Природа, бог та хрестоносці - реальна, символічна та психологічна зброя під час Першого хрестового походу(на основі анонімної праці "Діяння франків")

Cobb, P. M., 2014. The Race for Paradise: An Islamic History of the Crusades, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 368 p.

Costa, S., 2017. Natural disaster and the Crusades: framing earthquakes in historical narratives, 1095 - 1170, Waterloo: Ontario, 174 p.

Fossier, R., 2010. The Axe and the Oath: ordinary life in the Middle Ages, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 384 p.

France, J., 1999. Western warfare in the age of the Crusades, 1000 - 1300, London: UCL Press,327 p.

Harari, Y., Special operations in the age of chivalry, 1100 - 1550, Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2007, 224 p.

Jensen, K., 2017. Crying Crusaders. 98 -108 pp. Tears, sighs and laughter. Expressions of emotions in the Middle Ages, Stockholm: KVHAA Konferenser, 330 p.

Jotischky, A., 2017. Crusading and the Crusader states, London and New York: Routledge, 307 p.

Kostic, C., 2008. The social structure of the First crusade, Leiden/Boston: Brill, 324 p.

Kostic, C., 2009.The Siege of Jerusalem. Crusade and conquest in 1099, London\New York: Continuum, 211 p.

MacEvitt, Ch., 2008. The Crusades and the Christian world of the East. Rough tolerance, Philadelphia: PENN, 272 p.

Madden, T., 2014. The concise history of the Crusades.3^ld Edition. Lonham: Rowman and Littlefielde, 244 p.

Medieval warfare. A history., 1999. Ed. by Maurice Keen. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 340 p.

Nicolle, D., 2001. Essential histories. The Crusades, London: Osprey, 96 p.

Phillips, J., 2002. The Crusades, 1095-1197, London: Pearson Education, 226 p.

Riley-Smith, J., 2008. The Crusades, Christianity and Islam, New York: Columbia University Press, 126 p.

Riley-Smith, J., 2003. The First Crusade and the idea of crusading, London\New York: Continuum, 227 p.

Riley-Smith, J., 2009. What were the Crusades? 4^th Ed., San Francisco: Palgrave Macmillan, 117 p.

Rubenstein, J., 2019. Nebuchadnezzar's dream: the Crusades, apocalyptic prophecy, and the end of history, New York: Oxford University Press, 280 p.

Runciman, S., 1951. A history of the crusades. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Vol.1 (of 3), 388 p.

Saladin and the Saracens. Men-at-arms series, 1986. Text by David Nicolle. Colour plates by Angus McBride. Editor: Martin Windrew. London: Osprey Military,49 p.

Schmitt, J.-C., 2017. Demons and the emotions. 44 - 63 pp. Tears, sighs and laughter. Expressions of emotions in the Middle Ages. Stockholm: KVHAA Konferenser, 330 p.

The Crusader world. Ed. by Adrian Boas, 2016.London and New York: Routledge,726 p.

The Deeds of the Franks and other Jerusalem-bound pilgrims, 2011. Plymouth: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers,154 p.

Throop, S. A., 2018. The Crusades. An Epitome, Leeds: Kismet Press, 196 p.

Tibble, S., 2018. The Crusader Armies 1099-1187, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 402 p.

Tyerman, Ch., 2004. Fighting for Christendom. Holy War and the Crusades, Oxford: Oxford University Press,247 p.

Tyerman, Ch., 2006. God's war: a new history of the Crusades, New York: Penguin Books, 1023 p.

Tyerman, Ch., 2015. How to plan a Crusade. Reason and religious war in the High Middle Ages, London: Penguin Random House, 373 p.

Гофф, Ж. Л., 2007. Середньовічна уява, Львів: Літопис, c. 350.

История крестовых походов. Под. pед. Дж. Райли-Смита? Москва, KpoH-npecc, 1998, 495 c.

Кин, М., 2000. Рыцарство. Пер. с. англ. И. А. Тогоевой, Москва: Научный мир, 520 c.

Контамин, Ф., 2001. Война в средние века, СПб: Ювента, 416 c.

Райт, Дж., 1988. Географические представления в эпоху крестовых походов, Москва: Наука, 478 c.

Франкопан, П., 2020. Первый крестовый поход: зов с востока, Москва: Альпина-нон-фикшн (АНФ), 352 c.

References

A History of Crusades, 1955. Gen.ed. Kenneth Setton M. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, Vol.1, 648 p. (in English). Barber, M., 2012. The crusader states, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 503 p. (in English).

Barbezat, M. D., 2018. Burning bodies. Communities, eschatology, and the punishment of heresy in the Middle Ages, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 271 p. (in English).

Bradbury, J., 2014.The routledge companion to Medieval warfare, London: Routledge, 413 p. (in English).

Chazan, R., 2000. God, humanity, and history. The Hebrew First Crusade narratives, Berkley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 270 p. (in English).

Chazan, R., 1996. In the year 1096. The First crusade and the Jews, Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 186 p. (in English).

Chevedden, P. E., (April 2008) The Islamic View and The Christian View of the Crusades: A new Synthesis, History 93, no. 310, 181-200 pp. (in English).

Cobb, P. M., 2014. The Race for Paradise: An Islamic History of the Crusades, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 368 p. (in English).

Costa, S., 2017. Natural disaster and the Crusades: framing earthquakes in historical narratives, 1095 - 1170, Waterloo: Ontario, 174 p. (in English).

Fossier, R., 2010. The Axe and the Oath: ordinary life in the Middle Ages, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 384 p. (in English). France, J., 1999. Western warfare in the age of the Crusades, 1000 - 1300, London: UCL Press, 327 p. (in English).

Frankopan, P., 2020. Pervyiy krestovyiy pohod: zov s vostoka [The First crusade: call from the east], Moskva: Alpina-nonfikshn (ANF), 352 s. (in Russian).

Goff, Zh. L., 2007. Serednovichna uyava [Medieval imagination], Lviv: Litopis, 350 s. (in Ukrainian).

Harari, Y., 2007. Special operations in the age of chivalry, 1100 - 1550,Woodbridge: TheBoydell Press, 224 p. (in English). Jensen, K., 2017. Crying Crusaders. 98 -108 pp. Tears, sighs and laughter. Expressions of emotions in the Middle Ages, Stockholm: KVHAA Konferenser, 330 p. (in English).

Jotischky, A., 2017. Crusading and the Crusader states, London and New York: Routledge, 307 p. (in English).

Istoriya krestovyih pohodov [A History of the Crusades]. Pod. red. Dzh. Rayli-Smita, Moskva, Kron-Press, 1998. 495 s. (in Russian).

Kin, M., 2000. Ryitsarstvo [Chivalry], Per. s. angl. I. A. Togoevoy, Moskva: Nauchnyiymir, 520 s. (in Russian).

Kontamin, F., 2001. Voyna v srednievekovie [War in the middle ages], SPb: Yuventa, 416 s. (in Russian).

Kostic, C., 2008. The social structure of the First crusade, Leiden/Boston: Brill, 324 p. (in English).

Kostic, C., 2009. The Siege of Jerusalem. Crusade and conquest in 1099, London\New York: Continuum, 211 p. (in English). MacEvitt, Ch., 2008. The Crusades and the Christian world of the East. Rough tolerance, Philadelphia: PENN, 272 p. (in English). Madden, T., 2014. The concise history of the Crusades.3^ld Edition. Lonham: Rowman and Littlefielde, 244 p. (in English). Medieval warfare. A history., 1999. Ed. by Maurice Keen. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 340 p. (in English).

Nicolle, D., 2001. Essential histories. The Crusades, London: Osprey, 96 p. (in English).

Phillips, J., 2002. The Crusades, 1095 - 1197, London: Pearson Education, 226 p. (in English).

Rayt, Dzh.K., 1988. Geograficheskie predstavleniya v epohu krestovyih pohodov [Geograpgical knowledge in the age of the Crusades], Moskva: Nauka, 478 s. (in Russian).

Riley-Smith, J., 2008. The Crusades, Christianity and Islam, New York: Columbia University Press, 126 s. (in English). Riley-Smith, J., 2003. The First Crusade and the idea of crusading, London\New York: Continuum, 227 p. (in English). Riley-Smith, J., 2009. What were the Crusades? 4^th Ed., San Francisco: Palgrave Macmillan, 117 p. (in English).

Rubenstein, J., 2019. Nebuchadnezzar's dream: the Crusades, apocalyptic prophecy, and the end of history, New York: Oxford University Press, 280 p. (in English).

Runciman, S., 1951. A history of the crusades. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Vol. 1 (of 3), 388 p. (in English).

Saladin and the Saracens.Men-at-arms series, 1986. Text by David N., McBride A., Windrew M., 2001. The Crusades, London: Osprey Military, 49 p. (in English).

Schmitt, J.-C., 2017. Demons and the emotions. 44 - 63 pp. Tears, sighs and laughter. Expressions of emotions in the Middle Ages, Stockholm: KVHAA Konferenser, 330 p. (in English).

The Crusader world. Ed. by Adrian Boas, 2016. London and New York: Routledge, 726 p. (in English).

The Deeds of the Franks and other Jerusalem-bound pilgrims, 2011. Plymouth: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 154 p. (in English).

Throop, S., 2018. The Crusades. An Epitome, Leeds: Kismet Press, 196 p. (in English).

Tibble, S., 2018. The Crusader Armies 1099 - 1187. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 402 p. (in English). Tyerman, Ch., 2004. Fighting for Christendom. Holy War and the Crusades. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 247 p. (in English). Tyerman, Ch., 2006. God's war: a new history of the Crusades, New York: Penguin Books, 1023 p. (in English).

Tyerman, Ch., 2015. How to plan a Crusade. Reason and religious war in the High Middle Ages, London: Penguin Random House, 373 p. (in English).

Abstract

The issue of the history of the Crusades has been researched for many years. During the twentieth century the foundation of further research was laid by K. Setton and S. Runciman. Undoubtedly, subsequent generations expanded the range of studies of the Crusades. J. Riley-Smith, C. Hillenbrand, Ch. Tyerman, J. Phillips, D. Nicolle, M. Barber and many other scholars have detailed some aspects of the Crusades. It should be noted that from the end of the XX - beginning of the XXI century. more and more attention began to be paid to the role of women in the history of the Crusades, the lower social classes, the vision of the movement from the point of view of Muslims, the role of natural, including climatic, factors, and so on. It is generally accepted in scientific world that the First Crusade was the most successful, and created the preconditions of the Franks presence in Outremer. But it should be noted that researches over the past few decades have shed light on one of the most important reasons for the success of the First Crusade - the political situation in the region among the Muslims. Many works of researchers are devoted to the events of1095 - 1099, which continue to reveal new aspects of the course of those distant events. The Gesta is one of the most important sources available to us, covering the events of the First Crusade. Despite the fact that the issue of authorship remains controversial, the reliability of the source is high. The probable participant (or the author who recorded the events from an eyewitness) describes in detail not only the course of military and political events, but also records natural signs, miraculous visions, the appearance of saints and Jesus himself in the spirit of his time. Saints take an active part in the course of hostilities, help the Crusaders find relics, inspire them to perform feats. Nature, dreams, visions, relics appear as participants of the campaign, who influenced and could change the course of those events. What exactly does the author consider appropriate to record, what significance does he attach to these phenomena, how does he interpret them? The Gesta invites us to look at natural and symbolic phenomena from a different perspective and gives us an opportunity to understand the people from those far ages much better.

Keywords: the Crusade, francs, symbolism, Gesta.

Размещено на Allbest.ru