Pacing tactics in national level women’s 400 meters u18 female hurdlers

Choosing the strategy and tactics for sprinters in 400 m hurdles. Analysis of the effect of the rhythm of the step and the distribution of effort between the stages of the race on the result of runners. Optimization of the long-term training process.

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Pacing tactics in national level women's 400 meters u18 female hurdlers

Lingou E. Lingou E., graduate student Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (Greece), Panoutsakopoulos V. Panoutsakopoulos V., special teaching staff Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sport Science Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, PhD (Greece)

Introduction

Successful performance in the 400m hurdles race requires athletes with specific characteristics in terms of stature, running speed and endurance, strength, and coordination [3]. In a typical 400m hurdle race, the speed maximizes after clearing the second or third hurdle, namely at the 80-m or the 115-m mark from the start line of the race [1]. Afterwards, speed decreases progressively due to the high level of accumulated lactic acid in the athlete's body [2].

For the 400-m sprinters, an optimum pacing strategy is desirable to avoid the disadvantageous effects of fatigue at the last stages of the race in order to improve performance [5]. This is also the case for the 400m hurdlers, where the pacing strategy in the 400m hurdles race is related to the «hurdle rhythm», namely performing the 400m hurdles race with the minimum loss of speed, with no consideration about fatigue and the pattern of clearing the following hurdles [4]. It has been found that the 400m hurdlers who achieve better results execute the race with a decreased loss of speed after the initial maximum speed phase (up to the third hurdle) compared to less successful athletes [1]. However, the anaerobic lactic processes that are embedded in the discipline [2] comprises a characteristic of this event that poses difficulties to identify and to train youth athletes [3].

Until recently [4], limited information existed in the literature concerning the pacing tactics of female 400m hurdlers. Further limited information exists for female youth athletes. Thus, the aim of the study was to examine the performance structure of female Greek national level 400m U18 hurdlers. It was hypothesized that overall performance will be defined by the ability to maintain speed during the final stage of the race (namely the last 120 m of the race, where three hurdles must be cleared).

Methods

Participants: In total, 210 400m hurdle performances (performance mean ± standard deviation: 68.76 ± 4.02 s; range: 59.76 - 82.47 s) recorded in the Greek Women's U18 National Championships from 2017 to 2022 were analyzed. The study was conducted in line with the Declaration of Helsinki and the Institution's Research Committee Ethics Code. Informed consent from the analyzed hurdlers was not obtained, since the study was conducted using videos retrieved from publicly available websites. Data analysis: The publicly available video recordings of the 400m hurdle events held in the Greek Women's U18 National Championships from 2017 to 2022 uploaded in the Youtube channel of the Hellenic Amateur Athletics Federation - SEGAS were downloaded and analyzed using the Kinovea 0.9.5 software (J. Charmant & Kinovea community). The time analysis was conducted from the start until the finish line. The official race performance (t400mH) was acquired from the official results announced at the SEGAS website. The extracted parameters were:

- time to cover the hurdle unit (tHi): time from touchdown after the hurdle to the touchdown after the next hurdle, where i is the number of the hurdle. In the case of the first hurdle unit, it is the duration from the race start to the t ouchdown after the first hurdle;

- run-in time (tRin): the time from the touchdown after the 10 th hurdle to the finish line;

- split times (tH1-4, tH4-7, tH7-10): time of three distinct parts of the run [4];

- average hurdle unit velocity: the average velocity achieved in each hurdle unit (VHi) and run in (VRin) [1], where i is the number of the hurdle;

- step pattern (Si): the number of steps between successive hurdles, where i is the number of the hurdle.

Statistical analysis: Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Normality of distribution and the equality of variance were assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test (p > 0.05) and the Levene's test (p > 0.05), respectively. A repeated measures ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc analysis was conducted to examine the progression of average hurdle unit velocity. Effect sizes were checked using the eta-squared statistic (p2). Small, medium, and large effect size were determined by extracted values of above 0.01, 0.06, and 0.14, respectively. Pearson's correlation analysis was conducted to reveal a possible relationship between the time to cover the hurdle units and the respective step patterns. A stepwise regression analysis was used to examine if the hurdle unit parameters could predict t400mH. All statistical tests were conducted using the IBM SPSS Statistics v.27 software (International Business Machines Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). The level of significance was set at a = 0.05.

Results

The average 400m hurdle velocity was 5.84 ± 0.27 m/s. Results revealed that the fastest hurdle unit velocity was VH2 (6.91 ± 0.27 m/s). Significant differences (p < 0.05) concerning the average hurdle unit velocity among the hurdle units were observed (Figure 1).

Fig. 1. Speed progression for the examined 400m hurdle performances (n = 210) NOTE: ** p < .05 vs. VH1;?: p < .05 vs. VH2, VH3, and VH4.

In specific, VH2, VH3, and VH4 were significantly (p < 0.05) faster than VH1, VH7, VH8, VH9, VH4, and VRin.

Table 1 depicts the step pattern for each hurdle unit. The segment of the race after the first hurdle up to the fourth hurdle was covered with 17.6 ± 1.1 steps, whereas the following three intermediate hurdle distances was covered with 18.5 ± 1.3 steps. Finally, the final part of the race (eighth to the final hurdle) was covered with 19.2 ±1.3 steps. All step patterns were significantly (p < 0.001) negatively correlated with the respective average hurdle unit velocity.

The examined split times were 16.08 ± 0.89 s, 17.66 ± 1.16 s, and 18.69 ± 0.99 s for tH1-4, tH4_7, and tH7_10, respectively. The single most significant predictor of t400mH was tH7_10 (F = 93.365, p < 0.001, R2 = 0.680; standard error of the estimate = 0.931).

Table 1

Descriptive statistics of the step pattern and its correlation with the respective average hurdle unit velocity (n = 210)

Hurdle unit

Minimum

Maximum

Mean

SD

r

p

S1

22

29

25.08

1.14

- 0.541

< 0.001

S2

15

21

17.55

1.11

- 0.748

< 0.001

S3

15

21

17.61

1.10

- 0.664

< 0.001

S4

15

21

17.76

1.09

- 0.625

< 0.001

S5

15

21

18.07

1.20

- 0.660

< 0.001

S6

16

22

18.55

1.31

- 0.685

< 0.001

S7

16

22

18.77

1.31

- 0.687

< 0.001

S8

16

22

19.01

1.29

- 0.646

< 0.001

S9

16

23

19.27

1.27

- 0.635

< 0.001

S10

16

22

19.44

1.37

- 0.648

< 0.001

Discussion

The present study aimed to examine the pacing tactics in female Greek U18 400m hurdlers. The results indicated that the structure of the 400m hurdles race in female Greek U18 400m hurdlers is characterized by two distinctly different race patterns: a) the segment from the second to the fourth hurdle, and b) from the seventh hurdle to the finish line, with the latter being a significant predictor of the overall 400m hurdle performance.

The present findings confirm past findings suggesting that speed is maximized at the second or third hurdle unit, followed by a pr ogressive decrease [1, 4]. As noted in elite female 400m hurdlers [4], the final part of the race is the most important factor for successful performance. Thus, as suggested for the 400m dash, the first half of the 400m hurdle race should aim to result in a sustained delay of the appearance of a high lactate accumulation for as far as possible within the race [5]. This is achieved by aiming for the lowest time differential between the two halves of the event [1]. Nevertheless, as also noted in the present study, the point of change of the step pattern should be taken under consideration when planning the pacing tactic of the race [3-4].

There are some limitations in the study. The reaction time was not considered when calculating the parameters for the first hurdle unit. Furthermore, the frequency of the downloaded videos was relatively low (30 fps). The examination of the present findings in relation with the structure of a 400m race of the participants could add information concerning their hurdle clearance abilities when fatigued. Future research should examine also the differences between qualifiers and non-qualifiers, medal and non-medal winners, as well as the intra-individual differences of the finalists against their performance achieved in the qualifying rounds. sprinter runner hurdle rhythm

In conclusion, coaches should emphasize on the step rhythm and the distribution of effort between the segments of the 400m hurdles race in young female athletes rather than speed endurance training. Thus, monitoring the performance structure of the young female 400m hurdler is of importance for the optimization of the long-term training process.

Keywords: pace, performance, fatigue, speed, adolescence

References

1. Ditroilo M., Marini M. Analysis of the race distribution for male 400m hurdlers competing at the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games. New Studies in Athletics, 2001. Vol. 16 (3), pp. 15-30.

2. Iskra J. Endurance in the 400 metres hurdles. New Studies in Athletics, 1991. Vol. 6 (2), pp. 43-50.

3. Iskra J. Athlete typology and training strategy in the 400m hurdles. New Studies in Athletics, 2012. Vol. 27 (1-2), pp. 27-37.

4. Iskra J., Przednowek K., Domaradzki J., Coh M., Gwiazdon P., Mackala K. Temporal and spatial characteristics of pacing strategy in elite women's 400 meters hurdles athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2022. Vol. 19 (6), pp. 34-42.

5. Saraslanidis P. J., Panoutsakopoulos V., Tsalis G. A., Kyprianou E. The effect of different first 200-m pacing strategies on blood lactate and biomechanical parameters of the 400-m sprint. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2011. Vol. 111 (8), pp. 1579-1590.

Аннотация

Тактика передвижения на национальном уровне среди женщин в беге на 400 метров с барьерами до 18 лет

Лингу Э. , Панутсакопулос В.

Для успешного выступления в беге на 400 метров с барьерами требуются спортсмены с особыми характеристиками в плане роста, скорости бега и выносливости, силы и координации [3]. В типичном забеге на 400 м с барьерами скорость максимизируется после преодоления второго или третьего препятствия, а именно на отметке 80 м или 115 м от линии старта забега [1]. После этого скорость постепенно снижается из-за высокого уровня накопленной молочной кислоты в организме спортсмена [2].

Для спринтеров на дистанции 400 м желательна оптимальная стратегия темпа, чтобы избежать неблагоприятных последствий переутомления на последних этапах забега и улучшить свои результаты [5]. Это также относится к бегунам на 400 м с барьерами, где стратегия движения в беге на 400 м с барьерами связана с «ритмом бега с барьерами», а именно с выполнением бега на 400 м с барьерами с минимальной потерей скорости, без учета усталости и схемы преодоления следующих препятствий [4]. Было обнаружено, что бегуны на 400 метров с барьерами, которые добиваются лучших результатов, выполняют забег с меньшей потерей скорости после начальной фазы максимальной скорости (до третьего препятствия) по сравнению с менее успешными спортсменами [1]. Однако анаэробные молочнокислые процессы, присущие этой дисциплине [2], являются характерной чертой этого вида спорта, которая создает трудности для выявления и подготовки молодых спортсменов [3].

До недавнего времени [4] в литературе имелась ограниченная информация о тактике бега на 400 м с барьерами среди женщин. Еще более ограниченная информация имеется о юных спортсменках. Таким образом, целью исследования было изучение структуры результатов женщин-греческих бегуний на 400 метров с барьерами в возрастной категории до 18 лет. Предполагалось, что общая результативность будет определяться способностью поддерживать скорость на заключительном этапе забега (а именно на последних 120 метрах дистанции, где необходимо преодолеть три препятствия).

Средняя скорость на дистанции 400 м с барьерами составила 5,84 ± 0,27 м/с. Результаты показали, что самая высокая скорость на дистанции с барьерами была VH2 (6,91 ± 0,27 м/с). Наблюдались значительные различия (р < 0,05) в отношении средней скорости прохождения препятствий вдоль них (рис. 1). В частности, VH2, VH3 и VH4 были значительно (р < 0,05) быстрее, чем VH1, VH7, VH8, VH9, VH4 и VRin.

Целью настоящего исследования было изучение темповой тактики греческих бегунок на 400 метров с барьерами до 18 лет. Результаты показали, что структура забега на 400 метров с барьерами у греческих девушек до 18 лет, бегущих на 400 метров с барьерами, характеризуется двумя отчетливо различающимися схемами: а) отрезок от второго до четвертого препятствия и б) от седьмого препятствия до финишной черты, причем последнее является важным фактором, влияющим на общий результат. бег на 400 метров с барьерами.

Настоящие результаты подтверждают предыдущие данные, свидетельствующие о том, что скорость максимизируется на втором или третьем этапе преодоления препятствий, за которым следует постепенное снижение [1, 4]. Как отмечается в журнале elite female 400m burdlers [4], финальная часть забега является наиболее важным фактором для успешного выступления. Таким образом, как было предложено для забега на 400 метров, первая половина забега на 400 метров с барьерами должна быть направлена на то, чтобы привести к длительной задержке появления высокого уровня лактата, насколько это возможно, в течение забега [5]. Это достигается за счет стремления к наименьшей разнице во времени между двумя половинами соревнования [1]. Тем не менее, как также отмечается в настоящем исследовании, момент изменения схемы шага следует принимать во внимание при планировании темповой тактики забега [3-4].

В исследовании есть некоторые ограничения. Время реакции не учитывалось при расчете параметров для первого этапа преодоления препятствий. Кроме того, частота загружаемых видеороликов была относительно низкой (30 кадров в секунду). Изучение представленных результатов в связи со структурой забега на 400 метров участников могло бы добавить информацию об их способностях преодолевать препятствия в состоянии усталости. В будущих исследованиях следует также изучить различия между участниками, прошедшими квалификацию, и не прошедшими квалификацию, обладателями медалей и нерезидентами, а также внутрииндивидуальные различия финалистов в сравнении с их результатами, достигнутыми в отборочных турах.

В заключение, тренерам следует уделять особое внимание ритму шага и распределению усилий между этапами забега на 400 метров с барьерами у молодых спортсменок, а не тренировкам на скоростную выносливость. Таким образом, мониторинг структуры результатов юных бегунок на 400 метров с барьерами имеет важное значение для оптимизации долгосрочного тренировочного процесса.

Ключевые слова: темп, работоспособность, утомление, скорость, подростковый возраст

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