A. Demartino, a publicist and specialist in PR technologies, analyzed the methods of conducting a hybrid war of Russia during the annexation of Crimea. In connection with this analysis, the following theses should be highlighted:

- on the eve of the Russian aggression, nowhere in Crimea, except for Sevastopol, were there any anti-Ukrainian sentiments. In the top 20 most popular groups in Crimea's social networks, there were no overtly anti-Ukrainian ones;

- Sevastopol has always been pro-Russian. This distinguished him from the rest of Crimea. The presence of the Russian Navy's Black Sea Fleet on the territory of the city had a great influence. Therefore, all of Russia's efforts on social networks were directed to other parts of Crimea. Sevastopol was ready for annexation even before it began;

- pro-Russian political parties were on the margins, having within 3 % of the support of the Crimean's;

- a feature of the Crimea was the deep penetration of the Internet. The level of Internet coverage of the population of Crimea was almost 50%. The Russians began active work on social networks and the Internet in the fall of 2013. Through these social networks, especially through the «Odnoklassniki» social network, the Russians spread slogans that the Nazis had come to power in Kyiv, which could ban the Russian language in Crimea;

- nevertheless, Russian television played a major role in changing the consciousness of Crimean residents. With the beginning of the Euromaidan, an active anti-Ukrainian campaign began on Russian channels, without which the influence of social networks would not have been so significant;

- Crimean's rarely traveled to mainland Ukraine. Because of this, they were inclined to believe Russian disinformation about the events in Kiev [11].

The co-authors of the article «Definitions of the concept of "hybrid war"» emphasize that in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea it had a clearly defined virtual information component. If we call it propaganda, it would reduce the treacherous and poisonous nature of this information war. The principles of the electronic cyberattack were transformed into an uncontrolled unimpeded flow of Russian-language disinformation announcing a new war with the «fascists». A version of the reality of oppression, persecution and intimidation of the Russian-speaking population of Ukraine was created, which was spread to destabilize the situation in the country. Foreign news agencies covered the fake news as if they really had reason to discuss. As a result, the falsifications, confusion and fear they cause, prevented a quick response to the actions of the Russian Federation and weakened the determination of those who were to do so [12].

Modern means of disseminating information - radio, television, the Internet have enabled Russia to quickly and indefinitely influence the Ukrainian population for many years, adjusting certain regions of Ukraine, and especially the Crimea, to pro-Moscow policy. Russian media had an informational and psychological influence to create the necessary attitude to the negative perception of events in Ukraine [13].

The analysis shows that the creation of pro-Russian sites in Ukraine reached a maximum during 2014-2015 [14].

At the same time, Russian television played a particularly negative role just before and during the large-scale Russian aggression against Ukraine. The Russian authorities are stubbornly lying, calling the war in Ukraine a «special military operation» whose main goal is the «denazification and demilitarization» of the neighboring country. According to Vladimir Putin, Ukraine owes its existence to the Soviet Union, so its independence is illegal, especially since it is now ruled by «neo- Nazis» and «drug addicts» who follow all the orders of Washington. All this, in a circle, is operated by the Russian television services of the so-called «news» and talk shows on pro-Kremlin channels. In one of the stories on NTV on March 26, 2022, in particular, it was claimed that the Ukrainian military was targeting children with banned cluster bombs, that Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky had banned all private media, that Ukrainians did not consider Russians people, and that Ukrainian doctors called for castration of Russian prisoners of war, and the Ukrainian «Nazis» are «ready to tear out children's eyes by nationality». All modern Russian television is full of military brainwashing [15].

Media-analyst Ksenia Ilyuk said that in the first days of the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Kremlin tried to fill the information space with fakes and garbage. At first it worked. Specialists of the Media Detector resource caught at least 25 unique samples of Russian disinformation in the first days of the offensive, and the editorial office actively received information with a request to check [16].

Conclusions

electronic communication propaganda misinformation

Despite constant denials, Russian propaganda is producing more and more fakes. According to A. Lushnitsky [17], the so-called «special military operation» in Ukraine is so full of false Russian narratives that they mark a regime that is in a state of complete denial of reality. The daily comments of Moscow's leaders are increasingly moving away from any reasonable interpretation of events, whether in the present or in the past. They actively construct an alternative reality for themselves and for their people.

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