Terminological approaches to the research of concept of the intellectual management

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National Academy of Public Administration, under the President of Ukraine

Terminological approaches to the research of concept of the intellectual management

Zaporozhets T.V.,

Ph.D (Public administration),

C. Sc. (Public administration), Doctor's Degree applicant, of Information Policy and Digital Technologies Faculty

Abstract

production communication robotics

The article examines the theoretical and practical aspects of the application of NBIC technologies and GNR, GRIN, GRAIN convergent technologies, which combine the ideas of nano-, bio-, information and communication technologies and robotics. The author considers the specifics of each of these technologies, determines the advantages and risks of their usage for the development of human civilization. The paper reveals the features and prospects for the usage of these technologies in the management of industrial processes, interaction between the state and society.

Keywords: NBIC, GNR, GRIN, GRAIN technologies, convergent technologies, nanotechnologies, robot technologies, information and communication technologies, management.

Main part

Problem solving in general and its connection with important scientific or practical tasks. Modern management at the present stage has many prospects related to the development and dissemination of advanced technologies. Achievements in such fields as robotics, bio-and nanotechnology, and cognitiveism contributed to the emergence of:

- NBIC technologies: (N) - nano, (B) - bio, (I) - information and (C) - cognitive technologies (term introduced by Michael Rock and William Bainbridge);

- technologies GNR: (G) - genetics, (N) - nanotechnology, (R) - robotics);

- technologies GRIN: (G) - genetics, (R) - robotics, (I) - information technologies, (N) - nanotechnologies;

- technologies GRAIN (G) - genetics, (R) - robotics, (A) - artificial intelligence, (I) - information technology, (N) - nanotechnology (terms introduced by Douglas Malhallom).

In the opinion of these scholars, these technologies change the perception of the surrounding world.

In the aspect of their application, scientists' ideas about such concepts as «life», «nature», «man», «mind», etc. are transformed. NBIC, GNR, GRIN, GRAIN technologies integrate important achievements of our time. These include bio-, nano-, genetic, robotic, information-communication and cognitive trends. The synergistic interaction of these technologies can enhance their mutual influence, thus creating the latest transformations in the development of human civilization and the intellectualization of management processes.

Digital and information and communication technologies have laid the foundations for so-called «global» technologies, among which the nano-, bio-, information and cognitive technologies (NBICs) occupy the leading place. They are implemented in most world countries, and are introduced into the economy and social life of humanity. The value of

_14 global technology is that they can contribute to the creation of a unified system of intelligent management of communication and cognitive experience of humanity and its consciousness. An innovative economy based on NBIC-technologies requires

comprehensive study and understanding of the consequences of their use for the development of the country, society, economic objects, etc.

An analysis of recent research and publications, which launched the solution to this problem. The problems of the introduction of technologies NBIC, GNR, GRIN, GRAIN attract researchers attention because these directions are new and promising for high-tech development of society. O.E. Belyantseva [1], M.O. Kizim [2], MV Koval'chuk [3], SV Legominova [1], NNO, bio-, robot, and information and communication technologies were investigated in their works. 4], V.M. Maslov [5], I. Yu. Matyushenko [6], S.V. Sumchenko [9]; V. Pride [7], M. Rocco [16; 17], J. Ya. Khromiak [11], R. Kumar [13], J. Moulds [14], Y. Nicas [15], and others. Most scholars focus on the benefits and risks of these technologies and their impact on transformation in human life. These technologies can not only improve the production technique, but also significantly transform the management methods through the intellectualization of the process.

Selection of unresolved parts of the general problem to which this article is devoted. The use of modern nano-, bio-, robot-, genetic and other technologies is a new issue in the scientific literature on the development of mechanisms of intellectual management. Despite the many perspectives that these technologies have for improving management systems, they have a great potential for threats and risks. Abuse of them can lead to international conflicts, and their regulation requires numerous developments and changes in legislation [10]. The main problem with the use of NBIC, GNR, GRIN, and GRAIN technologies is the inability to fully provide international cooperation, as less technologically advanced countries are inferior in their ability to allocate resources and control modern management tools. As a result, conflicts arise at different levels of interaction between communication actors: local, regional, state, international. Thus, the use of NBIC and GNR, GRIN, and GRAIN technologies is potentially beneficial for intellectual control, but it is necessary to further develop risk management mechanisms for their implementation in state and international management systems.

Formation of the purposes of the article. The purpose of the article is to study terminology approaches to the use of modern NBIC technologies and technologies GNR, GRIN, GRAIN in the interpretation of the concept of intellectual control.

Presentation of the main research material with the full justification of the received scientific researches.

The research of NBIC, GNR, GRIN, GRAIN technologies is based on the knowledge of relevant sciences - bio-and genetic engineering, robotics, nanosciences and others, but the peculiarities of their implementation into practice and regulation remain in the stage of search, since the application of these technologies requires their integration into the field of intellectual management. The methodology in the light of the convergence of NBIC technologies refers to transdisciplinary concepts.

Within the framework of the transdisciplinary approach, there is a syncretic understanding of the practices of their application at the conceptual level. The socialization of technology in the field of management requires the formation of the goal of their implementation and methods of control.

The basis of technological management is the formation of the interconnection of scientific and technological branches, the organization of technologically and economically sound production, the development of control mechanisms by automated means. The criterion for development in this direction is the availability of scientific and technological potential of the state. Intelligent resources, technological facilities, production facilities - collectively create conditions for managing benefits at the level of the country, city, region or enterprise.

NBIC and GRIN convergence is capable of revolutionizing changes in various areas of life - medicine, ecology, industry and other industries, and planning their implementation and further development is an urgent task of modern science and technology. According to M.A. Kizim, the USA, Japan, Korea, China, the European countries actively develop nanotechnology (N), bio - (B), information (I) and cognitive (C) technologies - NBIC. They have to solve a number of global problems, which include depopulation and the aging of people; protection of the environment from environmental disasters and the destruction of natural resources, the creation of alternative energy sources, technology and intellectualization of the processes of management and production [2, p. 11].

The term «NBIC convergence» is first encountered in the report by Michael Rocco and William Bainbridge, created within the framework of the World Technology Evaluation Center. The report considered issues of NBIC-convergence and its role in the technological development of human civilization [8]. NBIC technology is an abbreviation created from such concepts as N-nano, B-bio, I-info and C-coito [3, p. 8]. These are technologies that are used to recreate processes of wildlife through technological means. The phenomenon of NBIC-technologies was introduced in 2002. To find out its characteristics, it is expedient to apply convergent concepts such as GNR (genetics, nanotechnology, robotics), GRIN (genetics, robotics, information technology, nanotechnology), GRAIN (genetics, robotics, artificial intelligence, nanotechnology). It should be noted that regardless of which of these configurations is concerned, they all relate to the development of nanotechnology and robotics. From the side of physical characteristics, the history of nanotechnology is reflected in ancient atomism, reductionism. Nanotechnology, as a science, dates back to the 60s of the twentieth century. The common feature of nanotechnology is that with their help you can create any of the existing in the world. E. Drexler calls these technologies «molecular production». An example of the introduction of nanosystems in people's lives is 3D printers that are used to recreate the physical image of an object by its digital model in 3D format [5, p. 874].

A.E. Belyantsev observes that the convergence of NBIC and GNR, GRIN, GRAIN technologies is the future of civilization, since they will allow for longterm planning, management at many levels of activity, management of internal and international interaction, and also deeply analyze the possible consequences of the decisions made in global scale [1]. Taken together, all these directions of innovation development are the vectors of forming the enterprise's competitiveness at macro and macro levels. Today, through Google, Twitter, Facebook, robotics, smartphones that have access to the Internet, society and individuals around the world have become «hyperlinked.» Information transparency of modern mankind is possible due to the development of technologies [11, p. 78].

Introduction and regulation of NBIC-technologies takes place in many world countries. USA, Canada, Japan, Europe have adopted management strategies based on scientific and technological development, including on the basis of NBIC-technologies. These states are developing approaches to managing the risks of nanoscience and robotics applications in three areas:

1) search for non-traditional ways to manage the threats and risks inherent in NBIC-processes;

2) development of technological development strategies at the global level in the form of support and development of interaction between existing international institutions;

3) creation of new institutions that would deal with the issues of NBIC-technology regulation in the system of state and international management.

At the same time, the awareness of risk and the further development of nano - and robotic technologies is based on their unpredictability. It is impossible to determine in any way how they will be used, or whether regulations on their functioning will be developed. In particular, we can mention the peculiarities of the regulation of computer information security, which has all chances to withstand any cyber attacks - the use of secure data transmission channels; encoding information in messages, etc. - but they can not be applied to NBIC technologies due to the above reasons - the uneven distribution of these technologies in different countries and the lack of regulations for managing them. With regard to the application of these technologies, one should proceed from the assumption that their positive effects will prevail over threats and risks. The principle of caution was included in the United Nations Declaration on Environment and Development, signed in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. Acts of the Declaration relate to the protection of the environment from the influence of bio - and genetic engineering. In the European Union, this principle applies to the regulation of nanotechnology.

The most clearly defined trends in the development of high technology are justified in the research by M. Rocco and V. Bainbridge:

1) The direction of «information technology» (info). These technologies are aimed at processing information that covers the execution of various operations such as encoding / decoding, receiving or transmitting data, transformation, analysis and interpretation.

2) The direction of «cognitive technology» (cognitive). They cover the mental and psychological methods of developing intellectual abilities of a person, his thinking and imagination.

3) The direction of «nanotechnology» (nano). Nanotechnologies are used to interact with the object at the molecular level.

4) The direction of «biotechnology» (bio). This direction implies that technological problems are solved by the use of living organisms, as well as products of their life [17].

The four directions are interrelated and, as V. Pride observes, can bring unpredictable results [7, c. 98].

The convergence of NBIC-technologies has wide possibilities for combining physical and technical tools for visualization, modeling and synthesis of objects. Due to this they are promising in such spheres as electronics, optics, medicine, «intellectual» agriculture, «intellectual» public administration. Intellectualization of management with the help of NBIC-technologies will improve the methods of receiving and transmitting data, sensory data management, as well as speeding up the processes of communication and information exchange between institutions and countries.

Forecasts regarding the use of NBIC-technologies suggest that they spread from the target sciences to other disciplines [16, p. 4]. Their implementation in intellectual management will greatly facilitate the interaction of the state and society, facilitate the transfer of data between different departments within the organization and between institutions within the country and foreign institutions, improve production processes. NBIC-technology in management will address common social, technological and informational goals. An example of the introduction of nano - and robotechnol - ogies into the management area is the creation of electronic databases that enable scholars and all interested persons to deepen their knowledge of the desired subject [6, p. 5]. As S.V. Sumchenko observes, «high technology-intensive technologies contribute to the transformation of the genetic material and the content of human consciousness into the subject of rationalist control and control» [9, p. 6].

NBIC technology includes information and communication technologies. Together they form the IT infrastructure and combine the means of obtaining and processing digital data. Information and communication technologies are oriented on software-configurable networks, and also allow to realize a service-and client - directed approach. Enterprises based on NBIC - technologies have prospects of dynamic development,

increase of intellectual potential of their employees, occupation of a leading position on the domestic or national markets. To achieve stability, an enterprise needs an efficient management system.

At first, the synergy inherent in NBIC - technologies is capable of solving the issue of managing economic objects. Secondly, it requires information and communication and cognitive technologies. The combination of technologies and management process, according to the classics of management theory P. Drucker: «could not exist without a knowledge base that becomes a capital» [citation for 11, p. 78]. The introduction of information and communication and cognitive technologies is based on the study of consumer behavior, the analysis of their demand for various types of goods, the impact on the consciousness of buyers through manipulating their emotional experiences.

Convergent concepts such as GNR, GRIN, GRAIN are based on concepts such as «genetics», «nanotechnology», «information technology»,

«robotics». As noted above, these terms were introduced by Douglas Mullhall. All these technologies are developing at a rapid pace. Each of them has caused a lot of scientific discussions concerning the moral and ethical aspects of their application. If nanotechnology is an entirely new, unexplored field of knowledge, the consequences of which it is impossible to foresee, robotics has already existed for some time and is actively developing. In particular, an example of the introduction of robots into human life is the creation of unmanned aerial vehicles, satellites. Recalling the work of A. Azimov, we recall the basic principle laid down in the creation of robots: «No robot can harm human beings.» Nevertheless, the United Nations has opposed the development of military robots due to the risk of losing control over them.

Y. Nicas observes that robotics will evolve as long as the work can reproduce the human mind and execute human commands [15]. Today robotics is used in transportation, military, trade and medical. Exploitation of robots is firmly included in the management of various automated systems. Installing robotized devices in organizations can significantly improve the processing of large volumes of data, their transfer between departments and the exchange of information between countries.

The use of robots in the management processes has the potential for solving planning tasks, the effective operation of automated systems for working with any kind of information - text, visual, etc. [13]. The emergence in the XXI century of information technologies and robots with artificial intelligence has a significant impact on the solution of day-to-day transport management tasks, management of the exchange of electronic messages, etc. It is believed that work can help people focus not on the intricacies of mechanical work management, but on the creative process, which will greatly enhance the effectiveness of any kind of activity. In particular, the use of robots is relevant to maintaining effective industrial production, especially in countries that have high costs for the working environment, and production that produces small-scale products.

So, robotics is configured to analyze, verify, and work with data that is in the interest of the institution [12]. Management work can provide interaction with clients and the public through a computer network, email, or social networks. Robotic activity begins with repetitive actions when performing tasks. An example of robotic management can be the insured sector.

In particular, today insurance claims are processed automatically. In addition, robotics - software tools such as SmartPA - are used for business analytics. The timely receipt of data makes it possible to navigate the most urgent needs of society, to investigate the results and disadvantages of work. An example of robotizing in the field of administration and administration is the digital agency Klick, which has a staff of 700 employees. Payment tracking, process of work execution, presence of the personnel in the workplace, as well as management of personnel selection is carried out in this company with the help of robotics. Some companies, such as Konus, which provides business services, have robotic systems for managing freelancers working for the company [14].

With the development and changes in the socioeconomic conditions and scientific and technological achievements there is a change in the tasks and methods of implementing the processes of governance in society. In the modern world, large flows of information, the need for data transmission and their processing became a significant problem for the implementation of traditional management, where the main function of working with information flows was reliant on man. The transition to the development of the mechanisms of intellectual management is due to the fact that this type of management allows you to solve complex and complex problems in working with information arrays. At the heart of «intellectual management» is the concept of «intelligence», which is understood by us as the ability of the psyche to perform cognitive operations and solving cognitive problems.

The intelligence is used by the individual to process information that he receives in various forms (for example, visual, textual, etc.) and understanding it. Intelligent management of interaction between the state and society is a set of methods of management activity, which is based on the use of different approaches to artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence involves finding ways to solve problems that require human logic. Accordingly, artificial intelligence should be analogous to a person to carry out independent mental operations, to accumulate knowledge and to use them.

In other words, the essence of artificial intelligence is that it simulates the higher human nervous activity. The willingness to use technological and digital analytics is particularly relevant in public administration, which encompasses all social spheres and, accordingly, works with enormous amounts of data.

Modern society increasingly depends on digital and information technologies, therefore, the technological support of the interaction between government and citizens must be transformed in accordance with the needs of the digital age. In particular, the technology of digitizing documents, creating an electronic signature, and converting paper documents into a digital form greatly facilitated the creation of databases and speeded up the processing of information. However, for the implementation of intellectual property management mechanisms in the activities of state authorities, it is not enough to digitize documents, it is necessary to take into account the latest achievements and address the coherent branches of science and technology, which have demonstrated positive advances in the application of the latest technologies in various fields of knowledge.

Conclusions from this study and prospects for further exploration in this direction. Summarizing the foregoing, we note that the innovation of technologies forms a new paradigm of intellectual governance, including in the activities of state authorities, and serve as the basis for the development of technogenic civilization. NBIC-technologies in the field of management will create new opportunities for the progress of the interaction of the state and society, the development of industry, the dissemination of cognitive and intellectual experience of mankind. The study shows that highly developed world powers (US, Japan, China, Europe, etc.) see the NBIC, GnR, GRIN, and GRAIN technologies an instrument for addressing humanity's problems globally. This is not only a solution to the problems of aging, environmental protection, energy supply and other benefits, but also the digitalization of managerial processes, information and communication support for intellectual production management, the interaction of the state and society.

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