The tallest buildings of London

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THE TALLEST BUILDINGS OF LONDON

Сапожнік Ганна Олександрівна

London is not the city, which is overstocked with high-ceiling skyscrapers like NYC, but yet there are plenty of sky-high buildings in the city. London is a city with limits to building height. Permission to build skyscrapers in the centre of the city is granted on a case-by-case basis. For this reason, tall buildings in central London are landmarks. Until the early 1960s buildings in London were restricted to 100 feet (30 metres) in height. This restriction was put in place in order to keep every floor of a building in reach of the fire-fighting equipment. The lifting of the height restriction caused a boom in the building of tall buildings during the 1960s. Here is the list of some tallest buildings and structures in London.

The Shard London Bridge, previously known as London Bridge Tower, is a mixed-use building in London. The Shard London Bridge is 310 meters tall. The structure has been constructed on the site of an existing 1970s office building, known as Southwark Towers. The Shard is an 87-storey skyscraper in London but only 72 are habitable. It is a multi-use structure and the tallest of its kind in the European Union, standing 1,017ft tall. It incorporates around 602,779ftІ of modern, high-spec office space, along with a 197-room hotel and a range of shopping, leisure, residential and public spaces. Seen from the outside, the Shard London Bridge is a tapering, glazed spire dominating the surrounding area. The tower is made of granite, glass and steel. Its surface helps it blend in with the skyline by reflecting the sky and the surrounding buildings. Its shape and appearance, as much as its function, distinguishes it from many of the taller buildings across the river.6.

One Canada Square (often incorrectly called Canary Wharf, after its location) is a skyscraper in Canary Wharf, London. The name given to the building by the developers is 'One Canada Square', but it is often incorrectly called 'Canary Wharf'. It was the tallest building in the United Kingdom from 1990 to 2010. The tower at Canary Wharf (One Canada Square) has 50 floors and is 800 feet (244 metres) high. The tower is an occupied office building and is not open to the public. The most interesting in it is the pyramid roof. There is a flashing light on the top of it which serves as an aircraft warning. The pyramid roof lights up in the evening. The exterior walls are clad by some 370,000 square feet of Patten Hyclad Cambric finish stainless steel. Another curious fact about the building is that there is no thirteenth floor. This is a widespread custom throughout North America and the Canadian developers of the building decided that floors will go straight from the 12th floor to the 14th floor. One Canada Square is the most prestige office building in the UK. And today it is a remarkable London landmark.5.

Heron Tower, also referred to as 110 Bishopsgate is a skyscraper in the City of London, the historic centre and main financial district of London. It is owned by Heron International and stands 230 metres (755 ft) tall including its 28-metre (92 ft) mast (202 metres (663 ft) excluding the mast) making it the tallest building in the City and the third tallest in Greater London, after the Shard in Southwark and One Canada Square at Canary Wharf. Tower has 46 floors. Construction of the building started in 2007 and was completed in 2011. Tower is a multi-occupied building which is home to around 4,300 workers. Offices are situated on levels 2 through to 37 whilst levels 38 to 40 incorporate a bar, conference facilities and a public restaurant situated on level 39, which is served by two dedicated high-speed glass lifts. Levels 41 to 46 are dedicated to plant. The development includes fully glazed, double-deck lifts affording spectacular views, unprecedented business support and services and a triple height lobby accommodates the largest privately owned aquarium in Europecontaining 1200 fish of 67 different species. The Leadenhall Building. The nickname, "the Cheese Grater", was coined by this site in response to the "Gherkin" and "Shard." The 225 m (737 ft) tall Leadenhall Building is currently under construction. It will have 46 floor count. Construction is due for completion in 2014. The building will comprise offices, retail spaces and restaurants. The new tower will feature a tapered glass faзade. The building comprises a number of distinct architectural elements that provide clarity to the composition both as a whole and as a legible expression of its constituent parts. These elements include the primary stability structure, the ladder frame, the office floor plates, the northern support core, the external envelope and the public realm 6.

There is a bit of a tie between the next two on this list as they both are 200m high. 8 Canada Square (also known as HSBC Group Head Office, or HSBC Tower) is a skyscraper located in the Canary Wharf development in the London Docklands. 8 Canada Square is the world headquarters of HSBC, one of the world's largest banks.8 Canada Square accommodates approximately 8,000 workers. Construction began in 1997 and was completed in 2002. There are 45 floors in the 210 metre high tower, the joint second largest in the United Kingdom with the Citigroup Centre. Standing alongside the HSBC Tower are One Canada Square (known popularly as Canary Wharf); and the Citigroup Centre, which forms the British head office of the multinational US bank, Citigroup. The tower is not open to the public. The lobby features a large art installation known as the 'history wall', which depicts the history of the HSBC company through an interactive display. The Citigroup Centre is a skyscraper located in the Canary Wharf development in the London Docklands. The building, whose address is 25 Canada Square, serves as the British headquarters for Citigroup, a large bank based in the United States of America. The tower was designed by Cesar Pelli & Associates. Construction began in 1998 and was completed in 2001. There are 45 floors in the 655 foot tall tower, the third largest in the United Kingdom. Standing alongside the Citigroup Centre are 1 Canada Square (known popularly as Canary Wharf); and the HSBC Tower, London. 25 Canada Square was built in tandem with 8 Canada Square. Both buildings are exactly the same height. Tower 42 is skyscraper in the City of London and the seventh tallest in Greater London. The original name was National Westminster Tower (Tower or NatWest), were built to accommodate the international division of the bank. When the tower is visible from above, it resembles the NatWest logo. The tower was constructed from 1971 to 1980 by John Mowlem and Co. at a cost of Ј72,000,000, and formally opened on 11 July 1981 by Queen Elizabeth II. The tower has 47 floors, 42 of which are cantlevered, with 2 underground floors, and its height of 183 m (600 ft) made it the tallest building in the UK from 1980 until 1991 and the tallest building in the City of London until 2011 5. Innovative features in the tower's design include double-deck elevators, a sky lobby, an internal automated "mail train", and an automated external window-washing system. On 24 April 1993, the tower was extensively damaged by a truck bomb which detonated in the Bishopsgate area. From 1994 to 1996, it had to be externally reclad and internally refurbished. Afterwards, NatWest decided not to reoccupy, had the building renamed International Financial Centre, and then sold it. The new owners, Greycoat, gave the building its current name. The building today is multi-tenanted and comprises Grade A office space and restaurant facilities. Tower 42 also has three restaurants 4. 30 St Mary Axe (widely known informally as "the Gherkin") is a skyscraper in London's main financial district, the City of London, completed in December 2003 and opened in April 2004. With 41 floors, the tower is 180 metres (591 ft) tall and stands on a street called St Mary Axe, on the site of the former Baltic Exchange, which was extensively damaged in 1992 by the explosion of a bomb. The outside of the building consists of 24,000 square metres of glass arranged in diamond-shaped panes. Floors 38 to 40 hold restaurant, private dining and bar facilities, and are the highest eating establishments in London. The office space inside has the capacity to accommodate up to 4,000 workers. The tower's exterior cladding consists of roughly 5,500 flat triangular, diamond-shaped glass panels. Despite its overall curved glass shape, there is only one piece of curved glass on the building the lens-shaped cap at the very top. The Gherkin serves as a symbol for the city 1.

Set on the edge of the Square Mile, Broadgate Tower was completed in early 2009 after almost four years of construction and at an estimated cost of Ј240 million. The 35-floor structure is 164 metres (538 feet) high and was, on completion, the third tallest building in the City (after Tower 42 and the Gherkin). It contains 37,000 squared metres of office space. The tower is supported by a 6,000 tonne concrete and steel raft which straddles a railway tunnel. The tower employed around 14,000 tonnes of steel in its construction. The tower is clad in around 40,000 square metres of glass, roughly equal to the surface area of 154 tennis courts. The tower has a central core with visible steel cross bracing to the exterior 2.

Literature

london tower building square

1. http: www.homedit.com london-gherkin-an-unusual-eggshaped-building .

2. http: www.emporis.com building the-broadgate-tower-london-united-kingdom.

3. http: en.wikipedia.org wiki BT_Tower.

4. http: www.nationmaster.com encyclopedia Tower-42.

5. http: en.wikipedia.org wiki List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_London.

6. http: www.emporis.com statistics tallest-buildings-london-unitedkingdom.

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