Acute effect of ladder exercises in 10m flying start sprint performance and step kinematics in young female athletes
The improvements in speed after the execution of ladder drills in training. Examination of the acute effects of ladder and skipping exercises in sprint performance and step kinematics in young female athletes. Evaluation of efficiency in a sprint.
| Рубрика | Спорт и туризм |
| Вид | статья |
| Язык | английский |
| Дата добавления | 16.06.2024 |
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Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
ACUTE EFFECT OF LADDER EXERCISES IN 10M FLYING START SPRINT PERFORMANCE AND STEP KINEMATICS IN YOUNG FEMALE ATHLETES
Mamali K.-P., graduate student
Panoutsakopoulos V., special teaching staff
Biomechanics Laboratory,
School of Physical Education & Sport Science, PhD
Introduction
skipping exercise sprint step
The ability to move fast is a key strength and conditioning feature. Its most common manifestation is sprint running (SPR), namely, the ability to run and cover a certain distance in the shortest period of time. Compared to males, lower force, velocity, and power producing capacities are evident in females during the sprint acceleration [3].
Ladder drills are typical to improve agility and related explosive movements such as change of direction [1]. However, although past research suggested improvements in speed after the execution of ladder drills in training [4], it is not evident throughout the literature [1, 5].
Previous research found that intense skipping, ground ladder and line drill trainings in young male basketball players did not improve the 30 m sprint performance [5]. In addition, there is limited information about its effectiveness in sprint training of young female athletes [1]. Thus, the aim of the study was to examine the acute effects of ladder and skipping exercises in sprint performance and step kinematics in young female athletes. It was hypothesized that sprint performance will be increased due to both training stimuli, but ladder exercises will result to increased step frequency and decreased inter-limb asymmetry.
Methods
Participants: 24 young female athletes (17.3 ± 0.9 yrs, 1.66 ± 0.05 m, 63.7 ± 6.2 kg) volunteered for the study and were randomly assigned in three groups: the sprint ABC drills (ABC; n = 7), the ladder (LAD; n = 10) and the control (CON; n = 7) groups. The inclusion criteria were the absence of a recent musculoskeletal or neurological disease for a period up to six months prior testing, and to participate in athletics training for at least three times weekly. The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and was approved by the Institutional Bioethics Committee (approval code: 141/2023).
Experimental Procedure: The experimental procedure was conducted in an indoor track covered with rubber surface. A lane was calibrated placing custom 0.05 x 0.05 m reference markers on either side of its lines that created a 1.00 x 1.25 m reference zones (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1 The experimental setup
After a typical athletics warm-up, all participants executed twice a 10 m flying start sprint dash with an acceleration phase of 15 m. A pair of custom-build photocells were placed at the beginning and the end of the 10 m zone (Fig. 1). The photocells were mounted on tripods at a height of 1.25 m. The attempts of the participants were recorded with a Samsung S6 camera operating at 60 fps. The camera was fixed at a height of 1.5 m on a rigid tripod that was placed 5.6 m from the midline of the calibrated lane. After the initial (PRE) measurements, the ABC group performed 5 sprint ABC drills (skipping, jogging, but kicks, scissors, cross skipping) twice for 10 m. The LAD group performed the same drills, but within a 5 m ladder with eight frames that was placed in the middle of the 10 m lane. CON group had a passive break for 12 min. Four minutes after the completion of the ABC or LAD experimental procedure, all participants executed twice the post 10 m flying start sprint dash measurement (POST). The same data acquisition setup was used.
Data analysis: In both PRE and POST measurements, only the fastest trial (t10m) was selected for further analysis. The Kinovea 0.9.5 software (J. Charmant & Kinovea community) was used to extract the step length (SL) and frequency (SF) during a complete stride. The inter-limb asymmetry for the examined step kinematic parameters was calculated using the asymmetry angle (0sym) following [2].
Statistical analysis
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Normality of distribution and the equality of variance were assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test (p > 0.05) and the Levene's test (p > 0.05), respectively. A 3 (group; ABC, LAD, CON) x 2 (measurement: PRE, POST) repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni adjustment was used to examine the main effects of the examined factors and their interaction on t10m, SF, SL, 0symSL and 0symSF. Significant differences were followed up with pairwise comparisons. Effect sizes were checked using the partial eta-squared statistic (rp2). Small, medium, and large effect size were determined by extracted values of above 0.01, 0.06, and 0.14, respectively. All statistical tests were conducted using the IBM SPSS Statistics v.27 software (International Business Machines Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). The level of significance was set at a = 0.05.
Results
Results revealed that no significant group (F = 0.325, p = 0.724, j]p2 = 0.015) or measurement (F = 0.140, p = 0.710, i]p2 = 0.003) main effect nor their interaction (F = 0.387, p = 0.682, rp2 = 0.018) was revealed for t10m. No significant differences due to group, measurement, or a significant interaction was observed for SF (F = 1.202, p = 0.311, rip2 = 0.055; F = 0.040, p = 0.842, rp2 = 0.001; and F = 0.259, p = 0.773, rp2 = 0.012, respectively). There was a main effect of group in SL (F = 3.774, p = 0.031, rp2 = 0.155, large effect size), but no main effect of measurement (F = 0.302, p = 0.586, rp2 = 0.007) or an interaction (F = 0.067, p = 0.935, rp2 = 0.003).
Table 1
Mean ± standard deviation (SD) of the examined kinematic parameters for the experimental groups
|
Parameter |
Measurement |
ABC (n = 7) |
LAD (n = 10) |
CON (n = 7) |
|||||||
|
t10m (s) |
PRE |
1.59 |
± |
0.12 |
1.60 |
± |
0.07 |
1.57 |
± |
0.06 |
|
|
POST |
1.57 |
± |
0.14 |
1.61 |
± |
0.06 |
1.61 |
± |
0.07 |
||
|
SL (m) |
PRE |
1.51 |
± |
0.04 |
1.59 |
± |
0.14 |
1.47 |
± |
0.10* |
|
|
POST |
1.48 |
± |
0.08 |
1.56 |
± |
0.16 |
1.47 |
± |
0.10* |
||
|
SF (Hz) |
PRE |
3.94 |
± |
0.39 |
3.77 |
± |
0.44 |
3.98 |
± |
0.26 |
|
|
POST |
4.01 |
± |
0.54 |
3.77 |
± |
0.41 |
3.84 |
± |
0.26 |
||
|
OsymSL (°) |
PRE |
1.37 |
± |
1.12 |
1.94 |
± |
1.78 |
1.23 |
± |
0.71 |
|
|
POST |
1.31 |
± |
1.01 |
1.47 |
± |
1.35 |
0.73 |
± |
0.55 |
||
|
QsymSF (°) |
PRE |
1.58 |
± |
1.31 |
2.36 |
± |
2.34 |
1.27 |
± |
1.29 |
|
|
POST |
1.74 |
± |
1.11 |
1.78 |
± |
1.85 |
1.36 |
± |
1.29 |
NOTE: ABC: sprint ABC group; LAD: ladder drills group; CON: control group; t10m: performance in the 10 m flying start sprint dash; SL: step length; SF: step frequency; dsymSL: asymmetry angle for step length; dsymSF: asymmetry angle for step frequency; * * p <.05 vs. LAD
Finally, concerning 0sym, no significant main effect of group (0symSL: F = 1.446, p = 0.248, r/p2 = 0.067; 0symSF: F = 0.839, p = 0.440, rp = 0.040), measurement (0symSL: F = 0.918, p = 0.344, rP2 = 0.022; 0symSF: F = 0.049, p = 0.825, rp = 0.001), nor an interaction (0symSL: F = 0.138, p = 0.872, rp = 0.007; 0symSF: F = 0.248, p = 0.781, rp2 = 0.012) were found.
Discussion
The findings the present study revealed that no acute effects of ladder and skipping exercises occur in the 10 m flying start sprint dash performance of young female athletes. The same was observed for the step kinematics and their asymmetry. Thus, the hypotheses of the study were not confirmed.
The present findings confirm past findings suggesting that ladder exercises do not enhance sprinting performance [1, 5]. The lack of improvement in performance could be attributed to the fact that ladder drills can be considered as an alternative to plyometric training, but with a limited eccentric loading [1]. Under this perspective, ladder drills could not provoke adequate adaptations in terms of power output. Thus, no improvement to SL could occur and consequently to sprinting velocity. In addition, SF is not considered of major importance for higher sprint achievement [3]. Finally, about the inter-limb symmetry in the step parameters, past research provided evidence that symmetry is generally h igh in the step parameters during a sprint task [2].
There are some limitations in the study. The participants were not systematically trained as sprinters. Furthermore, the sampling frequency was relatively low. Future research should consider the acute and long-term effect of ladder and skipping exercises in female sprinters during the developmental ages, as well as testing their effect in a longer sprinting distance and/or with a longer acceleration distance.
In conclusion, coaches should expect that the use of ladder exercises do not result in the enhancement of performance in the short sprint dashes. Thus, the use of the ladder exercises should emphasize in the development of agility rather than improving sprinting technique or performance.
References
1. Afonso J., Costa I. T., Camoes M., Silva A., Lima R. F., Milheiro A., Martins A., Laporta L., Nakamura F. Y., Clemente F. M. The effects of agility ladders on performance: A systematic review. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 2020. Vol. 41 (11), pp. 720-728.
2. Exell T., Irwin G., Gittoes M., Kerwin D. Strength and performance asymmetry during maximal velocity sprint running. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 2017. Vol. 27 (11), pp. 1273-1282.
3. Mirkov D. M., Knezevic O. M., Garcia-Ramos A., Coh M., Sarabon N. Gender-related differences in mechanics of the sprint start and sprint acceleration of top national-level sprinters. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2020. Vol. 17 (18), pp. 64-67.
4. Pratama N. E., Mintarto E., Kusnanik N. W. The influence of ladder drills and jump rope exercise towards speed, agility, and power of limb muscle. Journal of Sports and Physical Education, 2018. Vol. 5 (1), pp. 22-29.
5. Uzun A., Pulur A., Erkek A. The effect of skipping, ground ladder and line drill trainings on speed, agility and coordination in basketball players. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, 2022. Vol. 16 (1), pp. 497-501.
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