Problems and perspectives of tourism development in Uzbekistan

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THE MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND HIGHER EDUCATION OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION

FEDERAL STATE AUTONOMOUS EDUCATINAL INSTITUTION FOR HIGHER EDUATION «NORTH CAUCASUS FEDERAL UNIVERSITY»

INSTITUTE OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES

The Department of social and economic geography, geo-informatics and tourism

COURSEWORK

Discipline: «International tourism»

theme: «Problems and perspectives of tourism development in Uzbekistan»

Performed: Tatincev Alexander

2nd year student,

directions “Tourism”

full-time education

Academic adviser: Lyubimova O.V.,

Associate Professor of the Department of

socio-economic geography, geo-informatics and tourism.

Stavropol, 2019



Content

Introduction

1. Essence of tourism

1.1 Classification of tourism forms

1.2 Main types of tourism

2. Current state and problems of tourism development in Republic of Uzbekistan

2.1 Current state of tourism in the Republic of Uzbekistan

2.2 Analysis of infrastructure problems

3. Recommendations for improving tourism

3.1 Proposals for the development of infrastructure

3.2 Development of tourist image of the Republic of Uzbekistan

Conclusion

Literature review



Introduction

The modern stage of humanity is characterized by the intensive development of tourism and intercultural communications. According to UNWTO, in 2017, the number of tourist arrivals was about 1,323 million, and revenues of 1.6 trillion US dollars. Tourism began to actively develop in the 20th century in the age of technology development. Tourism, in addition to its economic importance, also plays a huge role in the establishment of interethnic relations and allows people of the whole world to exchange their culture.

The tourist potential of the historical heritage, as well as the culture and hospitality of Uzbekistan allows you to harmoniously enter the international tourism market. The development of tourism in the country will allow to establish sustainability of employment growth, increase incomes, as well as the inflow of foreign currency in the economy. The tourism industry is huge and includes a large number of services, such as hotels, athletic fields, fast food, etc. In the Republic of Uzbekistan, the tourism industry is recognized at the state level. Statistical analysis indicates a growing interest in the tourist product of Uzbekistan.

The theme of my work is the analysis of the problems of tourism development and its future prospects. Considering this work, it is necessary to highlight its relevance, since tourism in Uzbekistan is one of the priority parts of the economy. My task is to review the current state of the tourism industry, consider problems, as well as prospects for its further development.

The purpose of my work is to study the current state of tourism in the Republic of Uzbekistan, and how tourism affects the country's economy

This goal was due to the following tasks: research of theoretical aspects of international tourism in the Republic of Uzbekistan; establish the potential of the current state of the industry; analysis of the problems of tourism



1. Essence of tourism

1.1 Classification of tourism forms

Tourism (FR. tourism, from tour - walk, trip) - phenomenon, with one hand, relatively young, turned mass only after world war II, with the other - hydro deep historical roots [1]. Tourism in the original sense was understood as the movement and temporary stay of people outside the permanent place of residence. However, in the process of historical development, the content and meaning of this concept constantly underwent changes and additions.

In 1993, the UN Statistical Commission adopted a definition approved by the world tourism organization (UNWTO) and widely used in international practice. According to it, tourism covers the activities of persons who travel and stay in places outside their usual environment for a period not exceeding one year in a row, for leisure, business and other purposes.

Tourism is currently one of the most dynamically developing sectors of foreign economic activity. The steady increase in the impact of tourism on the world economy as a whole and on the economies of individual countries and regions is one of the most significant, permanent and long-term trends that accompanies the formation and development of the world economy.

The transformation of tourism into a large independent branch of the national economy, whose activities are aimed at meeting the specific needs of the population, becomes obvious. The diversity of these needs is met not only by tourist enterprises, but also by enterprises of other industries, which determines the importance of tourism as one of the factors of multiplicative impact on the development of the economy. It is because of these properties that tourism is a budget-forming sector of the economies of many island States. Tourism in addition to the main income creates additional jobs, promotes investment.

Tourism is one of the factors of the world integration processes, and tourism business is now becoming an important sector of the economy. Modern economic science considers tourism as a system object of study, which allows, on the one hand, to identify its structure with a variety of internal relations, and on the other - to determine the nature of interaction with the external environment(9)

In accordance with the definition developed by the International Association of scientific experts in the field of tourism, tourism as a socio-economic system is a set of relations, connections and phenomena arising during the movement and stay of people in places other than their permanent residence and not related to their work. The basis of the tourism system, according to the Swiss researcher K. Caspar, is two subsystems:

- the subject of tourism, i.e. the tourist - the consumer of tourist services with all variety of its needs and motives of behavior;

- tourism object consisting of three elements: tourist region, tourist enterprise and tourist organizations.

The economic efficiency of tourism is largely determined by its form, involving an appropriate set of services that meet the needs of tourists. There are two forms of tourism: domestic and international tourism. Domestic tourism - travel within the country of persons permanently residing within the borders of their state, without engaging in paid activities in the place of temporary residence. The share of domestic tourism in the world accounts for 80-90% of trips. The cost of it is 5-10 times higher than the cost of international tourism.

International tourism is tourism to another country for tourist purposes without engaging in paid activities at the place of temporary stay. On average, about 65% of all international tourist trips are in Europe, about 20% - in America and about 15% - in other regions. Recently, there has been a trend of convergence of domestic and international tourism. This is due to the simplification of tourist formalities (for example, the Schengen agreement in Europe).

Type of tourism is associated with the specifics of the reflection of financial results in the budget of the country or its region. On this basis, in the forms of tourism there are two types of tourism: active and passive.

The arrival of foreign tourists in the country or domestic tourists in the region of the country is an active tourism. Active tourism is a factor in the import of money into the country or the region. Travel of citizens of one country to other countries and departure of tourists from this region of the country is passive tourism. Passive tourism is a factor in the export of money to the country or region.

At first glance, it may seem that there is not much difference between forms and types of tourism. In both cases, travel is grouped according to certain points of view. The difference is that the types of tourism differ according to the motivation of travelers, i.e. internal factors, and the forms of tourism -- for external reasons and impacts, which is very important for management.

There are many opportunities to distinguish the forms of tourism by external criteria: by origin of tourists; by organizational form; by length of stay in the journey; by age; by vehicles; by time of year or season.



The need for concretization of tourism in its forms arises in connection with the different duration of travel (long and short travel). In this case, the duration of the trip was chosen as the main criterion for such a classification. If travel differs according to such external criterion as the length of stay, then we can say that these trips belong to different forms of tourism.

Forms of tourism, depending on the origin of tourists. Depending on the origin of travelers, tourism is divided into domestic and international. In this case, the word “origin” does not refer to the nationality or place of birth of a person, but to his place of residence and work.

Forms of tourism, depending on its organization (organizational form). Depending on the forms of organization, there are lump-sum (provision of a complex of services for one price) and individual tourism. All-inclusive tour is a standardized, pre-organized complex of tourist services. An individual tour has the features that the tourist organizes and implements it independently. Individual tours are usually more expensive, since their organization takes into account the special wishes of tourists. Such tours are also called single, but this does not mean that you need to travel alone, because you can travel and family, and at the same time the journey is called single.

The concept of "individual tourism" is most often opposed to the concept of "mass tourism." Mass tourism originally meant that many people are involved in tourism. Over time, this concept has become negative. At present, negative impacts are primarily associated with mass tourism, primarily lump-sum tourism, which is why the concepts of individual tourism and mass tourism are no longer suitable for distinguishing forms of tourism by the number of participants.

Forms of tourism depending on the duration of the trip. The duration of the trip is the time spent by the tourist during the trip or stay in the visited place or country. tourism uzbekistan trip travel

Day trips are classified as follows:

- less than three hours;

- 3-5 hours;

- 6-8 hours;

- 9-11 hours;

- 12 hours or more.

Travel overnight can be classified as follows:

- 1-3 nights;

- 4-7 nights;

- 8-28 nights;

- 29-91 nights;

- 92-365 nights.

As a rule, long journeys are complemented by short trips. Short trips include transit, one-day and short-term tourism. Transit tourism is a stop for tourists on their way to their destination. One-day tourism is tours lasting in a light day, not involving stopping for the night.

Short-term tourism is an important form of short-term tourism. It includes business tourism and weekend trips. Regardless of whether you travel for business or personal purposes, the average duration of short trips is no more than 3 days.

Forms of tourism depending on the age of travelers.

The classification of forms of tourism also takes into account the age of travelers. On the age scale the following groups of tourists are defined:

- children traveling with their parents;

- youth (tourists aged 15-24 years);

- relatively young, economically active people aged 25-44 years;

- economically active people of middle (45-64 years) age (travel, as a rule, without children);

- pensioners (65 years and older).

Forms of tourism depending on vehicles. Depending on the vehicle used to move tourists from one place to another, the following forms of tourism differ: air, bus, rail, road and sea.

Forms of tourism depending on the time of year. Winter and summer tourism vary depending on the season. Tourism only at certain times (summer or winter is characterized as a one-season), tourism, committed in any time of the year (both summer and winter), called two-season. Seasonal classification of forms of tourism shows fluctuations in demand for tourist services throughout the year. The time at which the maximum number of trips is made is called the tourist season, the period of travel decline is the off-season. Tourist seasons in different regions may not coincide.

In addition to the proposed six criteria, there are other points of view that allow to classify travel by forms. To make the classification of tourism more complete, the world tourism organization proposes to classify tourism into the following types: domestic tourism -- travel of residents of a region in this region; inbound tourism -- travel to any country of persons who are not its residents; outbound tourism -- travel of residents of any country to another country.

These main types of tourism can be combined in different ways to form categories of tourism. These categories of tourism may apply not only to a country but also to a region; the term "region" refers to an area within a country or to a group of countries. The definition of "tourism within the country" includes domestic and inbound tourism; "national tourism" -- domestic and outbound tourism; "international tourism" -- inbound and outbound. There are factors that determine the development of tourism and form the direction of tourist flows.

Favorable factors lead the region or country to leadership in world tourism, unfavorable factors reduce the tourist flow. Such factors should be set as fully as possible for each specific market segment. External factors of tourism efficiency include statistical (time-invariant) and dynamic factors. The statistical group includes climatic, geographical, cultural and historical factors [8].

Natural, cultural and historical features of the territory (country, region) are its recreational resources, i.e. used for recreation and tourism. In different parts of the world and countries formed natural-territorial complexes (natural areas), which are a combination of interrelated components of nature -- relief, climate, vegetation and wildlife.

On the basis of this natural diversity, various types of tourism are developing. In the mountains -- mountaineering, climbing, skiing and speleotourism. On the coasts and waters of the southern seas there are excellent conditions for swimming and beach holidays, surfing, diving. In modern travel there is a place for ornithological tours and safaris, rafting (rafting), desert, Arctic, cruise and ecological tourism. Many areas have medicinal properties due to their natural features -- climate, access to the surface of mineral springs, therapeutic mud, special plants that form a microclimate that has a healing effect.

Cultural and historical features of different countries are also the basis of contrast and diversity of the world. History, preserved in monuments, traditions and customs of peoples, the architectural appearance of old cities, gastronomic delights of national cuisine -- all attracts the traveler, aspiring for new experiences.

The attractiveness of places of rest is determined primarily by these conditions. It is no coincidence that the southern regions with a warm climate have a positive balance under "tourism", while in all Northern countries, whether Russia or the Scandinavian countries, the balance is negative. Historical and cultural resources are becoming increasingly important with the increasing level of education and cognitive needs of people. Dynamic factors include socio - economic and demographic changes, financial and economic development, the political situation in the country and logistical factors.

Socio-economic factors have the most important impact on the development of tourism. Sustainable development of the economy creates the economic basis for travel. Incomes of the population are growing, a new lifestyle is being formed that requires a decent rest. Income growth expands the social base of tourism, travel becomes available to many. The development of the economy allows us to make investments in the hospitality industry, to create a tourist infrastructure, to provide high quality tourist service.

Demographic changes mean that more people will have the time and income to travel.

These changes include the following indicators:

- increase in life expectancy;

- formation of a mobile stereotype of the population's life;

- increasing proportion of older persons living alone;

- extension of paid leave;

- tendency to marry at a later age;

- increasing the number of childless couples.

In economic and financial development, there is a tendency to increase the production of services in comparison with the production of goods, resulting in an increase in the share of consumption of services (including tourism services) in the total consumption of the population.

This factor includes the following indicators:

- economic situation in the country;

- financial stability;

- income level of the population;

- prices of goods [5].

The political situation in the country affects, in fact, all dynamic factors. Among the political factors affecting the development of tourism, it should be noted the relationship between countries that can promote or, conversely, prevent the tourist exchange between them. The development of tourism and other forms of foreign economic relations is facilitated by the settlement of differences between the countries, the conclusion of cooperation agreements, the rejection of territorial claims and the recognition of existing borders.

Material and technical factors associated with the development of accommodation, transport, catering, consumer services, recreation, retail, etc., are the key phenomena and trends that are manifested directly in the tourism sector [9].



1.2 Main types of tourism

As a feature, allowing to classify travel according to the types of tourism, can use motivational factors. In this classification should be based on the main motive that prompted the person to go on a trip. Although the motives are not always clearly defined, it is still possible to distinguish five types of tourism in the system of its management.

Recreational tourism is the movement of people in their free time for the purpose of recreation necessary to restore the physical and mental strength of the person. For many countries of the world this type of tourism is the most widespread and mass. The development of this type of tourism requires recreational resources. Recreational resources are an important part of the natural potential of the region. In addition, their role in the formation and development of modern tourism in the region is constantly increasing, especially from an ecological and geographical point of view.

Evaluation of recreational resources is based on a factor assessment of each of the components: topography, water bodies and land cover, bioclimate, hydromineral and unique natural healing resources, historical and cultural potential, etc.), considered in terms of its use by a particular type of tourism.

Recreational tourism can be divided into several types:

1. Tourist and health type

2. Educational and tourist type

Each type requires its own type of recreational resources. Recreational resources are understood as a complex managed and partially self-managed system consisting of a number of interrelated subsystems, namely: vacationers, natural and cultural territorial complexes, technical systems, staff and management body.

The composition of the natural characteristics include the area and capacity of the recreational area, the comfort of the climate, the presence of water bodies, especially balneological properties, aesthetic features of the landscape, etc. the Optimal combination of these characteristics creates the necessary basis for the development of recreational tourism.

For the first type, these are climatic factors, which in combination with mineral water sources and therapeutic muds create favorable conditions for the formation of the resort complex. For the second, in addition to the above - historical and cultural potential.

Recreational activities of the first type can be called passive. These include sun and air baths at rest. They are usually carried out in the conditions of the beach. People are naked. This type of recreation has strict requirements for the weather.

The second type of active recreation: Hiking, sport games, etc. From active passive recreation features, firstly, the fact that physical activity leads to increased heat production. Secondly, during active recreation people are usually dressed. Although light clothing with a low level of thermal protection is usually used in this case, in combination with increased heat production it makes comfortable lower air temperatures than for passive recreation. Requirements for the weather is less harsh in comparison with passive recreation.

Sports tourism is travel for the purpose of active participation in sports events, as well as trips that are passive participation in sports competitions. The main content of sports tourism is to overcome the natural obstacles of the natural terrain. These obstacles are very diverse: rocks, snow, ice, water barriers and many other types, types and forms of natural obstacles macro-and microrelief area.

Diverse conditions and overcome obstacles: climate, weather, Alpine, etc. in overcoming the natural obstacles are used in different equipment and tactics, a variety of vehicles and ensure safety. Overcoming natural obstacles requires different time and intensity of the tourist-athlete.

Tourist work in this case is a set of physical and technical actions of a tourist-athlete. It has some similarities with physical exercises, taken as a fundamental principle in the theory and methodology of physical education, but much wider in content. Tourist work has a certain structure, different from physical exercises. Its structural basis is the actions of the tourist-athlete, aimed at overcoming natural obstacles with minimal effort and maximum security.

Sports tourism refers to sports, which are characterized by active motor activity with the manifestation of physical and volitional qualities. It can be attributed to the complex (mixed) sports such as all-around. Athlete-tourist should have specific mnogomernoi special tourist endurance.

Religious tourism is an independent type of tourism. It, like its other species, has its own varieties: pilgrimage tourism, religious tourism excursion orientation. In some cases, there are specialized tours, which combine pilgrims and tourists. Specialized tours are designed for at least three days with a visit to religious shrines and architectural monuments of the past. Sometimes for the organization of such tours must have permission (a blessing). Religious tourism and its varieties are represented in various forms.

The Hajj (pilgrimage ) -- walking or a trip to the Holy places with well-defined cult. Pilgrimage in one form or another is accepted in almost all religions and pagan cults. Currently, the pilgrims are widely use the services of the tourism industry, there are special travel agencies that organize such tours.

Pilgrimage tours, in contrast to the religious-educational or cultural-historical, carry a certain belief sense of the rite, and not only cognitive purposes. Significantly reduced the entertainment programs, although Wellness and educational holidays as such permissible. The meaning of pilgrimage is to worship the Holy places. This worship is religious in nature and is associated with the Commission of services and prayers at venerated shrines.

Any other visit to the Holy places, not related to religious worship, strictly speaking, has no relation to the canonical pilgrimage. It is possible to distinguish different types of pilgrimage. Individual, family and group pilgrimages are distinguished by the number of participants and by family affiliation. According to the duration of the pilgrimage can be designated long and short. Depending on the country in which the objects visited by pilgrims are located, there are domestic and foreign trips. Pilgrims usually put forward much less requirements for the level and quality of service, food, accommodation than other travelers.

Within the framework of educational tours of religious orientation, it is planned to visit religious centers, where tourists will be able to see religious objects -- existing religious and memorable, visit museums and exhibitions. Tourists attend services, take part in religious processions, meditations and other religious events. It should be borne in mind that tourists, including representatives of other religions, can not get to all events. In cognitive use of existing elements of tourist infrastructure - hotels, etc.

Educational tours of religious orientation in contrast to the pilgrimage shorter, they are not confined to religious holidays, and they can participate both adults and children. Religious sites are also visited by tourists during combined tours, in which the excursion component is only part of the program. For pilgrims, the tour is of secondary importance in relation to certain religious activities. Nevertheless, some tours involve both pilgrims and tourists. From the point of view of tourist centers religious tourism is close to scientific tourism of religious subjects. Such trips are few, but they expand the geography of tourist trips.

Scientists are interested in religious heritage -- manuscripts, various religious objects found, including through archaeological excavations, architectural forms of both modern and bygone religions and much more. Researchers are sent to the centers of existing religions, countries and regions with rich religious traditions.

Business tourism plays an important role in the development of the national economy of any country, actively promoting its integration into the world market. Interestingly, in English, which is the international language of not only business but also tourism, the term tourism in the field of business tourism is not used. To do this, there is a separate concept -- business travel.

Business tourism is very versatile. More than 73% of its volume is corporate travel (the so-called corporate travel) -- both individual business trips, and to participate in events held by industrial and commercial corporations. This also includes incentive tours (from the English word incentive -- incentive) -- trips organized by companies in order to motivate employees engaged mainly in the promotion and sale of goods produced by this company. Every year business, cultural and scientific relations between regions and countries become more intense. Business tourism plays an important role in this.

The development of the national economy and its integration into the world market is also unthinkable without the development of business tourism. Business communication, exchange of technologies and information, search for new markets, search for partners for investments and joint projects, promotion of companies through PR - actions, training of personnel and introduction of corporate culture - all this is business tourism, no matter how unexpected it may sound. Moreover, business tourism is one of the resources of integration and development of companies through participation in exhibitions and congresses, through business education.



2. Current state and problems of tourism development in Republic of Uzbekistan

2.1 Current state and problems of tourism development in Uzbekistan

There are so many amazing places in Uzbekistan that it is unlikely that they can be "mastered" even for a few holiday seasons. You can "roam" all your life.explore underground mosques and chalk mountains in the Samarkand region, mausoleums Eastern lords, to feel a spiritual connection to the sacred for all Turks the resting place.

You can compare your feelings down into the deep canyons and climbing the mountain peaks, meet Uzbeks and hereditary artisans, whose life did not change the century. Those who want to try the romance of the past, can, riding horses, go through the mountains, deserts and steppes.

However, this powerful potential is almost not in demand by the tourist business. International tourism in Uzbekistan is not going through the best of times. Before Uzbekistan gained independence, tourism, like all other sectors of the economy, was strictly regulated by the center.

The main regions of tourist activity in the USSR were the Caucasus, Crimea, Baltic States, historical centers of Russia and Central Asia. At the same time, the historical significance of a number of architectural, archaeological, cultural monuments and natural attractions of Uzbekistan was not actually advertised and remained unclaimed.

Tourism in Uzbekistan during the Soviet period was one of the elements of the system of cultural and educational work that performed an ideological function and, despite its dominant role, was financed on a residual basis and had no significant economic significance.

After independence, Uzbekistan has the opportunity to significantly develop the tourism industry. A great step towards the development of international relations in the field of tourism was the entry of Uzbekistan in 1993 as a full member of the world Tourism Organization.

Uzbekistan has a huge potential both for the development of domestic tourism and for the reception of foreign travelers. It has e - huge territory, rich historical and cultural heritage.

Table2

Outbound tourism
number of foreign tourists in 2018 - 5.300.000
2019 - 5.889.900
2020 - 6.302.200
Inbound tourism
number of domestic trips - 2018 - 14.000.000
2019 - 14.700.000
2020 - 15.435.000

Thus, domestic tourism in the Republic of Uzbekistan significantly exceeds the entry and exit, and unfortunately there is a significant tendency to increase this indicator. The share of inbound tourism is much smaller, but is not subject to such sharp fluctuations. The practice of development of world tourism shows that all States are interested primarily in the development of inbound and domestic tourism, as the first type provides foreign exchange earnings to the state Treasury income, and the second accumulates funds within the state and contributes to the development of tourism infrastructure.

According to the Agency of the Republic of Uzbekistan on statistics, 983 tourist organizations were engaged in tourist activities in 2018, they served 520972 tourists. The figures in the service of tourists show an increase in the number served by the tourist firms, tourists compared to 2017 ( 483000 tourists) and 2016 (495300 tourists)

In 2018, 10289.8 million soums were transferred to the state budget from the total income generated in the field of tourism in the form of taxes and fees. The highest income (8558,5 million soums) Uzbekistan receives from the activities of placement directly tourism organization listed in the state Treasury taxes and other obligatory payments 757,1 million soums as of sanatorium-resort organizations listed 974,2 mln soums.

There are two basic components of the Kazakh tourism product: cultural tourism on the Silk road (pilgrimage and traditional) and closely related historical and cultural tourism

Uzbekistan has certain prospects in the segment of business tourism. This is primarily the city of Tashkent. The geopolitical situation and natural resources allow us to count on an increase in the number of business tourists coming to Uzbekistan on business and participation in international conventions. The infrastructure of the above-mentioned centers mainly meets international standards.

All over the world, the profitability of the development of inbound tourism, which gives additional income in the form of foreign currency, is clearly expressed for the state.

For Uzbekistan, tourism could be one of the incentives for economic development, if the tourism sector is focused on the reception of foreign tourists in the country. Specialization in inbound tourism will provide an opportunity to create additional jobs, expand the export potential of the market for goods and Souvenirs, will be one of the sources of foreign exchange earnings.

Uzbekistan is rich in tourist resources. Natural and recreational potential of Uzbekistan, as well as national traditions and features, mentality, customs have an attraction for foreign tourists, as they are already saturated with the offered tourist services in the markets of Europe and Asia. In General, the level of tourism development in Uzbekistan does not correspond to the international level. First of all, the tourism industry is focused on the development of outbound tourism, not given due attention to the development of inbound and domestic tourism.

It is well known that the development of inbound tourism is important for the country. This is due to the fact that inbound tourism has a number of advantages from an economic point of view, including:

- receipt of funds in the country in the form of foreign currency through the sale of permits and through the purchase of services and goods in the country of visit;

- development of the hotel sector in the country;

- formation of a developed tourism infrastructure;

- development of tourism-related industries;

- Сreation of additional jobs;

- conducting full-scale sociological and marketing research to create the necessary tourist product.

The refusal of tourist firms from entrepreneurship in the field of inbound tourism is due to the lack of necessary financial resources and appropriate infrastructure.

In Uzbekistan, the problems hindering the development of international tourism include the lack of a wide range of animation activities. For their creation it is necessary to train specialists abroad, due to lack of experience in this field.

Uzbekistan is rich in tourist and recreational resources, especially the presence of a huge cultural heritage. This base creates conditions for the smooth development of inbound tourism.

In Uzbekistan, tourism is a developing industry, and the impact of the tourism industry on the country's economy is still insignificant. Underdeveloped tourism infrastructure, poor quality of service, currently our country accounts for less than 1% of the world's tourist flow.

The indicator of tourist mobility of the population of Uzbekistan is one of the lowest in the world. The vast majority of travel agencies prefer to engage in the direction of their compatriots abroad, and only a few firms work to attract tourists to Uzbekistan. And mostly tourists visit Almaty and Astana.

Tourism is a private industry, not mobilizing foreign exchange earnings to the Republic, but on the contrary, the channel leakage currencies in substantial amounts. Perhaps the avalanche of holiday offers abroad was in demand in Uzbekistan because there our tourists were offered at reasonable prices a higher quality service. Often there is a situation when abroad to relax for domestic tourists is cheaper than in the country..

Analyzing the state of tourism in Uzbekistan at the present stage, it is necessary first of all to note the positive dynamics of its development. Despite minor adjustments made by the global economic crisis, the growth rate of tourism in Uzbekistan continues to show positive dynamics.

It should be noted that the rate of development of outbound tourism is more dynamic than domestic and inbound. This is due to the rising standard of living of the population of our country and the lack of competitive tourist offers within the country, which would combine price and quality indicators.

Inbound and domestic tourism are the most profitable for the state, as their development is the influx of money into the country, thereby replenishing its budget.

Thus, stating the facts of the state of tourism At the present stage it should be noted the need to pay special attention to the development of domestic and inbound tourism

2.2 Analysis of infrastructure problems

Tourist infrastructure is a complex of existing facilities and networks of industrial, social and recreational purposes, designed for the functioning of the tourism sector. Tourism infrastructure is an integral part of the tourism industry, which is divided into two elements

The first element is the hospitality industry, which should include companies providing accommodation and catering services. The second element of the tourism industry is the infrastructure component, which is a three-tier system.

The first level of tourism infrastructure is represented by the production infrastructure - a complex of existing facilities, buildings, transport networks, systems that are not directly related to the production of tourism products (in contrast to the structures of the next two levels), but necessary for the provision of tourist services - transport, communications, energy, utilities, Finance, insurance, security.

The second and third levels of tourism infrastructure are formed by enterprises and organizations directly involved in tourism activities and the formation of tourism products. The second level includes those structures that can exist without tourists, but whose activities are expanding when they are in the places of stay of tourists. These are car rental companies, taxi parks, cafes and restaurants, sports clubs, museums, theaters and cinemas, exhibition halls, circuses, zoos, casinos, etc.

As part of the infrastructure of the country, tourism infrastructure performs a number of important functions. These include providing, integration and regulatory functions.

Providing the function of tourist infrastructure - creating the necessary conditions for the organization of tourist services; integration - organization and maintenance of relations between enterprises of the industry, the formation of territorial tourist and recreational complexes.

The most important is the regulatory function of tourism infrastructure in the economy: the creation of new jobs, the impact on consumer demand, the development of industries that produce consumer goods, promoting the growth of tax revenues to budgets of different levels.

Tourism infrastructure has a direct and indirect impact on the economy of the state. Direct impact - raising funds from services to travel companies, material support for tourism workers and the creation of new jobs, the growth of tax revenues. The indirect impact is the multiplier effect of inter-sector interaction. The multiplier effect will be greater the greater the share of income spent within the region.

According to the Agency of the Republic of U statistics, in 2018 on the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan there were 1897 tourist objects, including: hotels, hostels and other accommodation facilities - 914, and the number of tourist organizations reaches 983.

Revenues from the operation of tourist accommodation facilities in the Republic amounted to in 2008, 51.670,1 million soums, the volume of services rendered by these enterprises amounted to 44.628,1 million soums, including hotels with restaurants, 36.016,1 million soums, hotels and restaurants - 75.11,8 million sum, youth hostels and mountain huts - 50 million soums, camping grounds, motels, including Parking for RVS and trailers, and 2.5 million soums.

According to the Agency of the Republic of Uzbekistan according to statistics, in 2015 378.95,2 million sum allocated to investments in new fixed assets of tourism destinations in 2016 - 380.94,3 million sum, and in 2018, 452.53,7 million soums. This demonstrates the positive trends of attracting investments in the tourism sector, however, measures are clearly insufficient for the development of infrastructure and stimulating investment in the tourism industry. The analysis of tourist activity showed that tourists coming from abroad to the cities of Samarkand, Tashkent, Bukhara,as well as to Khiva, have not only a cognitive nature but also business purposes of the visit (business tourism) and prefer to stay in hotels that provide quality service and a full range of services. It is from business tourism will depend on the further development of the network of hotels of international level in major cities - business centers of the country.

However, the material base of accommodation facilities, including hotels, houses and recreation centers, as well as health resorts, is characterized by a high degree of moral and physical deterioration. Most of the fixed assets of the hotel industry of the Republic of Uzbekistan was put into operation in the Soviet period.

The development of tourism is greatly influenced by the transport infrastructure. Transport is a link between the individual elements of the tourism industry and contributes to its rapid development. Transport infrastructure serves not only to provide communication between tourist centers. It can also be used in everyday life by ordinary citizens without tourist purposes.

Infrastructure indicators:

Airports - 12

Train station - 17

Bus stations - 43

Seaport - 0

Most tourists prefer in terms of service and reliability of the services of foreign carriers, which entails a decrease in passenger traffic on flights operated by domestic carriers. In addition, the high cost of air tickets increases the cost of the tourist product of Uzbekistan and, accordingly, reduces its competitiveness in the international market.

Currently, Uzbekistan has airports that have access to international air transport in the cities of Tashkent, Samarkand, Bukhara,Khiva(in the cities of large concentrations of tourists)

Taking into account that most of the trips are made using air transport, it is necessary to update the fleet, expand the geography of passenger air transportation, determine a balanced price and tariff policy in order to increase the tourist flow, improve the quality of service. In recent years, rail transport is a popular means of transportation for the main part of the population of the Republic due to more affordable ticket prices.

The activities of the airline "Havo Yullari" in the field of domestic airlines and regional airlines have significantly expanded.

In order to improve the level of passenger service on the railway transport, a number of measures are provided: the project of technological process of creating lunch boxes for passengers in passenger trains both in the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan and in the territory of the Russian Federation is being considered..

However, the level of service in the trains of the joint-stock company "Passenger transportation" does not meet international standards. High wear and long terms of use of a significant share of the car fleet, the need for its replacement or reconstruction are due to the fact that passenger transportation is unprofitable, their subsidies are carried out at the expense of the state budget.

Currently, there is a specialized tourist train "Pearl of the silk Road", which runs through the territory of Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan and others

Road transport is used for the organization of shop tourism in the border States and in sightseeing routes. However, its development depends entirely on the condition of the roads and the availability of proper maintenance of tourist vehicles. The bus fleet of the Republic is in good condition, has a small number of comfortable buses, which provides comfortable transportation of tourists from point A to point B.

The state of infrastructure at the present stage of tourism development in Uzbekistan can be assessed as satisfactory. There are the main elements of transport, communication infrastructure, accommodation facilities. But the existing infrastructure is not able to ensure the further development of tourism. The level of infrastructure development indicates the level of tourism development in General. Therefore, it is necessary to pay considerable attention to the development of infrastructure as an integrated basis of the tourism industry.



3. Recommendations for improving tourism

3.1 Proposals for the development of infrastructure

According to some authors, infrastructure is a set of different service industries and activities to ensure material production and the necessary standard of living. According to another understanding, infrastructure means a set of objects and engineering structures to ensure the effective functioning of enterprises in the sphere of material production, life within a particular territory. In other cases, experts propose to consider the infrastructure as part of the material and technical base, providing General conditions for the development of economic and social processes.

It should be noted that, despite the different interpretations of the concept of "infrastructure", all the authors, without exception, try to characterize through this category, consciously created by man the General conditions for the effective flow of production processes. Generalizing different opinions, it is possible to define infrastructure object (or object of infrastructure) as the integral functioning object which activity creates the General conditions of production and social development.

It seems that the infrastructure of the tourism industry should be understood as a system of material objects and activities to provide tourist services to the population, contributing to the promotion of health and working capacity.

Tourism in the Republic of Uzbekistan is a priority for the development of the non-resource sector of the economy. The main goal of tourism development in the U is to create a modern highly efficient and competitive tourist complex, on the basis of which conditions will be provided for the development of the industry as a sector of the economy, integration into the system of the world tourism market and the development of further international cooperation in the field of tourism.

Given that Uzbekistan has a unique natural potential, the country has all the opportunities for the development of various types of tourism: cultural and educational, environmental, extreme, business, recreational and others. As noted by international experts in the field of tourism, the state of development of the tourism industry in Uzbekistan in recent years is characterized by its progressive and sustainable development. Abroad, Uzbekistan is beginning to be considered as one of the most stable countries with unique tourist opportunities.

The tourist infrastructure of Uzbekistan at the present stage of tourism development is at the stage of rapid growth. But this rapid rise in the service sector of tourism will meet the needs of tourists only in the near future, while at present, the existing infrastructure does not meet all the needs of both domestic and foreign tourists.

The development of tourism infrastructure is an integrated approach to meeting the demand for both strategic facilities for the life support of tourists and individual luxury facilities that create the added value of tourist services.

The solution of infrastructure problems, such as: transport, engineering, reliable power supply, construction of treatment facilities, construction of new hotels, sanatoriums and boarding houses, sports facilities, the formation of modern beaches is large-scale, requiring significant amounts of funding.(1)

It is necessary to unite the efforts of the state and business structures in order to improve the efficiency of the implementation of the planned tasks in the programs and the adoption of measures to activate public-private partnership in the form of concessions, contracts, outsourcing, etc. However, public-private partnership in the form of concessions is constrained by the fact that the law does not provide for the procedure for ensuring the obligations of the state to the concessionaire, which means the lack of guarantees for the protection of their financial investments. This makes it risky to use concession agreements for private business. (1)

As part of the promotion of public-private partnership, the use of outsourcing to achieve the goals of the programs should be expanded, which allows the public customer to focus on the key functions of managing the target program, more effectively monitor the progress of its implementation. In addition, a specialized company, having the necessary qualifications in the performance of the transferred functions, can greatly improve the quality of their performance

In the development of regional tourism infrastructure should be present the principle of gradual development of tourism infrastructure on the basis of public-private partnership in the use of state and municipal property. It involves the development of programs for the development of tourism infrastructure; the allocation of priority areas of construction and reconstruction of the tourist industry; the development of routes that have the highest attractiveness for the population in the future; providing information to the population about the plans for the development of the tourism industry.

Approaches to the construction of these regional programs are based on the principle of coordination of tasks for the development of the infrastructure potential of the region and tourism development programs in the region. The proposed approach will make it possible to improve the quality of life of the population in the country more effectively and in a shorter period of time and to create regional programs of organized mass recreation [34].

The development of tourism infrastructure in conditions of weak material and technical base is almost impossible without the implementation of measures to attract foreign investment. Due to the fact that tourism is a capital-intensive industry, investment funds are needed to create a highly developed tourist economy. Some developing countries are addressing this problem by resorting to foreign capital services. In order for the development of tourism with foreign investment to have a positive impact on the economy of the region (country), it is desirable to build and operate tourist facilities in direct contact with local authorities.(8)

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