Using of SAR data and DInSar-PSInSar technique for monitoring of Western Siberia and Arctic

Figure 17. Multi-time monitoring of ground surface displacements at Gubkin gas field using ALOS\PALSAR InSar data.

As a result of interferometric processing reference DEM reflecting ground surface state of the Gubkin gas field were constructed. Displacements computation was carried out with ground control points and so constructed maps reflect relative subsidence of ground surface for the time interval between radar sensing. Areas of negative displacements correlate with points of maximum gas extraction on the Gubkin gas field.

Displacement maps on Samotlor oil field

On the territory of the Samotlor oil field and the geodynamic range long-term monitoring of sags of a terrestrial surface on the basis of ALOS\PALSAR data was carried out. According to the ecological program “Complex system of geodynamic safety in the license area of Samotlor oil field” closed company scientific production association “Center of applied geodynamics” the Samotlor geodynamic polygon has been being developed during 2001-2002 years. Since 2002 yearly in summer season on the geodynamic polygon leveling, GPS-measurements and gravitational survey is carried out. West Siberian Branch of Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics of the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science carries out mining and ecological monitoring of claim of Samotlor oil field [19].

In spite of great amount of deep reference markers (104 monuments) installed on the geodynamic polygon point ground measurements allow to do plane estimation only using additional interpolation. Therefore during 2008-2011 interferometric processing of PALSAR data was carried out in order to construct displacement map of Samotlor oil field.

In previous researches [27-32] results of processing of radar frames on the territory of the Samotlor geodynamic polygon from 2007 till 2008 were discussed and DEM and vertical displacements map were constructed. Displacements map (figure 18) based on InSAR data reflects current geodynamic state of the Samotlor oilfield produced during more than 40 years and is qualitatively adjusted with subsidence mould based on ground geodetic measurements on the geodynamic polygon.

In 2009 the problem of construction of displacements map of Samotlor oilfield and adjoining territory is set to estimate influence of adjacent oilfields on subsidence mould forming. Additional task is improvement of vertical component accuracy. In summer, 2009 the next cycle of geodetic operations on the Samotlor geodynamic polygon points including 2^nd grade of accuracy leveling and gravimetric and GPS measurements was carried out. Additionally differential interferometric processing of radar data was made.

Figure 18. Vertical displacements on Samotlor oil field and transects over subsidence mould. PALSAR processing on 2007 - 2008.

Accuracy of ground surface displacements detection by radar interferometry method depends on coherence of source amplitude-and-phase measurements. Mean error of subsidence map of the Samotlor oilfield is 1cm. Mean error of values outside the Samotlor geodynamic polygon for area without ground control points is 4cm. Joint analysis of displacements map during 2007-2009 shows reduction of subsidence forming the mould.

As materials for interferometric processing 18 scenes of ALOS\PALSAR from two orbits with overlapping data covered Samotlor oilfield and adjacent territory were used (figure 19). As a result of differential interferometric processing 6 displacements maps covering research area were constructed. To obtain absolute values of ground surface displacements height changes fixed on the Samotlor geodynamic polygon points from 2008 till 2009 were used. Negative and positive displacements of Earth crust blocks over the last two years testify validity of detection subsidence by radar interferometry approach. The negative shifts are bound with the fissile subsidence moulds on several oil fields located in this territory, positive are dated for vegetation development.

Thus 3 cycles of interferometric processing of radar data on territory of the Samotlor oil field were carried out. Mean error of displacement values is 2cm. Zero values of isohyps of the subsidence mould based on materials of geodetic monitoring using shifts of reference points of Samotlor geodynamic polygon fixed during 2007-2010 are well correlated with results of differential interferometry. Conjectural zero isohyps of the subsidence mould in area without enough installed ground markers was corrected on the basis of results of PALSAR data processing. Central the most down part of the subsidence mould with displacement values from -10mm to -14mm are well correlated with interferometric measurements. Radar data also allow to make zero isohyps more accurate.

As a result of combination displacements maps and materials of ground measurements interpretation 4 epicenters of negative deformations were detected. Such combination adds assurance in conclusions that subsidence zones are corresponded to anomalous areas of Earth masses concentration.

In 2009 and 2010 the problem of construction of displacements map of Samotlor oilfield and adjoining territory is set to estimate influence of adjacent oilfields on formation of subsidence mould. Additional task is improvement of vertical component accuracy. In summer seasons of 2009 and 2010 next 7^th and 8^th cycles of geodetic operations on the Samotlor geodynamic polygon points including 2nd grade of accuracy leveling and gravimetric and GPS measurements was carried out. Additionally differential interferometric processing of radar data was made. As materials for interferometric processing 59 scenes of ALOS\PALSAR data covered Samotlor oilfield and adjacent territory were used. As a result of differential interferometric processing 6 displacements maps covering research area were constructed. To obtain absolute values of ground surface displacements height changes fixed on the Samotlor geodynamic polygon points from 2008 till 2009 were used. For territory without geodetic measurements ground control points with zero displacement were used [30].



Figure 19. Map of ground surface long-term vertical displacements (m) in area of the Samotlor oilfield 2008-2009.

Application PSInSar for an assessment of velocity of subsidence

Temporal and baseline decorrelation factors and atmospheric inhomogeneities does not allow classic radar interferometry approach to became an effective mathematic instrument for monitoring of ground surface deformations occurred during long-lived period (more than 3 years). Due to temporal decorrelation interferometric measurements for areas with dense vegetation and for sites where electromagnetic properties and-or positions of elementary reflectors inside the resolution cell are changed in time become impossible.

Geometric decorrelation limits quantity of interferometric pairs which can be used in processing. Atmospheric inhomogeneity's create a phase shift which one is superposed with each radar image and reduces accuracy of displacement estimation. Besides atmospheric phase shift generates slow phase change within a radar scene depending on water vapor distribution and cannot be valued and eliminated on the basis of the coherence map.

Results of interferometric processing can be spatial maps, in case of landscapes, and point wise, in case of technogenic objects. Offset of technogenic objects can be provided in in temporal dynamics in the form of diagrams and graphics. The graphic information on dynamics of offsets, analytical information on detection of points of "burst", the prognostic estimates received on the basis of statistical techniques is provided to the ultimate user.

Persistent Scatterers Interferometry (PSI) approach was developed at Politecnico di Milano in 1999 and is well described in science literature. Advantages of this approach are based on specific properties of point objects that keep high level of the radar signal backscattering during many repeated multi-temporal acquisition.

Often size of such point reflective object is less than resolution cell therefore coherence is high enough (>0.5) even for pairs of frames with spatial baseline more then the critical value. In the condition that atmospheric phase shift was estimated and eliminated heights of persistent scatterers above the reference surface can be reconstructed with accuracy better than 1m and displacements precision is better than 1cm.

For monitoring of petroleum objects located on territory of oilfields of Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug method of persistent scatterers interferometric processing described at the paper [32] was realized. This approach contains algorithms of master and slaves scenes selection, persistent scatterers detection and calculation of atmospheric phase shift, heights and displacement velocities. Three main moments that were used in this research work are presented below.

PSI approach used multitemporal radar images of the observable site of ground surface. One of them is selected as a master and others are referenced as slaves and interferograms are generated. Selection of master scene is based on minimization of influence of factors that reduce interferometric coherence.

where , and are the values of the normal baseline, the temporal baseline and the mean Doppler centroid frequency difference of each pair of frames; , , are the critical values of given parameters.

Initial scene with maximum value of is selected as a master [34].

The next stage is selection of points which can be persistent scatterers.

An object can be a candidate of persistent scatterer if it has high and stable backscattering level (pixel amplitude), than phase of the radar signal received from such object has low dispersion. Standard approach based on coherence map is useless due to:

- compex interferometric coherence is subjected to influence of spatial baseline variations and reference elevation model errors;

- during coherence map generation averaging of values within moving running window is carried out and so individual points can be lost.

Another approach consists in using the condition of pixel amplitude stability.

where is the phase dispersion value; is the amplitude dispersion value; is the dispersion index.

For persistent scatterers candidates selection the threshold value is set to . The main condition is that amplitude images should be radiometricaly corrected and normalized.

Further processing is carried out for interferometric pairs and for individual pixels represented as persistent scatterers. Estimation of atmospheric phase shift, heights and displacement velocities is carried out in accordance with next system of equations.

(1)

where

- are differential interferometric phase values;

- are constant phase values;

- and contain the slope values of the linear phase components, along the azimuth and slant range direction due to atmospheric phase contributions and orbital fringes;

- contains the normal baseline values (referred to the master image). For large areas, cannot be considered constant, and the array may become a matrix ;

- contains phase vales proportional to the elevation of each persistent scatterer;

- contains the time interval between slave images and the master one;

- contains slant range velocities of the persistent scatterers;

- contains residues that include atmospheric effects different from constant and linear components in azimuth and slant range direction, phase noise due to temporal and spatial decorrelation, and the effects of possible random pixel motion.

As formulated in (1), the problem would be linear if the unwrapped values of matrix phase were available. We have equations and unknowns: , , , , . Data are, , , , . Thus, in principle, (1) could be inverted to get the local topography, the velocity field, and constant and linear phase contributions. In practice, however, we face a nonlinear system of equations (phase values are wrapped modulo) to be solved by means of an iterative algorithm, and an available digital elevation model should be exploited to initialize the iterations. Reference digital elevation model is used for interferogram flattening and reducing known topography.

The nonlinear system of equations (1) can be solved provided that:

1) the signal to noise ratio is high enough (i.e., the selected pixels are only slightly affected by decorrelation noise);

2) the constant velocity model for target motion is valid;

3) the atmospheric phase shift distribution over the research area can be approximated as a phase ramp.

The convergence depends on the following factors:

1) space-time distribution of the acquisitions (which should be as uniform as possible: spatial and/or temporal “holes” in the data set should be avoided);

2) reference digital elevation model accuracy ( should generate small phase contributions for low );

3) dimensions of the area of interest (atmospheric phase shift distribution and orbital fringes should be well approximated by linear phase components);

4) target motion should be slow enough to avoid aliasing and be well approximated by the constant velocity model. For convergence, should generate small phase contributions for low .

Accumulation of sufficient volume of retakes of radar ALOS\PALSAR which is successfully functioning in an orbit in 2006-2011 allowed to apply the PSI method on the oil production region with a large number of punctual technogenic objects. Examples of successful multi-temporary monitoring of sags of a terrestrial surface are known by the fissile technogenic development on the considerable depths for a method of a radar interferometry.

Displacements velocities were computed using developed “PSIVelocityComp” software [32] based on classic PSInSAR approach described by A.Ferretti [25]. Negative displacements computed by radar data processing were also confirmed by ground geodetic measurements including GPS and leveling. On territory of the power station industrial monitoring on basis of 300 bench marks is carried out yearly.

PSInSar of computation long on time for 6-8 scenes of ASAR and PALSAR are executed in environment of MatLab on distributed cluster from four 8 kernel personal computers with memory 12Gb. Maximum number of points of calculation makes from 200 to 500 (figure 20).



Figure 20. Relative velocities of displacements (mm per year) calculated by PSInSar on 2006-2010. a - displacements velocities, b - AVNIR2 optical image (17.07.2007). 1 - Izluchinsk State District Power Station; 2 - Izluchinsk settlement.

Result of PSInSar of computation is file containing information on the relative offsets in points. The software of representation of results is developed for organization of multi-user access to results in online mode with use of GeoServer and Google Maps technologies (figures 21-22). The spatial target data for publication in GeoServer is stored in database PostgreSQL.

Figure 21. Absolute displacement time series and velocity calculated by Persistent Scatterers Interferometry on 2006-2011on Samotlor oil field.

Also larger calculations are carried out in the environment of MatLab on a cluster of 128 DELL Power Edge M600 Servers with peak performance 12 Tflops, random access memory 4 Tb and 256 Quad-core processors. As a client node has performed a personal workstation. Managing site was placed on the control node of the cluster. For data used internal network resource cluster. Thisconfiguration of the computer system allows for the preparation of design data in streaming mode, which improves system performance by minimizing downtime. On each compute node holds six of computational processes. The total number of computing processes was 132.

Figure 22. Absolute displacement time series and velocity calculated by Persistent Scatterers Interferometry on 2006-2011: a) Gubkin city b) Izluchinsk State District power station.



The number of reflecting points of calculation makes from 5000 to 40000 for 15-30 scenes of SAR, ASAR and PALSAR. Computations are executed in supercomputer of Research Institute of Applied Informatics and Mathematical Geophysics of Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University.

Main results use DInSar PSInSar technique for surface subsidence

Thus, for 2007-2011 four cycles of interferometric processing of radar data on territory of the Samotlor oil field and the Gubkin gas field have been carried out. Trend of negative and positive displacements of Earth crust blocks over the last two years testify to validity of detection subsidence by radar interferometry method.

On basis of interferometric processing results following conclusion can be made:

1. Displacements map displays subsidence of envelope of surface reflecting radar signal and so detected displacements prone to masking influence of natural growth. For areas with low vegetation which is transparent for L-band sensing signal computed displacements correspond to the Earth crust blocks. Using of radar sensing results of the same months of different years minimizes influence of seasonal changes of peat bogs level.

2. To increase accuracy of displacements detection using of persistent scatterer interferometry is recommended. This method will enable to measure subsidence of separate petroleum objects. Method of interferogram processing based on radar interferometry stochastic model and using complex multi-looking to reduce uncorrelated noise was developed. The approach enables to compute absolute phase for areas with low coherence and to measure ground surface height with precision up to 5m and displacements with precision up to 2cm.

3. Using introduced method of processing of interferogram noisy due to high temporal decorrelation reference Digital Elevation Models were constructed. Reference DEMs were used in order to detect seasonal displacements on wide areas. It was able to ascertain that negative displacements are associated with peat bogs discharge into river network. Positive displacements are connected with lifting of water level in peat bogs in areas without drainage and technogenic regions (oil extraction objects).

4. Developed methods are used during research geo-ecological monitoring on territory of oil and gas fields. Displacements maps based on radar data interferometric processing make it possible to precise and correct borders of subsidence mould obtained during geodetic measurements. The complex of the researches spent using remote sensing data is addition to the land geological and geophysical works which are carried out by oil-extracting companies.

5. New method of interferometric phase filtering was realized and checked during DEM and displacements map computing on territory of West Siberia.

6. Method of estimation of precision of DEMs and displacements map using topographic maps and precision measurements on geodynamic polygons.

7. Degree of exceeding a back reflection level over background area was experimentally detected on amplitude X-, C- and L- band SAR images. Method of radar frames geocoding based on using of bright points of oil extraction objects appearing as an artificial corner reflector.

8. Optimal conditions of radar sensing in order to compute interferogram minimally destructed by temporal decorrelation are established:

- for C-band (5.6cm) SAR images to compute informative interferogram preferable sensing season is late autumn and summer, when the least changes in plant cover structure is occurred;

- for West Siberian region with predominant wetlands and forests L-band (23cm) SAR images are preferable for interferometric processing rather than C and X band (3cm).

9. On basis of developed method of preliminary analysis of radar data batch processing of large archives of ENVISAT\ASAR, ERS-2\SAR, ALOS\PALSAR images was realized in order to compute coherence maps and further visual analysis and selection of interferometric pair good for DEM construction and displacements detection.

10. Subsidence maps on territory of intensive oil and gas extraction in Ugra and Yamal regions. Interferometric pairs with temporal baseline up to 3 years were used. Considering seasonal displacements ground surface subsidence caused by oil extraction were detected. Using displacements values measured by means of high precise methods (GPS-measurements and leveling) on points of geodynamic polygons it is possible to construct absolute displacements map. Joint analysis of spatial profiles and displacements maps on territory of Samotlor and Gubkin deposits shows decreasing of subsidence forming the trough.

11. Using persistent scatterers interferometry approach displacements velocities of technogenic objects on territory of Izluchinsk power station as an area of geodynamic risk.

12. The development of methods and technologies InSar subsidence monitoring will be continued with the launch of new radar satellite ALOS-2, SENTINEL-1, KONDOR-E [33-35].



Conclusions Remarks

Results of the given research work were discussed at scientific-technical meetings at TNK-BP SamotlorNefteGaz and also at scientific conferences in Russia and Europe. The authors expresses his thanks to Ugra Research Institute of Information Technologies for assigned equipment and computational resources, to West Siberian Branch of Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics of the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science for additional materials, to TNK-BP SamotlorNefteGaz for approbation and critical remarks about results of interferometric processing.

The research work is supported by projects European Space Agency:

ESA ENVISAT-AO ID 365 «Environmental pollution monitoring over the oil and gas exploitation regions (northern parts of Russia) using ENVISAT data»;

ESA Category-1 ID 3166 «InSAR application for monitoring of ground displacement in areas of an intensive oil recovery in Western Siberia»;

ESA Category-1 ID 3162 «Establishing the system of the near- real time space monitoring of changes in the buffer zone of pipelines with ERS-2 SAR use»;

ESA Category-1 ID 3110 «All-weather detection of forest fires and their consequences in Northern Siberia»;

ESA Category-1 ID 3159 «Environmental pollution monitoring of the oil production regions using ERS-2 data»;

ESA Category-1 ID 3161 «Application of remote sensing and GIS for flood monitoring in Western Siberia»;

ESA Category-1 C1P.9359 ENVISAT «Radar interferometry for oil fields study»;

and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency:

NASDA No. J-2RI-026 «Understanding JERS-1 wave scattering mechanisms and factors in remote sensing of the Siberian forests»;

JAXA/07/ASP No. 0704001 «Detection of earth surface displacements in area of intensive oil production by radar interferometry»;

JAXA/09/AEO № 0223001 «Study of topography and geology of the Baikal region using optical and radar ALOS data».

Work is carried out with support of the Russian federal target program «Researches and development in the priority directions of development of a scientific and technological complex of Russia for 2007-2013», project 2011-1.4-514-036-004 «Development of a program methodological support of a high-precision assessment of shifts of technogenic objects on the basis of a method of interferometric processing of satellite radar data».



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