Development of non-Olympic sports in Left-Bank Ukraine

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Department of Humanities Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture

Development of non-Olympic sports in Left-Bank Ukraine

Orlenko Olena Mykhailivna,

Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor

Saltan Natalia Mykolayivna,

Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor

The purpose of the article is to analyze key trends in the development of non-Olympic sports and the conditions of its existence, as well as identify the causal links between the field of physical culture and sports and the socialization of the individual. The methods are general scientific methods of logic (analysis, synthesis, etc.). The comparative method is used for the development of Olympic and non-Olympic sports; chronological: for the establishment of stages of development. As a results of the research it is established that the main stages of development were associated with political transformations: the first was from the end of the XIX century to 1917 (pre-revolutionary), the second was from 1921 to 1991 (Soviet) and the third has been from 1991 to the present (Ukrainian). At the beginning of the twentieth century, the inhabitants of the Left-Bank Ukraine were engaged in tiny towns, weightlifting (at that time it was not shared with weightlifting), motorsports, chess, checkers, acrobatics and horse racing. In Soviet times, the development of all sports was subordinated to the state interests, so increased attention was paid to military-technical sports, as well as mental sports. The state encouraged citizens to engage in Olympic and non-Olympic sports. Material and technical conditions were created for the development of numerous sports. A system of teaching staff training was also established. Nowadays, gymnastics (shaping, stretching), sports aimed at strength use of muscle mass (bodybuilding, powerlifting), dance sports (cheerleading, acrobatic rock'n'roll) are successfully developing, extreme sports (underwater sports, skateboarding), national sports (fighting hopak, various types of karate) as well. The influence of physical culture and sports on socialization and sociocultural development of a person is analyzed. It has been proved that sports helped to improve the health of citizens, which was strongly encouraged by the authorities. The sports movement, from the first years of the establishment of Bolshevik rule, acted as a way to the emancipation of women. Involving low-mobile categories of citizens in sports practices helped them to overcome social alienation. In addition, this type of physical activity was a substitute for socially unacceptable forms of behavior. Conclusions. Thus, we can conclude that the process of formation and development of nonOlympic sports took place in three stages and sports practices contributed to the socialization of the individual.

Key words: periodization of development, state policy, physical education, militarization, socialization of personality.

РОЗВИТОК НЕОЛІМПІЙСЬКИХ ВИДІВ СПОРТУ НА ЛІВОБЕРЕЖНІЙ УКРАЇНІ

Орленко Олена Михайлівна,

кандидат історичних наук, доцент

Салтан Наталія Миколаївна,

кандидат історичних наук, доцент

кафедри гуманітарних наук Харківської державної академії фізичної культури

Метою статті є аналіз ключових тенденцій розвитку неолімпійських видів спорту та умов їх існування, а також виявлення причинно-наслідкових зв'язків між сферою фізичної культури і спорту та соціалізацією особистості. Методами дослідження виступають загальнонаукові методи логіки (аналіз, синтез тощо). Компаративний метод було застосовано для порівняння розвитку олімпійських та неолімпійських видів спорту; хронологічний - для з'ясування етапів їх розвитку. За результатами дослідження встановлено, що основні етапи розвитку були пов'язані з політичними трансформаціями: перший - із кінця XIX ст. до 1917 р. (дореволюційний), другий - із 1921 р. до 1991 р. (радянський), третій - із 1991 р. до наших часів (український). На початку ХХ ст. жителі Лівобережної України у невеликих містах займалися важкою атлетикою, автоспортом, шахами, шашками, акробатикою та скачками. У радянські часи розвиток усього спорту підпорядковувався державним інтересам, тому посиленою була увага до військово-технічних видів спорту, а також дисциплін розумового спрямування. Держава всіляко заохочувала громадян до занять олімпійськими та неолімпійськими видами спорту. Було створено матеріально-технічні умови для розвитку численних видів спорту. Також було налагоджено систему підготовки тренерсько-викладацького складу. Наразі успішно розвиваються гімнастика (шейпінг, розтяжка), види спорту, спрямовані на силове використання м'язової маси (боді-білдинг, пауерліфтинг), танцювальні види спорту (чірлідінг, акробатичний рок-н-рол), екстремальні види спорту (підводний спорт, скейтбординг), національні види спорту (бойовий гопак, різні види карате). У статті проаналізовано вплив фізичної культури і спорту на соціалізацію та соціокультурний розвиток особистості. Доведено, що заняття спортом сприяють поліпшенню стану здоров'я громадян, що всіляко заохочується владою. Спортивний рух, починаючи з перших років встановлення більшовицької влади, був шляхом до емансипації жіноцтва. Залучення маломобільних категорій громадян до спортивних практик допомагало їм подолати соціальну відчуженість. До того ж така фізична активність виступала замінником соціально неприйнятних форм поведінки. Отже, можна зробити висновок, що процес становлення та розвитку неолімпійських видів спорту відбувався у три етапи, спортивні практики сприяли соціалізації особистості.

Ключові слова: періодизація розвитку, державна політика, фізичне виховання, мілітаризація, соціалізація особистості.

non olympic sport

Introduction

Historical science covers a wide range of research interests. The field of sports is one of the least studied topics in national history, due to the interdisciplinary status of the problem. Traditionally, the history of physical culture and sports was considered within the history of pedagogy, which contributed to the insufficient study of such aspects of the problem as analysis of public policy to motivate citizens and create conditions for classes, the impact of sports activities on socialization, development of sports as leisure culture.

The purpose of the study is to analyze the main directions of development of non-Olympic sports, state policy as for sports, to investigate the relationship between the formation and development of various sports and the socialization of the individual.

Analysis of sources and publications. The analysis of sports research convincingly shows the lack of attention to the study of the history of physical culture and sports. It should be noted that scholars have paid much more attention to the study of the history of Olympic sports than non-Olympic ones. Among modern researches it is necessary to allocate monographs of Yu.O. Tymoshenko and M.O. Oliynyk, Yu.I. Grot, which reveal the process of development of the sports sphere at the national and regional levels (Oleynyk, 2002; Tymoshenko, 2014). The history of the formation of non-Olympic sports in Kharkiv region is investigated in the collective monograph “Organizational and managerial conditions for the development of non-Olympic sports in Slobozhanshchina” (Bondar, 2017).

The source base of the study consists of documents stored in the State Archives of Sumy, Kharkiv and Chernihiv regions, as well as in the Central State Archive of Public Associations of Ukraine. The archives contain resolutions of the Committee of Physical Culture and Sports of the USSR, documents of regional sports committees, statistical information on the development of various sports (acrobatics, mountaineering, water skiing, military sports, tiny towns, shooting, national sports, orienteering, sailing, buoyancy, windsurfing, fire and applied sports, rugby, handball, modern pentathlon, sport fishing, technical sports, field hockey, ball hockey, chess, checkers), results of various sports competitions, reports on the work of voluntary sports associations, etc.

Characteristics of the main periods of development

There are three clear stages in the development of various sports associated with political transformations: the first is from the end of the XIX century to 1917 (pre-revolutionary), the second is from 1921 to 1991 (Soviet) and the third is from 1991 to the present (Ukrainian).

The birth of sports took place in the second half of the XIX century during the existence of the Russian Empire as an entertainment show and commercial activity. Pioneers among non-Olympic sports in Kharkiv region include tiny towns, weightlifting (at that time it was not shared with weightlifting), motorsports, chess, checkers and acrobatics. Equestrian races, performances of weightlifters and wrestlers were popular. Starting as a commercial entertainment project, this type of physical activity gradually acquired the features of sports. Enthusiasts created sports clubs, held sports competitions, etc. It was the activity of enthusiastic athletes, and not the care of government agencies, contributed to the institutionalization of sports in the Russian Empire. At the same time, there was no clear advantage of Olympic sports over non-Olympic ones, as they were all in the process of formation.

In the pre-revolutionary Russian Empire, there was no state regulation of physical culture and sports, and athletes solved financial problems on their own. According to the memoirs of the former member of the Kharkiv Gymnastics Society VN. Biryukov, their society was financed in two ways. First, everyone paid membership fees in the amount of 1 ruble per month. Secondly, on Sundays paid gymnastic performances were held, supplemented by wrestling meetings and demonstration of exercises with the use of weightlifting shells. They also took place on the racetrack, in the circus, in parks and city gardens, outside the city. The public visited them with pleasure, which helped to replenish the society's cashbox (Oleynik, 2002: 7).

During the Soviet era, it was nationalized. The authorities, by involving the most able-bodied people in sports, implemented the ideas of socialism to the masses, linking sports with the promotion of a healthy lifestyle, preparation to the defense of their homeland and the struggle for socialist ideals. Modern Ukrainian history emphasizes the hypertrophied development of the military component of physical culture, especially in the 20s and 30s of the 20th century (Tymoshenko, 2014). This is also evidenced by the main tasks of regional sports organizations: strengthening and deploying sports activities in all teams and on this basis, further expansion of work on physical training of reserves for the Red Army; conducting systematic and regular sports work; training of new athletes, coaches, etc. (Derzhavnyi arkhiv Sumskoi oblasti, Od. zb. 3: 3). Specialists of the All-Union Voluntary Society for the Promotion of the Army, Aviation and Navy, known to the average citizen as DOSAAF, were engaged in military-applied and technical sports (aircraft, model aircraft, parachute, glider, automobile, motorcycle, radio sports, sea, ship modelling, car modelling). For example, Kharkov organization in 1968 consisted of 34 district and city committees of the 3 989 primary organizations and 1 000 099 members of society (Derzhavnyi arkhiv Kharkivskoi oblasti, Od. zb. 851: 35).

Since the middle of the twentieth century sport has been inextricably linked with politics. Great sport was used as a powerful ideological weapon in the confrontation of the two political systems. According to the plan of the Soviet leadership, the sports victories of Soviet athletes were to symbolize the superiority of the socialist system over the capitalist one. Among the non-Olympic sports, special attention was paid to such mental sports as chess and checkers. For example, according to statistical reports on physical culture and sports of Sumy region, such sections were the most numerous in 1976: 1 120 chess sections (18 720 people) and 1 012 checkers sections (17 401 people) and in 1984: 1 095 chess sections (25 292 people) and 1 148 sections of checkers (24 232 people) (Derzhavnyi arkhiv Sumskoi oblasti, Od. zb. 428: 3-4; Od. zb. 662: 2-3). The same trend was in Chernihiv region in 1976: 1 641 chess sections (29 523 people) and 1 625 checkers sections (30 003 people) and in 1984: 1 592 chess sections (29 795 people) and 1 610 sections. of checkers (30 106 people) (Derzhavnyi arkhiv Chernihivskoi oblasti, Od. zb. 181: 34-35; Od. zb. 489: 1-2).

During the existence of independent Ukraine, the sports sphere was formed as a separate social institution with all its inherent features, a significant expansion of the species diversity of non-Olympic sports. Thus, the statistical reports of the Chernihiv Regional Sports Committee contain information about 46 sports associations that coordinated the activities of representatives of various non-Olympic sports (Derzhavnyi arkhiv Chernihivskoi oblasti, Od. zb. 53: 78; Od. zb. 126: 12, 56).

The fall of the Iron Curtain and the legalization of sports professionalism in the post-Soviet period enabled the emergence and development of new non-Olympic sports. Nowadays, gymnastics (shaping, stretching, etc.), sports aimed at strength use of muscle mass (bodybuilding, powerlifting, etc.), dance sports (cheerleading, acrobatic rock'n'roll, etc.), extreme sports (underwater sports, skateboarding, etc.), national sports (fighting hopak, various karate, etc.) are successfully developing.

The Soviet government tried to involve as many people of all ages in sports as possible. Incentives to encourage were the availability of attendance, improvement of sports facilities and the creation of a system of training of teaching staff.

Analyzing the indicators that characterized the development of physical culture and sports in the Ukrainian SSR in 1965-1989, given by the chairman of the Committee on Physical Culture and Sports under the Council of Ministers of the Ukrainian SSR M.M. Baka, we can conclude the strengthening of sports facilities. Thus, the number of stadiums (with the number of seats for spectators of 1.5 thousand and more) increased by a third: from 642 in 1965 to 983 in 1989; the number of gyms increased 3 times: from 5 395 to 15 426; the number of swimming pools almost doubled: from 225 to 419; the number of structures with artificial ice increased 7 times: from 3 to 24; the number of shooting ranges increased almost 3 times: from 3 488 to 9 308 (Vatseba, 2008: 228).

A system of coaching and teaching staff training was established. The number of full-time employees in the field of physical culture and sports in the Ukrainian SSR doubled: from 32 986 people in 1965 to 65 923 in 1989. The level of training of these workers also increased qualitatively. Thus, the number of employees with higher physical education increased almost 4 times: from 11 008 people in 1965 to 43 129 people in 1989; and the number of sports workers with a degree (candidate of sciences, doctor of sciences) increased 10 times from 55 people in 1965 to 579 people in 1989 (Vatseba, 2008: 228). In the Left Bank of Ukraine, such specialists were trained by the faculties of physical education in pedagogical institutes, which were in each regional center, and specialized sports universities. The sports faculty of Kyiv State Institute of Physical Culture was opened in Kharkiv in 1979, on the basis of which Kharkiv State Institute of Physical Culture was opened in 1989, in 1979 - Dnipropetrovsk State Institute of Physical Culture.

Sports practices as a means of socialization of Ukrainians

It is in the sports sphere that the real intersection of human and state interests took place. The average citizen, if desired, could easily join physical education classes. First, in Soviet times, it did not require significant material costs because most sports clubs did not charge for attendance. Secondly, the network of sports sections and clubs was constantly expanding. Thirdly, sports training, especially in games, was fascinating itself - it was perceived by citizens as an interesting type of leisure.

Physical activity became one of the factors of improving the health of Ukrainian youth. In 1926, a report at the Second Scientific Conference on Physical Culture published data that the percentage of unfit for service in the Red Army was 50% lower among those conscripts who regularly engaged in physical culture (Visti VUTsVK, 1928). It should be noted that the main contingent of those who played sports were young people who were drafted into the ranks of the Soviet army.

Physical education and sports helped certain social groups to overcome social alienation. In Soviet times, the beginnings of the Paralympic sport appeared, which aimed to show that citizens with disabilities could also participate in such forms of physical activity as healthy people. For example, the mass enthusiasm for football and mini-football influenced the formation of teams of deaf-mute players.

The sports movement, from the first years of the establishment of Bolshevik power, acted as a way to the emancipation of women. The largest section, which operated in the city in the early 20's of the twentieth century - “Society of Physical Culture by Balabanova” numbered 430 people, a third of whom were women (Bondar, 2017: 25). In the future, only the number of women who played non-Olympic sports increased. The largest percentage of girls and women were among the visitors of such sports sections as acrobatics, tourism, chess and checkers. Agreeing with the opinion on the sports movement as a way to the emancipation of women, it should be noted that it did not acquire a mass form, yielding to the scale of professional education and social activities.

Physical culture and sports became a popular pastime among residents of towns and villages. This is evidenced by the increase in the number of people attending physical education sections. The sphere of sports preferences expanded. In the process of physical culture and sports, citizens acquired social values that were associated with character education, sports ethics and patriotism.

The positive consequences of physical culture and sports include the fact that they distracted citizens from marginal forms of activity. Sport became an area in which it was possible to show their leadership qualities, to release the aggression that was accumulated in the human soul in socially acceptable ways. All this contributed to the popularity of this area of leisure among young people and adolescents.

Although sport was not devoid of deviant forms of behavior (drunkenness, rude behavior of fans and athletes themselves), society did much to introduce the principles of sports ethics. As public figures, athletes formed the image of a person, which focused on hundreds of thousands of young people. Therefore, the cases of disqualification of athletes who violated the principles of “Fair Play” became indicative. This clearly indicated the unacceptable forms of behavior, created a behavioral model of the Soviet man.

Conclusions

Thus, three stages of development of non-Olympic sports related to political transformations are clearly traced. The origin of non-Olympic sports took place during the existence of the Russian Empire as an entertainment show and commercial activity, during the Soviet era they were nationalized. The development of all sports was subordinated to the state interests, so attention was paid to military-technical sports, as well as mental sports. During the existence of independent Ukraine there was a significant expansion of the species diversity of non-Olympic sports, the formation of the sports sphere as a separate social institution with all its inherent features. Systemic physical culture and sports have become one of the factors improving the health of the nation, increased the social mobility of women and citizens with disabilities, and helped to eradicate deviant behavior.

Further research should be aimed at the development of certain non-Olympic sports in the Left Bank of Ukraine both during the existence of the Ukrainian SSR and during the existence of independent Ukraine.

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