Study of body mass index (BMI), body fat percent (%BF), and waist to hip ratio (WHR) in male physical education students

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Study of body mass index (BMI), body fat percent (%BF), and waist to hip ratio (WHR) in male physical education students

Introduction

student physical activity risk

Overweight and obesity are major, and increasing, public health concerns in all parts of the globe. Obesity increases the risk of chronic health consequences including hypertension, hypercholesteroaemia, hyperglycaemia, type II diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. In Australia, 19% of adult males and 22% of adult females are considered obese and the direct health care costs of obesity are estimated at approximately $830 million annually (Thorburn et al. 2005). To relate obesity directly to health risks, assessment of both total body fat deposition and distribution as subcutaneous or visceral fat are important. Methods frequently used to determine overall body fatness include Body Mass Index (BMI; body mass (kg)/stature (m)²) and percentage body fat (%BF). However, a number of studies have shown that it is notappropriate to use a single BMI cut-off point to detect obesity as different BMI-%BF relationships have been observed in different ethnic groups (Deurenberg-Yap M et al. 2000; Deurenberg P et al. 2003). Using anthropometry, a previous study found that the BMI value of 23kg/m2 for young Japanese adults equates with a BMI value of 25kg/ m2 for Australian Caucasians (Kagawa et al. 2006).

The use of BMI in this way has a number of limitations, including its inability to distinguish between fat mass and non-fat mass (Norgan & Ferro-Luzzi, 1982; Garn et al. 1986; Ross et al. 1988). These limitations may become an important issue when comparing ethnic groups with distinctively different body proportions or physiques. Several studies have suggested that the relationship between BMI and %BF (i.e. the BMI-%BF relationship) varies with age, gender and ethnicity (Schaefer et al. 1998; Deurenberg et al. 2002; Chang et al. 2003).

Longitudinal study which it performed in Hardward University during 27 years on 19292 students with mean age 46.6 years old had been shown that rate of mortality in men who had body mass index (BMI), 26 kg/m2,1.67 times is more than men who had body mass index, 22,5 kg/m² (Altan O. et al. 1999). Body mass index in male students of Thrtoww University is reported as 22.8 kg/ m² (Jurimae.T et al. 1991), but by Clasey et al in Virginia University, it is reported as 24.7 kg/m² (Clasey. Jl. et al. 1999).

In this study, we investigated BMI, percent body fat, and waist - hip ratio in male students of physical education and sport sciences field and we compared them with Iran national and international standards.

Methodology

The study was approved by the Human Research Ethics

Committees of Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz. In this study, we measured body mass index (BMI), percent body fat (%BF), and waist to hip ratio (WHR) by using Bioelectrical Impedance apparatus

Subjects

Statistical population included 162 students of physical education and sport sciences field of Shahid Chamran University Ahwaz Iran and we selected simple randomly 75 students from statistical population.

Measurements

Test performed at 8 AM and subjects were fasting and they had not done any body activity before test. Test had been done through using Bioelectrical Impedance apparatus producted by GWON Corporation Korea, model Olympia.

Statistical analysis

To demonstrate means and standard deviation of study variables (BMI, %BF, and WHR) we used quantify statistical procedures and to determine relationships between measured variables - Pearson correlation coefficient; to determine difference between measured variables and Iran national and international standards we used independent T-test. Statistical analysis was done by using SPSS software version 17.

Results

In this research, students had height, 174 ± 5.71 Cm and weight, 23.18 ± 2.68. Total subjects' data are given in table 1, means and standard deviations of study variables (BMI, %BF, and WHR) are shown in table 2, percentage of BMI, BF, and WHR according to Iran national norm exhibit in table 3, percentage of BF, and WHR and percentage of BMI according to international standard are respectively given in table 4 and table 5, comparison

Table1. Total subjects data

Table2.Means and standard deviations of study variables (BMI, %BF, and WHR)

between variables in this research (BMI, %BF, and WHR) with Iran national standard are presented in table 6, and relationships between study variables - in table 7. In this study, significant level was 0.05.

According to table 3, body fat percentage of most subjects in three age classifications assigned to in moderate to high and high classifications, body mass index of most subjects in three age groups assigned to in moderate, moderate to high and high classifications and waist-hip ratio of most subjects in three age classifications assigned to in moderate classification.

In table 4 we can see that percentage of body fat of most subjects assigned to moderate and good classifications and waist - hip ratio of most subjects in three age groups assigned to excellent classification.

Table 5 exhibits that body mass index of most subjects

Table3. Percentage of BMI, BF, and WHR according to Iran national standard

Table 4.Percentage of BF and WHR according to International national standard

Table 5. Percentage of BMI according to International national standard

Table 6. Comparison between variables in this research (BMI, %BF, and WHR) with Iran national norm

*: P < 0.05, ®: P < 0.01.

Table7. Relationships between study variables in three age groups are assigned to normal classification.

®: P < 0.01.

In table 6 we present comparison between variables in this research (BMI, %BF, and WHR) with Iran national standard. Obtained results from this table show that there are significant differences between subjects BMI, %BF, and WHR with theirs Iran national standard (respectively P < 0.013, P < 0.001, and P < 0.001).

Table 7 shows that there are relationships between BMI and %BF (r = 0.783, P = 0.001), between BMI and WHR (r = 0.709, P = 0.001), and between WHR and %BF (r = 0.809, P = 0.001).

Discussion

In the study it is reported that body mass index of male untrained athletics from Thrtoww university of Estonia was 22.8 kg/m² (Jurimae.T et al, 1991). Clasey. Jl. et al reported that body mass index of male trained students from Virginia University was 24.7 kg/m² (Clasey. Jl et al, 1999). Observed difference in results of this study can occur due to various economic, social, and cultural conditions which there are in different universities. Having compared results of this research with World Health Organization (WHO) standard, we determined that %79 male students of physical education filed of Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz have optimal weights and they are healthy and can be assigned to minimum danger rate.

Mean body mass index of students, comparing with its national standard shows that they can be assigned to classification “moderate to high”. Probable reason of current result can increase percentage of body fat. Also mean BMI of male physical education students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz, compared with its national standard, shows that there is significant difference between their mean BMI (Masaharu Kagawa et al, 2007).

Waist - hip ratio in this study is in significant correlation with body mass index (r= 0.709, P=0.001). Current result is in accordance with Altan O. et al research's results that it likelihood was due to accumulating body fat in waist and hips (Altan O. et al, 1999).

Ninety four percent of male physical education students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz located excellent WHR range, that is why they were put into minimum danger rate and they had low abdomen fat (Bray G.A., 1985).

In this research it is shown that there is positive significant correlation between percentage of body fat and waist - hip ratio (r = 0.809, P = 0.001). In general, body composition of students in this study, in comparison with Iran national standard, in better situation in respect to health. Body mass index of subjects was higher than Iran national standard that may be due to increased weight of subjects and can be as resulted from intake of additional kilo calories from food materials and also it possibly could be caused by irregular daily activities (Ronald K et al, 2006).

In general, in this research we determined suitable correlation between percentage of body fat, waist - hip ratio, and body mass index in subjects that could be caused by low daily activity and increased kilo calories intake through elevated food consumption, which can result in increasing of body fat in waist and hips and also can result in increased body mass index (Masaharu Kagawa et al, 2007).

Acknowledgment

This study was supported by Sport Physiology Department, Shahid Chamran University, Ahwaz, Iran. We submitted this article to my friends and we thank them.

References

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