Physical fitness of children from 10 to 15 years who are engaged in Kyokushin karate

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Lesya Ukrainka Eastern European National University

Kyiv National Economic University named after Vadym Hetman

Physical fitness of children from 10 to 15 years who are engaged in Kyokushin karate

Svitlana Kalytka, Ph. D. in Physical Education and Sports, Associate Professor in the Department of Theory of Physical Education, Fitness and Recreation

Ninel Matskevych, Ph. D. in Physical Education and Sports, Associate Professor in the Department of Sports-mass and Tourist Work

Valeriy Kuznyetsov, Lecturer in the Department of Physical Education

Anastasiya Povyetkina, Lecturer in the Department of Physical Education

Vasyl Shevchuk Kyokushinkaikan Karate Ukrainian Federation

Lutsk, Ukraine

Kyiv, Ukraine

Abstract

The relevance of the study is caused by the lack of data in content and organization of training process in Kyokushin Karate and impact on the physical fitness of children 10-15 years old. Purpose: to determine the effect of Kyokushin Karate on the physical fitness of children aged 10-15 years. Methods: analysis and synthesis of scientific and technical literature; summarizing advanced practices of training children karate; pedagogic observation of a training activities and pedagogical experiment; examination tests; methods of mathematical statistics. We have found that practicing Kyokushin Karate has a significant impact on the development of all the physical qualities of children 10-15 years. Training karate youngsters in macrocycle includes the development and improvement of all aspects of general and special training and meets the principles of sports training. The obtained data show that children who are involved in Kyokushin Karate have high-speed movements for applying powerful strikes by their arms and legs. This is achieved by special training, which includes a large variety of exercises using different kinds of equipment: med balls, rubber loops, dumbbells, skipping ropes, boxing paws, pads and others. Conclusions: it was determined that the level of physical fitness of children 10-15 years who are engaged in Kyokushin Karate for the year is reliably increasing, especially in the performance strength (p <0,01), endurance (p <0,01), dexterity (p <0,01 ) and velocity (p <0,01), which is caused by a corresponding amount of the training sessions with the complex challenges; set probable kick speed increase by the right hand in the 11-13 years old children (p<0,05), by the left hand in the 14-15 years old children (p<0,05), by the right foot in all age groups (p <0,01) and left foot in 11-13 (p<0,01) and 14-15 (p<0,05) years old children, which indicates a high level of special preparedness of children 10-15 years old who are engaged in Kyokushin karate.

Key words: Kyokushin Karate, physical preparedness, children of 10-15 years old, physical fitness equipment, physical qualities.

Світлана Калитка, Нінель Мацкевич, Валерій Кузнєцов, Анастасія Повєткіна, Василь Шевчук. Фізична підготовленість дітей 10-15 років, які займаються Кіокушин-карате. Актуальність дослідження зумовлена відсутністю даних про зміст та побудову тренувального процесу в Кіокушин-карате й впливу на фізичну підготовленість дітей 10-15 років. Мета -- визначити вплив Кіокушин-карате на фізичну підготовленість дітей віком 10-15 років. Методи -- аналіз й узагальнення науково-методичної літератури; узагальнення передового практичного досвіду підготовки дітей-каратистів; педагогічні спостереження за тренувальною діяльністю та педагогічний експеримент; контрольні тести; методи математичної статистики. Нами встановлено, що заняття Кіокушин-карате має значний вплив на розвиток усіх фізичних якостей дітей 10-15 років. Підготовка юних каратистів у макроциклі включає розвиток та вдосконалення всіх сторін загальної й спеціальної підготовленості та відповідає всім принципам спортивного тренування. Отриманні дані показують, що діти, які займаються Кіокушин-карате, володіють високою швидкістю рухів для нанесення потужних ударів руками й ногами. Усе це досягається спеціальною підготовкою, яка включає велику кількість різноманітних вправ із застосуванням різних предметів: метболи, резинові петлі, гирі, скакалки, лапи, пади та ін. Висновки. Визначено, що рівень фізичної підготовленості дітей 10-15 років, які займаються Кіокушин-карате, протягом року вірогідно зростає, особливо за показниками сили (p<0,01), витривалості (p<0,01), спритності (p<0,01) та швидкості (p<0,01), що зумовлено відповідним тренувальним обсягом занять із комплексним виконанням завдань; установлено вірогідний приріст швидкості ударів правою рукою в дітей 11-13 років (p<0,05), лівою рукою - у дітей 14-15 років (p<0,05), правою ногою - у всіх вікових груп (p<0,01) і лівою ногою - у дітей 11-13 років (p<0,01) та 14-15 років (p<0,05), що свідчить про високий рівень спеціальної підготовленості дітей 10-15 років, які займаються Кіокушин-карате.

Ключові слова: Кіокушин-карате, фізична підготовленість, діти 10-15 років, засоби фізичної підготовки, фізичні якості.

Светлана Калитка, Нинель Мацкевич, Валерий Кузнецов, Анастасия Поветкина, Василий Шевчук. Физическая подготовленность детей 10-15 лет, которые занимаются Киокушин-каратэ. Актуальность исследования обусловлена отсутствием данных о содержании и построении тренировочного процесса в Киокушин-каратэ и влиянии на физическую подготовленность детей 10-15 лет. Цель -- определить влияние Киокушин-каратэ на физическую подготовленность детей 10-15 лет. Методы -- анализ и обобщение научнометодической литературы; обобщение передового практического опыта подготовки детей-каратистов; педагогические наблюдения за тренировочной деятельностью и педагогический эксперимент; контрольные тесты; методы математической статистики. Нами установлено, что занятия Киокушин-каратэ имеет значительное влияние на развитие всех физических качеств детей 10-15 лет. Подготовка юных каратистов в макроцикле включает развитие и совершенствование всех сторон общей и специальной подготовленности, а также соответствует всем принципам спортивной тренировки. Полученные данные показывают, что дети, которые занимаются Киокушин-каратэ, обладают высокой скоростью движений для нанесения мощных ударов руками и ногами. Все это достигается специальной подготовкой, которая включает большое количество разнообразных упражнений с применением разных предметов (метболы, резиновые петли, гири, скакалки, лапы, пады и др.). Выводы. Определено, что уровень физической подготовленности детей 10-15 лет, которые занимаются Киокушин-каратэ, в течение года достоверно возрастает, особенно по показателям силы (p <0,01), выносливости (p <0,01), ловкости (p <0,01) и скорости (p <0,01), что обусловлено соответствующим тренировочным объемом занятий с комплексным решением задач; установлено вероятный прирост скорости ударов правой рукой у детей 11-13 лет (р <0,05), левой рукой - у детей 14-15 лет (р <0,05), правой ногой - во всех возрастных групп (р <0,01) и левой ногой - у детей 11-13 лет (р <0,01) и 14-15 лет (р <0,05), что свидетельствует о высоком уровне специальной подготовленности детей 10-15 лет, которые занимаются Киокушин-каратэ.

Ключевые слова: Киокушин-каратэ, физическая подготовленность, дети 10-15 лет, средства физической подготовки, физические качества.

Introduction

Karate origins are dated more than two thousand years ago. Indian monk Dharma, who fled from persecution to China, being in the monastery of Shao Lin taught his students with he of physical training in order to deve the ability to endure and deve physical. He has developed that harsh discrne to the part of his religion. These methods of physical training was aimed to further devement and improvement of the individual, and at the same time were known as the Shao Lin art of combat (fighting). Thanks to its efficiency this art was required by the monks of the monastery for protection from armed attacks of the nomads. Without weapons, Shao Lin monks found a way to protect themselves and the monastery, studying and the art of unarmed combat, inherited from Dharma. Subsequently, the fight spread across ancient China and the entire East. Natives of Shao Lin, settling in new places, have formed their own schools, improving their skills, which migrated to the island of Okinawa, where they have mixed with native types of struggle and have strengthened as a result of application. Kagoshyma Lord, who had the possession on the south of island Kiushu in has banned using a weapon on pain of death, so big ^surge of fighting techniques were okinavate («Okinawa hand») [1; 4; 7; 8]. Gradually, okinavate became the for only samurai and noble dynasties that preserve the secrets of that martial art, passing their knowledge inherited - from generation to generation. That martial art was first shown to р^Нс in 1922 by a master from Okinawa Funakoshi Gichin. His struggle he called Karate («empty hand»). Karate style Kyokushinkai - athletic, power, dynamic, active and aggressive. Its tools are arsenal of rational and the most effective techniques. Kyokushin Karate deves physical qualities, promotes health, and affects the deve^ment of volitional and moral qualities. Literature analysis shows that the questions of physical fitness of children and adolescents are not enough covered. There are a small number of works that focus on the history of Kyokushin Karate [2; 3], general information about the devement of physical qualities [4; 6] and psychological training. We have not found works that focus on physical preparation, including children aged 10-15 years who are engaged in Kyokushin Karate, that is why current direction of our research is topical.

The aim of the study - to determine the effect of Kyokushin Karate on the physical fitness of children aged 10-15 years.

Materials and Methods of Research. To achieve the objectives the following methods were used: analysis and synthesis of scientific and technical literature; summarizing advanced practices of training children karate; pedagogical observation of a training activities and pedagogical experiment; examination tests; methods of mathematical statistics.

The research involved children aged 10-15 years who are engaged in kyokushin karate for 2-3 years. To assess the various aspects of physical fitness of children the following tests were used: the speed - running 30 meters and 100 meters, number of strikes with the left and right hand for 15 seconds, and right and left foot; the strength - hands flexion - extension in the emphasis lying and pulling up on a crossbeam; the agility - shuttle run 4 to 9 meters; the endurance - the 800 meters distance running.

Research results

Discussion. During the preparation of young karatekas, we follow all the principles and methods of training, which provide the best training and result. The annual cycle of training consists of three macrocycles. During the year the team participates in many tournaments and championships. However, there are two major ones: Volyn region Open Championship and Championship of Ukraine. We approach to the preparation and performance in these tournaments respecting existing laws incipience sports skills including karatekas' physical abilities [5].

The preparation during the macrocycles and participation in the competition last about 3-4 months and includes 4 mesocycles: initial, base, pre-competitive and competitive. Each mesocycle consists of 3-4 microcycles that enable us to best approach the preparation of karatek.

Initial mesocycle lasts from 2 to 3 weeks. It is aimed to prepare the karatekas body to large loads. Most often these are training sessions at low and medium loads. However, 1-2 sessions with large loads are planned. Training session consists of three parts: 1 - warm-up (running, general developmental exercises, special exercises, simulation «kumite»), 2 - technical part (kata, kihon, idoheyko), 3 - special physical training (mainly special exercises aimed to develop an explosive and static strength, endurance, flexibility and other physical properties). One example of such classes is training according to the system Krosfit, which focuses on the development of explosive strength, the most important quality for kyokushin karate. It is a program of strength exercise which consists of constantly changing functional exercises of high intensity. The complex proposed by us consists of ten exercises, each of which runs 20 seconds. Total one approach time lasts 3 minutes 20 seconds, which in its turn simulates the fight on the mat (a fight on the mat for children lasts 2 minutes plus 1 extra minute), after that a rest for 1 minute is taken. Athletes perform three of such approaches. Base and pre-competitive mesocycles take 2 months and are the most important in karatekas preparation. The proposed system, which called «Budo» in karatekas preparation process, includes achievements of battle tactics and strategy, learning and improvement of strikes, combinations: move, attack tactics, tactics of defense, counterattack, working punches, combinations working, and opponent evaluation. Competitive mesocycle envisage participation in competitions. Often in this cycle karatekas participate in 2-3 tournaments.

Therefore, the preparation of young karatekas in the macrocycle includes the development and improvement of all aspects of general and special training and meets the principles of sports training.

The data in Table 1 indicate that the rate of speed (running 30 meters) during the year has reliably increased (p <0, 01). Also the performance results of running speed of 100 meters distance among children 11-13 years old (p <0,01) have increased. However, among children aged 14-15 years a slight increase in speed endurance can be found, which may be the termination of sensitive periods of speed development. We have found a credible increase of explosive strength and speed endurance resulting from the use of large quantities of jumping exercises.

Table 1 Karatekas Speed Performance Among 10-15 Years Old

Table 2 Indicators of Strength Abilities Among 10-15 Years Karatekas

We have found the probable increase of endurance among children of all age groups (p <0,01), as indicated by the the results of running at 800 meters distance (table 3). About the level of agility we judged by the test «4 to 9 meters shuttle run», which are likely to have improved (p <0,01) among young karatekas. Therefore, kyokushin karate has a great influence on the development of coordination and stamina among involved children.

Table 3 Indicators of Endurance and Coordination Among 10-15 Years Karatekas