Selection of 7-10 years old children of different types of constitution in sport swimming, taking into account their psychological and physiological features

Response time (RT) in earlier age (7 years) is minimal in boys of the asthenoid type of constitution, maximal in boys of the muscular type of constitution. At the age of 8, the smallest RT is recorded in boys of the digestive type, the largest RT - boys of the digestive type of constitution. At the age of 9, the best results were found in boys of the thoracic type, the worst - boys of the digestive type of constitution. At 10, the shortest response time was found in boys of the muscular type, the largest - boys of the asthenoid type of the constitution.

The number of touches (TN) is the smallest in 7-year-old schoolchildren of the muscular type, the largest in the boys of the digestive type of constitution. At 8 years, this indicator is the best value for boys of the digestive type and the worst is for the asthenoid type of constitution. At the age of 9, the number of touches, on the contrary, the digestive type is worse, and boys of the asthenoid and thoracic type is better. By the age of 10 the best results in this test were demonstrated by children of the muscular type, the worst - boys of the digestive type of constitution.

The effective time in 7 years is minimal in boys of muscular type and maximal in boys of the thoracic type of constitution. In 8 years, the effective time, on the other hand, is minimal in the thoracic type, while the digestive type of the constitution has the maximum one. In 10 years, this indicator is minimal in boys of the thoracic type, and is maximal in boys of the digestive type of constitution.

CFFF (the critical fusion frequency of flickering) in all age groups is higher for boys of the digestive type of constitution. The lowest values of this indicator have 7 and 9 years old boys of the astenoid type, 8 years old boys of the thoracic and 10 years old boys of the muscular type of the constitution.

Maximal number of hits had 7 years old boys of muscular type and minimal - boys of the astenoid type of constitution.

8 years old boys of the digestive type had the greatest number of hits and significantly less - boys of asthenoid and muscular types of constitution. At the age of 9, the number of hits is higher in boys of the thoracic and minimal in children of muscle types of the constitution. 10 years old boys of thoracic type of constitution had maximal number of hits and minimal - boys of the digestive type of constitution.

The number of omissions in the group of 7 years old boys of asthenoid type was minimal and maximal - in boys of the muscular and digestive type of constitution. At the age of 8, the number of passes was minimal in the muscular type and maximal - in boys of the digestive type of constitution. At the age of 9, the indicator was minimal in the thoracic and maximal in the asthenoid type of the constitution. At the age of 10, the number of omission was maximal in boys of asthenoid and minimal in boys of the muscular type of constitution.

The reaction of lead in 7 years old boys of asthenoid type of constitution is minimal and maximal - in boys of the muscular type of constitution. At the age of 8 the reaction of lead was smaller in boys of the asthenoid type and significant in boys of the thoracic type of constitution. At the age of 9 and 10, the lead response is minimal in children of digestive and maximal in boys of the muscular type of constitution. Discussion of the Results. Information in terms of general patterns and directions of development of psychological and physiological functions of 7-10 years old boys is presented in table 2.

Table 2

Development of Psychological and Physiological Functions in 7-10 Years old Boys of Different Types of Constitution

J-- moderate function decrease; JJ -- marked function decrease; -- -- constancy of functions; T--moderate function increase; TT -- pronouncedfunction increase; H - initial state;

J --the best in terms of this indicator to the age of 10.

The obtained results allow us to conclude the following issues:

1) development of child psychological and physiological functions has a pronounced heterochronic character;

2) the heterochronicity of the formation of the psychological and physiological functions of the central nervous system is substantially interrelated with the type of the child's constitution.

The general principle of child development of any type of constitution is a gradual, steady decline in the inhibitory force of the central nervous system. Mostly, this process is expressed in children of the muscular type of the constitution, in which there are 2 qualitative «leaps» in the improvement of the BP index (8 and 10 years old). The balance of the inhibition and excitation processes at the age of 10 is maximal in boys of digestive and thoracic types, and minimal in the muscular type of the constitution.

The development of coordination of movements, according to the data of PE in boys of the thoracic, muscular, digestive types of the constitution has wavy character. For the thoracic and digestive types, there is a marked improvement in the coordination of movements in 8 years old boys and stabilization of this indicator in 9-10 years old boys. Children of muscular type of constitution have improved coordination of movements only by the age of 10. A stable improvement of this indicator throughout the entire period of child development was revealed only in boys of the asthenoid type of the constitution.

The development of the ability to concentrate attention also has wavy-like dynamics in most constitutional types. This is typical for the asthenoid, muscular, digestive types of constitution. In boys of the thoracic type of constitution, the ability and concentration of attention with age steadily increases, which makes possible to consider this type of constitution to be the best among the rest.

Consistency, which is typical for all types of the constitution, is a decrease in the lability of the visual analyzer. This process is mostly pronounced in boys of the digestive type of constitution. However, children with this type of constitution have a very high lability in the visual analyzer at a young age (7 years). Therefore, despite the age-related decline, this indicator by the age of 10 in boys of the digestive type of constitution is higher than in the rest of the constitutional types.

Accuracy of movements according to the number of hits with age increases, this process is most pronounced in boys of the thoracic type of constitution, in which the accuracy of movements sharply increases at the age of 9 and 10.

Thus, for the totality of the studied psycho-physiological indicators, the thoracic type of constitution is the most favorable for sports selection for swimming in boys at the age of 10. This type of constitution is characterized by high ability and concentration of attention, increased accuracy of movements, balanced excitatory and inhibitory processes of the central nervous system.

Somewhat less favorable is the muscular type of constitution, which, however, by the age of 10 has a high strength of excitation processes. Marginal types - asthenoid and digestive are less favorable for achieving high sports results. However, asthenoid-type boys can successfully engage in those sports that require a high level of coordination abilities, precise coordination of small motor acts. Digestive type of the constitution at the age of 7-10 is characterized by high lability of the visual analyzer, which is also useful for some sports activities.

Conclusions

Thus, the conducted research allows us to conclude that it is advisable to test the psychological and physiological indicators of children taking into account their type of constitution.

The algorithm of the sports selection procedure should include the following issues:

1) determination of the children type of the constitution. Analysis of the initial level («sufficiency») of psychological and physiological functions;

2) an analysis of the annual dynamics of indicators characterizing the processes of excitation and inhibition of the central nervous system, coordination of movements, concentration of attention;

3) the implementation of an operational correction of the training process on the parameters of psychological and physiological functions that have unsatisfactory dynamics in a particular type of constitution.

Sources and Literature

Штефко В. Г., Островский А. Д. Схемы клинической диагностики конституциональных типов. Москва; Ленинград: Гос. мед. изд-во, 1929. 79 с.

Shtefko, V. H. & Ostrovskyi, A. D. (1929). Skhemy klinicheskoi diahnostikyi konstitutsyonalnykh tipov [Diagrams of clinical diagnostics of constitutional types]. M., L., Hos. medits. izd-vo, 79.

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