Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Chelm in 1863: structure, institutions and clergy

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Jesuit University Ignatianum in Krakow

Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Che�m in 1863: structure, institutions and clergy

Krakow, Poland

Abstract

The purpose of the paper is presentation of selected issues concerning the organisational structure, institutions, and clergy of the Uniate Eparchy of Che�m.

Scientific novelty. The basis of the presented study is the information contained in the schematism intended for the year 1863. The print is entitled `List of the clergy of the Che�m Eparchy of the Greek Catholic Rite for the year 1863'. It was published in Warsaw in 1864. Eleven years later (1875), the eparchy ceased to exist as a result of decisions made by Tsar Alexander II and the Holy Ruling Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church.

Conclusions. The eparchy, and its clergy, have already produced several important publications. Monographs and articles by scholars associated with the university centres of Lublin (the Catholic University of Lublin and Maria Curie-Sk�odowska University) are good examples. Witold Ko�buk, Janusz Kania, Andrzej Gil, Jan Lewandowski and Artur Korbowicz should be mentioned here above all. Some of the above-mentioned authors used, to a greater or lesser extent, the list of the clergy of 1863 (schematism), when compiling their works. Nevertheless, the document has not received a separate study. Because of the cognitive value of the document, it has been decided to introduce it into scientific circulation in the form of this study. Information obtained from the 1863 schema has been supplemented or verified on the basis of archival documents produced by the Greek-Catholic Consistory of Che�m, stored in the State Archive in Lublin. The whole is supplemented by Polish and, to a lesser extent, Ukrainian and Russian studies.

This publication presents the condition of the Uniate Eparchy of Che�m in 1863. As a result of the conducted analyses, it seemed that at the beginning of the 1860s the eparchy remained in good shape and position. There were several important elements to this picture. First, almost all consistory offices were staffed. Secondly, diocesan institutions carried out the tasks entrusted to them. Finally, thirdly, the authorities, despite the lack of clergy, managed to provide pastoral care to the faithful in all existing parishes.

The reality, however, was less optimistic. The legal situation of the eparchy at that time gradually deteriorated. Practically, the fate of the eparchy was sealed after the January Uprising. In the post-uprising period, the tsarist authorities introduced a number of changes that disrupted the historically shaped order. As a result, the Uniate bishopric with its capital in Che�m was liquidated after almost 280 years of functioning.

Keywords: Che�m, Ukrainian Greek Catholic Eparchy of Che�m, Greek Catholic Church, list of clergymen, Schematic.

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Introduce

Still in the early 19th century, the city of Che�m remained the episcopal capital of two dioceses: of the Roman Catholic Church and the Greek Catholic Church. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Che�m was established in the mid-14th century as a result of the efforts of King Casimir the Great to create an ecclesiastical organisation in Halich Ruthenia and Che�m Land. At the request of the monarch, on May 20, 1359 Pope Innocent VI appointed Tomasz of Sienna, OFM, Bishop of Che�m. However, due to the lack of a formal establishment of the bishopric, the monk did not take up the episcopal office. Until his death in 1365, he was auxiliary bishop in the Diocese of Krakow. It was only after Che�m Land had been incorporated into Poland (1366) that Pope Gregory XI, again at the request of the king, commissioned on July 14, 1372 the Archbishop of Gniezno, the Bishop of Krakow and the Bishop of P�ock to investigate the cathedral rights of the Church of Che�m. After receiving the reports, the pope officially established the Che�m Diocese by virtue of the bull Debitum Pastoralis Officii of February 13, 1375. Boasting medieval origins, the Catholic Diocese with its capital in Che�m survived until 1805, when Pope Pius VII dissolved it and its territory was integrated into the dioceses of Kielce and Lublin, which were created at that time1.

The Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Che�m (of the Greek Catholic rite) was established at the time the Union of Brest in 1596 was accepted by Bishop Dionizy Zbirujski. Until the end of the 18th century it included the territory of the former Orthodox eparchy which existed between 1220 and 1596. Before 1772, its area was 22,100 km2 and extended to Che�m Land of the Ruthenia Voivodeship, Be�sk Voivodeship (without the Lubacz�w district), several parishes in the Volhynia Voivodeship and several parishes located along the eastern border of the Lublin Voivodeship. After 1772, the eparchy lost most of its parishes, annexed by Austria and transferred to the eparchis of Przemy�l and Lviv. After 1795, a small section of the eparchy became part of Russia and Austria, to which Che�m was incorporated. Since 1818, the eparchy included all parishes in the Kingdom of Poland, previously part of the eparchis of Przemy�l, W�odzimierz and Supra�l, located within the borders of governorates of Lublin, Podlasie and August�w, as well as the parish at St. Norbert's Church in the Free City of Krakow. After the dissolution of the Uniate Church in Russia (1835), the eparchy of Che�m was the only Uniate eparchy within the borders of the Russian Empire. From 1807 onwards, it was subordinate to the Halich archeparchy, and from 1830 directly to the Holy See. The eparchy was dissolved in 1875, after its incorporation into the Russian Orthodox Church2.

This article addresses selected questions related to the structure, institutions and clergy of the Greek Catholic Eparchy of Che�m on the basis of information contained in the eparchial schematic for 1863. The document demonstrates the status of the eparchy 11 years prior to its ultimate dissolution. The schematic is titled Lista duchowie�stwa Dyecezyi Che�mskiej Obrz�dku Greko-Katolickiego za rok 1863 (List of clergy of the Greek Catholic Eparchy of Che�m for 1863). It was published in 1864 in the Polish Bookstore of Adam Dzwonkowski, then located at 48 Miodowa Street in Warsaw. The entire text was printed in Jan Psurski's bookstore at 467 Senatorska Street in Warsaw, across the street from the Reformed Franciscan Church3.

1. Head of eparchy

Jan Miko�aj Kali�ski was appointed diocesan bishop in 1863. He began his episcopal ministry at the age of 64, in the 41st year of the priesthood. He was the 18th ordinary bishop of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Eparchy of Che�m (of the Greek Catholic rite)4. He was born on May 14, 1799 in Radzy� Podlaski, as the son of Teodor, parish priest of the Uniate parish in Radzy� Podlaski and honorary canon of the Che�m Chapter, and Anna Jankowska. He attended primary school in Bia�a Podlaska, where he completed grade 5. He continued his education in grades 6 and 7 at the Piarist school in �uk�w (1817-1819). In 1819 he entered the Uniate seminary in Che�m. Having completed his seminary studies, he was ordained to the priesthood in 1822. That very year the diocesan authorities appointed him administrator of Dobratycze parish (Bia�a district). In 1823 he was transferred to the parish of Choroszczynka and worked there until 1847. In the meantime, in 1840 he was appointed dean of the Bia�a deanery. In the years 1847-1862 he was parish priest in Konstantyn�w (province of Siedlce) and from 1857 dean of the deanery of �osice. On March 16, 1862, due to the illness of Bishop Jan Teraszkiewicz, he was pre-consecrated coadjutor with substitution rights. He took office after the death of the bishop in 1863, as bishop nominee of Che�m and Be��ec. Due to the lack of consent of the government authorities, he was never pre-consecrated. He opposed the unification of liturgy with the Orthodox Church and the subordination of the Che�m Eparchy to the Russian Orthodox Church. He opposed the introduction of sermons in Russian in the Orthodox Church and the introduction of seminary studies in Russian. He was deprived of his salary due to his adamant attitude. After only three years in office, he was arrested on September 23, 1866 by the tsarist authorities and exiled to Vyatka. On his way there, passing through Lublin, he received a proposal from the governor: release, return to his position and payment of 10,000 roubles in salary, on condition he would withdraw the Polish language from the seminary and pastoral work and that the rites would be de-Latinized. He declined the offer and died in exile on October 19, 18665. After his death, there was only one bishop of Che�m, Micha� Kuziemski (1868-1871)6. Later governance of the eparchy until its dissolution was held by Marceli Popiel (������� ������), an Orthodox administrator7.

2. Che�m cathedral chapter

The diocesan bishop governed the eparchy with the chapter as an auxiliary body (krilos). Unfortunately, for want of documents, it is not possible to indicate the exact date of the establishment of the chapters at the Che�m cathedral. However, we know that as of the early 17th century it gradually lost its impact. After the chapter lost the right to look after the bishop's property following his death at the synod of Zamo�� (1720), its role was completely marginalised. Finally, the chapter's activities were discontinued after 17338. Re-established in 1824 by Bishop Ferdynand Ciechanowski, it was composed of 5 prelatures (arch-presbyter - pastor of the chapter, dean, archdeacon, scholastic) and 7 honorary canon titles (penitentiary, theologian, chancellor, cantor, first defender, second defender, and secretary)9. clergy eparchy chelm

In 1863 the prelatures were vacant. The college of honorary canons was made up of 3 clergymen: Fr. Stefan Szokalski, master of divinity, Fr. Deodat Smoleniec, candidate of divinity, and Fr. Jan Szyma�ski. All the other four canon positions were vacant, like the prelatures10.

The chapter was subject to the diocesan bishop and declared allegiance to him. One of its duties was, together with the ordinary bishop or in his absence, to take care of the good and order in the eparchy. Consequently, all the members of the chapter were duty-bound to: (1) safeguard the tenets of the faith and morals, (2) observe the regulations and laws of the Greek Catholic Church prescribed by the Synod of Zamo��, (3) care for the religious and moral development of the clergy and those preparing for the priesthood; (4) control the ownership of the cathedral church, protect monuments and mementoes from the past, preserve the chapter library and all kinds of documents of historical value; (5) hold services in the cathedral church; (6) oversee the standard of public worship to strengthen the faithful and the clergy; (7) attend services officiated by the bishop. After the diocesan bishop's death, the chapter, according to the tsarist ukase of March 6 (18), 1817 (Article 9), was obliged to elect an administrator from among themselves11.

Important matters relating to the eparchy were discussed at regular or ad hoc meetings. The former were held on fixed dates12, which in the case of the Che�m Chapter was the anniversary of the consecration of the cathedral, August 27 (September 8). Sessions usually began a few days before or after this date. They were usually preceded by a pontifical celebration on the first day, a Mass for the health and prosperity of the tsar on the second and a memorial service for the deceased bishops, prelates and canons of the cathedral chapter on the third13. The convening of the ceremonial meeting required the permission of the Government Commission for Internal and Clerical Affairs. The bishop requested this permission every year from the government authorities14. Ad hoc meetings were convened by the ordinary when a necessity arose. All the decisions required a simple majority. Minutes were taken of the entire proceedings and signed by all those in attendance upon being read out by the chancellor15.

The prelates and canons were entitled to a salary in addition to the benefices and honours (dress, badges of honour, prerogatives of law or custom) because of their positions. They were paid from a general fund guaranteed in the government coffers in the amount of 2 700 Russian roubles (18 000 Polish zlotys). 150 roubles (1 000 Polish zlotys) was deducted from the above amount for ongoing expenses. Remuneration depended on the position held and duties performed in the chapter. It was fixed as of the reinstatement of the chapter. For example, in 1830 and 1843 each prelate received 300 roubles (2 000 Polish zlotys) annually. Canons were paid 150 roubles (1 000 Polish zlotys) per annum16.

3. General consistory

According to an 1842 edict of Tsar Nicholas, every eparchy in the Russian Empire had to have an episcopal consistory. The institution was in charge of carrying out the matters commissioned by the bishop or the official. These included, above all, church administration and judicial matters. The consistory was headed by the ordinary bishop and its work was supervised by an official (vicar general), who was assisted by a vice- official, surrogate judges, associate judges and lay officials (secretary, archivist, curia secretary)17. The clerks, appointed by the bishop, were approved by a minister via a clerical college. The secretary of the curia was appointed directly by a minister. Under the provisions of the 1847 concordat, consistories were to be composed solely of clergymen; the bishop was vested with the right to appoint and revoke them. In practice, this provision was not respected and the staffing of offices remained under state control18. In 1863, the general consistory of Che�m consisted of five priests. The work of the office was presided over by Fr. Canon Deodat Smoleniec, in the rank of general official. His assistants were: Fr. Longin Ulanicki, a candidate in divinity, Fr. Micha� Harasowski, an associate judge, Fr. Emilian Pociej, a scribe, Fr. Emilian Ba�kowski, a minute clerk19.

4. Diocesan examiners

Diocesan examiners, appointed from among prelates, chapter canons and professors of the diocesan seminary, made up a separate college within the diocesan structure. Their duties included conducting competitive examinations for church benefices, positions of catechists and granting approval to hear confessions. In the Uniate Eparchy of Che�m, the right to examine priests in need of approval to hear confessions was additionally granted to deans of deaneries far away from the diocesan capital20.

5. Eparchial seminary

The eparchy had a seminary, established by the 1759 diocesan synod thanks to the efforts of Bishop Maksymilian Ry��a. The same bishop formally approved the original foundation in 1771. In 1804 the seminary was closed down by the Austrian authorities. From then on, the seminarians of Che�m were to prepare for the priesthood at the General Seminary in Lviv. However, already six years later (1810), at the time of the Duchy of Warsaw, the institution was restored. From the moment of its foundation, the seminary remained under the administration of diocesan priests. From 1769 the management was taken over by the Basilians of the Lithuanian province. Initially, the staff consisted of two and later three priests. One of them held the post of rector (regens) and the other two were lecturers21. The same personal model with a rector and two professors was revived after the reinstitution of the seminary, i.e. after 181022. In time, the Che�m seminary faculty grew in size and in 1863 included 8 people. Fr. Stefan Szokalski was rector, Fr. Micha� Harasowski vice-rector, Fr. Deodat Smoleniec and Fr. Seweryn �migielski were professors, Fr. E. Pociej and Fr. Antoni Zieniewicz were teachers, Fr. Micha� Lipi�ski was spiritual director, while Fr. J�zef Panasi�ski was the provider and scribe23. A total of 52 seminarians were taught in all the years; 16 of them were awaiting ordination to the priesthood24.

6. Administrative division

The most extensive part of the clergy list is the listing of deaneries, parishes and branches, as well as functions and offices of clergy involved in pastoral ministry. In 1863, the eparchy was divided into 21 deaneries. There were 270 parishes, 75 branch churches and 51 public chapels. This is illustrated in Table 1 below.

Table 1 Deaneries, parishes, affiliated churches and chapels of the Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Che�m in 186325

* G. Governate

The deanery of W�odawa (22 parishes) was one of the largest and most numerous in the eparchy. It was followed by the deaneries of: Hrubiesz�w and Tyszowce (17 parishes each), Che�m (16), Kode� and Lublin (15), Bia�a, Mi�dzyrzec and Soko��w (14), Szczebrzeszyn (13), Dubienka and Wisznice (12), Krasnystaw and Tarnogr�d (11), August�w, Grabowiec, �asice and Parczew (10), Horod�o and Zamo�� (9), Tomasz�w (8). As far as the number of branches is concerned, the deanery of Tyszowce had the biggest number of them (24 branches), followed by the deaneries of: Tomasz�w (13), Che�m and Hrubiesz�w (6), Grabowiec, Horod�o, Szczebrzeszyn and Zamo�� (5), Dubienka, Kode�, Lubelin and �osice (2), Krasnystaw, Tarnogr�d and Wisznice (1). In the remaining six deaneries there were no branch churches. The biggest number of chapels in a deanery occurred in W�odawa (7 chapels), followed by Che�m (4), Tyszowce, Wisznice (4 each), August�w, Bia�a, �osice, Mi�dzyrzec, Parczew (3 each), Hrubiesz�w (2) and Dubienka, Grabowiec, Koden, Lublin, Szczebrzeszyn and Zamo�� (1 each); four deaneries had none (Horod�o, Soko��w, Tarnogr�d, Tomasz�w). The highest number of churches was in Tyszowiec deanery (45), including 17 parish churches, 24 branch churches and 4 chapels and in W�odawa deanery (29), parish churches (22), branch churches (7). The lowest number of churches was in the deanery of Parczew (13), including 10 parish churches and 3 chapels, and in the deanery of Tarnogr�d (12), with 11 parish churches and 1 filial church.

In 1863, a total of 222 999 Greek Catholics lived in the eparchy (deaneries and parishes under the jurisdiction of the Greek Catholic Bishop of Che�m)26. Table 2 shows the numbers of believers in individual deaneries.

Table 2 Number of faithful of the Eparchy of Che�m in individual deaneries (1863)27

Most parishes in the eparchy (40%) had between 501 and 1000 members and as many as 25.9% of the parishes between 101 and 500 believers. Parishes between 1 001 and 1 500 faithful accounted for 17.7% of all parishes, between 1 501 and 2 000 made up 8.1% of the parishes and from 2 001 to 2 500 members - 4.0%. The largest ones, with over 2 000 Greek Catholics, were mostly located in places where the dean lived: Bia�a (Bia�a deanery), Hrubiesz�w (Hrubiesz�w deanery), Kode� (Kode� deanery), Zab�o� (Kode� deanery), Mi�dzyrzec Stare Miasto (Mi�dzyrzec deanery), Parczew (Parczew deanery), Krzesz�w (Tarnogr�d deanery), Ksi�pol (Tarnogr�d deanery), Luble� (W�odawa deanery), R�anka (W�odawa deanery), W�odawa (W�odawa deanery). Only two parishes, in �omazy (Bia�a deanery) and Biszcza (Tarnogr�d deanery) had over 3 000 believers and were the most populous in the entire eparchy. In these parishes we can identify, respectively, 3 156 and 3 100 believers29. The eparchy also had very small communities with no more than 100 parishioners (0.9%). The smallest parish of Or��w, Krasnystaw deanery, had only 8 Uniates. Slightly more populous were parishes in August�w deanery: Wysokie Mazowieckie (23)30 and in Soko��w deanery: Czekan�w (35)31 and Sawice (36)32. Two parishes in August�w (August�w deanery)33 and Mordy (Soko��w deanery)34 had no believers and their dissolution was a matter of time35.

7. Clergy

In 1863, ministry in the eparchy was provided by 209 lay priests. The vast majority of them, 200 (96%), were parish ministers36. This situation was due to the lack of clergymen, which meant that some parishes were vacant. In the official documents of the bishopric, a vacant parish was one without a pastor approved by the government and church authorities37. In fact, communities without a permanent priest were not without pastoral care. In most cases, they were supervised by an administrator38. In 1863, only 136 parishes (51%) out of the total of 265 ones headed by diocesan priests, had permanent parish priests. The other 129 parishes (49%) were headed by administrators. The diocesan authorities, trying to fill in the vacancies, usually entrusted the administration of unfilled parishes to priests working in neighbouring parishes. As a result, a considerable number of priests oversaw several parishes at the same time. This problem is illustrated in Chart 2 below.

Chart 2 Number of pastoral benefices of parish priests and administrators in the Greek Catholic Eparchy of Che�m (1863)39

The largest number of priests employed in pastoral ministry managed only one parish - 145 (69%). Of these, 108 were parish priests and 37 were administrators. The second group consisted of priests who headed two parishes. There were 49 such priests (23%), of whom 31 were parish priests and administrators at the same time, and 18 were administrators only. The remaining 7 priests (3%) managed three parishes (parish priest of one parish and administrator of two - 3 priests; only 3 as administrators). As Witold Ko�buk noted, temporary assignment of parish benefices to administrators was a very unfavourable. Despite the short distances between parishes and the relatively small number of communities, irregular pastoral care was not conducive to providing the faithful with proper religious ministry and prevented adequate care of the benefices40. In addition, the constant shortage of clergy meant that some priests combined high positions in the central institutions of the eparchy with ministry in parishes. For example, pastor of Ubrodowiec parish in Horod�o deanery, Fr. Stefan Szokalski, was a member of the cathedral chapter and rector of the diocesan seminary41. Fr. Micha� Lipi�ski, spiritual director in the seminary, was also dean of Che�m deanery, pastor of Serebryszcze parish and administrator of P�awanice parish42. Fr. Emilian Bie�kowski, minute taker in the general consistory, simultaneously administrated three parishes in Soko��w deanery: Rog�w, Sawice, Szkopy43. Fr. Micha� Harasowski, associate judge in the general consistory and vice-rector of the diocesan seminary was pastor of Teratyn parish (Horod�o deanery)44.

Nearly all parishes managed by lay clergy had only one pastor, a parish priest or an administrator. The parishes in Hrubiesz�w and Bezwola (Wisznice deanery) are an exception. In the former the pastor was assisted by a vicar and in the latter by a vicar- cooperator45.

Some priests, apart from parish work, were engaged in religious education of children and youth. The position of �teacher of religious education and morality in public schools� was held by one priest in the year under review; Fr. Aleksander Starkiewicz, working in the district school in Bia�a. The second catechetical position in the district school in Hrubiesz�w remained unfilled46.

While discussing the number, functions and offices held by the clergy in Che�m, one should also mention their age structure. The age of priests serving in the eparchy was decisive for the quality of pastoral ministry and had its socio-cultural impact. The age structure of the Uniate clergy of Che�m is shown in Chart 3.

Chart 3 Age structure of clergymen in the Greek Catholic Che�m Eparchy in 1863 (division into age cohorts)47

The list of clergymen disaggregated by age group shows that 31 priests were up to 30 years of age (15%), 114 (54%) were between the ages of 31 and 50, 40 priests (19%) were slowly approaching old age (51-65 years), and 7 priests (3%) were in the oldest group (66+ years). The vast majority of the clergy, 145 priests (69%), are fit young men (by 50 years of age), who could fully perform their pastoral duties. Five priests were officially retired, yet two remained pastors of parishes. Overall, there were few senior priests in the eparchy. Only 8 priests, less than 4% of the total number, reached the age of sixty-six. Such a situation is fully understandable if we consider the high mortality characteristic of the period in question48. According to research carried out by Fr. Jan Szczepaniak for the eparchy of Krakow, most of the clergy there died between the ages of 51 and 6549. Only three priests lived to a ripe old age. Priority, in terms of longevity, was given to two 77-year- old priests: Fr. Micha� Futasiewicz and Fr. Jan Szyma�ski. Only one priest over 70 years of age was younger than the two: Fr. Antoni Mazanowski (72). Fr. Futasiewicz headed two parishes in W�odawa deanery: Rozwad�wka (as parish priest) and Do�holiska (as administrator). Fr. Szyma�ski was canon of the cathedral chapter, performed the duties of parish priest in �osice and administrator in �ys�w (Soko��w deanery). In turn, Fr. Mazanowski had a benefice in the parish of Gnojno (�osice deanery) and remained vice-dean and instructor of �osice deanery50.

The analysis of the number and age structure of the clergy cannot ignore the important issue of deaths. 1863 was a difficult year for the eparchy of Che�m. The eparchy lost its head, auxiliary bishop and administrator Jan Teraszkiewicz. Born in 1793, he was ordained priest in 1825. A year later he was appointed vice-chancellor of the seminary in Che�m and was made an honorary canon of the Che�m Cathedral Chapter. In 1832 he was entrusted with the office of rector of the seminary and was conferred the dignity of prelate custodian of the Che�m Cathedral Chapter. In 1841, by virtue of a tsarist ukase, he was nominated auxiliary bishop. After the death of Bishop Felicjan Szumborski in 1851, he became administrator of the Che�m eparchy. He died on 1 March 186351. Apart from the bishop, six other priests died that year: five parish priests and an administrator. One of the deceased parish priests performed the duties of surrogate judge at the consistory, diocesan examiner and dean of Wisznice, while another one was dean of Soko��w52.

8. Religious clergy

In the eparchy of Che�m there was a monastic province of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary, Basilians - Uniates. It consisted of monasteries in: Bia�a Podlaska, Che�m, Lublin, Warsaw, and Zamo��. In the period under discussion, the religious congregations no longer enjoyed the position they did in the past. The relaxation of monastic life, disciplinary problems and above all the governmental ban on accepting new candidates resulted in the fact that the order was on the verge of collapse53. In the mid- 19th century, there were only 18 monks in all the five monasteries (Bia�a Podlaska - 5, Che�m - 7, Lublin - 2, Warszawa - 2, Zamo�� - 2)54. In 1863 there were 20 monks. 10 lived in the monastery in Che�m, 4 in Warsaw, 3 in Bia�a. There were only 2 monks in the Zamo�� monastery and only 1 in Lublin. In the eparchy, the Basilians administered six parishes: in Bia�a Podlaska, Kolemczyce, Lublin, Spas, Warsaw, and Zamo��55. In 1864, under the decision of the tsar's governor Teodor Berg, all monasteries save the Warsaw one were dissolved. The Warsaw monastery was the last to be dissolved, in 187256.

Conclusion

In light of this study, one gets the impression that in 1863 the Uniate Eparchy of Che�m was in a fairly good state. In principle, all consistory offices remained staffed. The diocesan institutions carried out their tasks. The authorities, despite the lack of clergy, managed to provide pastoral care to the faithful in all existing parishes. The reality was far different, and the legal situation of the eparchy gradually deteriorated. Its fate was sealed after the January Uprising. The period that followed brought about many changes that disrupted the established order. In 1866, the Russian authorities arrested Bishop Kali�ski and deported him to Vyatka. Two years earlier (1864), the Basilian monasteries were dissolved. The suppression in 1872 of the last monastery in Warsaw concluded the activity of Basilians in the Kingdom of Poland57. After the tsar's decree of June 18 (30), 1866, the deanery network was reorganised. Following the example of the Orthodox eparchies in the Russian Empire, the area of the deaneries was adjusted to the then existing districts. The earlier 21 deaneries were replaced by 12 new ones58. Finally, on March 25 (April 6), 1875, Tsar Alexander II announced the unification of the Che�m Eparchy with the Orthodox Church. A month later, on May 11 (23), 1875, the Holy Governing Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church abolished the Che�m Eparchy of the Greek Catholic rite and incorporated it into the Orthodox Eparchy of Che�m-Warsaw, which was then established, with a vicariate in Che�m, called the vicariate of Lublin59.

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