Sustainable development of tourism in the carpathian region

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Sustainable development of tourism in the carpathian region

(Pankiv N., Lviv Polytechnic National University, Roik O., Lviv Polytechnic National University)



Introduction

Sustainable tourism development, including tourism's COVID-19 recovery, requires a holistic view of the research of tourist and recreational resources of the Carpathian region and determination of prospects for their use.

The development of tourism in a particular area contributes to solving a number of economic problems in the region, such as employment of local people, construction of roads and housing, establishing various types of communications, forming a positive image of the region, supporting and developing local culture [1]. In other words, the development of tourism in the region forms a modern infrastructure designed for its operation by both tourists and locals [2]. However, the tourism industry, which includes the availability of tourism infrastructure, can only develop under certain conditions, such as the availability of capital, technology, personnel, and tourism resources in the region.

Tourist resources are a motivating basis for choosing a place of rest for tourists and serve as a basis for the formation of a tourist product [3]. They are objects of tourist interest that are potentially able to meet the needs of travelers. An area not endowed with tourist resources in most cases can be considered unsuitable for the organization of tourism in its territory. In this regard, the importance of research on tourism resources as the basis of tourism is increasing [4].

The Carpathian region on the tourist map of Ukraine is gradually gaining the image of an attractive tourist and recreational region, which has great prospects for development [5]. Tourism is proclaimed a strategic direction of economic development of the Carpathian region and is an important factor in a stable and dynamic increase in budget revenues, and a significant positive impact on the state of affairs in many sectors of the economy. Since the region has common borders and transport links with Moldova, Romania, Hungary, Slovakia, and Poland, the study of recreational and tourist resources of the Carpathian region and identifying prospects for their use for sustainable tourism will promote the development of both domestic and inbound tourism [6].

Relations with the western neighbors can be traced both at the economic level, in particular, the development of tourism, and in the field of culture and the peculiarities of the national composition of the district. The most important transport routes pass through the territory of the district. The Carpathian tourist region includes four regions of Western Ukraine: Lviv, Ivano- Frankivsk, Transcarpathian, and Chernivtsi. The territory of the Carpathian tourist region covers 56.6 thousand km2, which is 9.4% of the territory of Ukraine. Of these, the Lviv region covers 21.8 thousand km, Ivano-Frankivsk region - 13.9 thousand km, Zakarpattia region - 12.8 thousand km, Chernivtsi region - 8.1 thousand km. It has a population of 6,120,000 (13% of the national average), most of whom live in villages - 51.4% [7]. tourism carpathian region

The Ukrainian part of the Carpathians is not only one of the most picturesque corners of Ukraine but also the most significant Eastern European health and recreation natural object, a zone of valuable forests, which play the role of a powerful water regulation and air purification system for all of Europe. The climate of the Ukrainian Carpathians is temperate continental, and warm, but its thermal regimes and humidification conditions vary with altitude in a wide range. The Carpathians are rich in mineral waters, a third of Ukraine's forest reserves are concentrated in the mountains, there are more than 2110 species of flowering plants (50% of the gene pool of vascular plants of Ukraine), a large number of valuable trees and medicinal plants [7].

Thus, the research results will help expand the list of tourist and tourist information services, promote the tourist potential of the region, preserve and rational use of natural tourist resources, increase the number of tourists and develop sustainable tourism, which will increase jobs and, consequently, increase local welfare. population and filling the budget of their communities.

Literature review

The term “sustainable development” translated from English “sustainable development” means “viable, rational development”. Its essence includes challenges to environmental protection, social justice, and the fight against racial and national discrimination. This is a development of society in which the satisfaction of the needs of natural resources of the current generation does not jeopardize the opportunities of future generations, and involves the coordination of environmental, economic, and social needs [8].

As you know, the concept of sustainable development includes three main components: economic, social, and environmental [9]:

- economic - based on the theory of maximization of total income, which is produced while maintaining the total capital that produces this income. This concept provides for the optimal use of limited natural resources, the use of environmental, natural, resource- and energy-saving technologies, as well as appropriate forms of capital (natural and artificial).

- social - human-oriented and aimed at maintaining the stability of social and cultural systems, including the reduction of destructive conflicts between people. An integral part is the fair distribution of material and spiritual goods, as well as the preservation of historical and cultural heritage.

- environmental - aims to preserve the integrity of natural systems. Of particular importance is the viability of ecosystems, on which the global stability of the entire biosphere depends.

Management of the tourism sector on the basis of sustainable development is based on two basic approaches: economical use of natural resources and minimization of damage to the environment; ensuring balanced socio-economic development of tourist regions [10-12]. Based on this, sustainable tourism should: 1) rationally use natural resources, while supporting basic environmental processes, and contribute to the preservation of natural heritage and biodiversity; 2) support the socio-cultural, historical heritage, and traditions of the region involved in the tourism sector; 3) to ensure the receipt of economic profitability and the creation of conditions for the social development of the local population.

The basic principles of the concept of sustainable development were first voiced in the program document “Agenda XXI”, adopted in 1992 at the UN conference in Rio de Janeiro. Based on this document, in 1996 the World Tourism Organization, the World Travel, and Tourism Council, and the Earth Council developed their own Agenda for the 21st Century in the Travel and Tourism Industry. It defines for the first time the concept of “sustainable tourism”, ie tourism based on the principles of sustainable development. This concept means: "tourism activities in which the management of all resources takes place in such a way that economic, social, aesthetic needs are met and the cultural component, environmental processes, biodiversity, and life support systems are preserved” [13].

Sustainable tourism is a process that is able to meet the needs of visitors, tourists, and localities that receive them, and at the same time, preserves and develops opportunities for the future [13].The Charter on Sustainable Tourism states that “sustainable tourism is based on sustainability criteria, ie it must be environmentally friendly in the long run, economically viable and socially equal for local communities”.

According to the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) the Carpathians are expected to become one of the three most attractive European destinations, in particular for ecotourism, nature-based tourism, and culture tourism. Sustainable development of tourism is an opportunity to accelerate the economic development of the region and improve the economic situation of its inhabitants. In order to achieve the above, the unique natural and cultural values of the Carpathians must wisely be used for creating the own Carpathian model of sustainable tourism development, and the unique, comprehensive and allseason tourist offer of the Carpathians [5].

The Carpathian region is represented on the World Heritage List by 19 properties (mainly representing cultural heritage), which include as many as 87 individual sites or objects, dispersed over the whole region [14]. A relatively high percentage of transboundary World Heritage properties in the Carpathians proves the success of common efforts undertaken by several Carpathian countries, and great potential for further transboundary cooperation on cultural and natural heritage protection in this region. The most obvious benefit beyond inscription of a site on the World Heritage List is that it brings an incredible increase in public awareness of the site and global recognition of its outstanding values, thus fostering tourism development, which, if organized accordingly to the sustainability principles, can significantly support the revival or development of the local economy [16]. Hence, the successful inscription to, and later the constant appearance on the World Heritage List, together with globally famous top tourist destinations is truly a distinction worth every effort, certifying the globally outstanding value of the site, and determining its tourist attractiveness.

The Carpathians have their own instrument of international law, providing basis for transboundary cooperation and a platform for multi-stakeholder consultations - the Framework Convention on the Protection and Sustainable Development of the Carpathians, supplemented by additional Protocols (including the Protocol on Sustainable Tourism). The main goals of the Convention are protection and sustainable development of the Carpathian region, with the overall objective to improve the quality of life, strengthen local economies and communities, and maintain the natural and cultural heritage values of the

Carpathians. The Parties to the Carpathian Convention are the seven countries of the region: Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovak Republic, and Ukraine [8].

Presenting main material

Thus, the concept of sustainable development is recognized by the world community as a strategic direction for the evolution of society in the XXI century. has a pervasive character and is manifested in every sphere of human activity. Tourism as an integrated system, covering all aspects of life and a significant number of economic activities involved to meet the needs of tourists, is a priority objective of implementation of criteria and principles of sustainable development, which determine the requirements of harmonious coexistence of all tourism entities with the environment.

The Carpathian region is a strategically important cultural, political, and economic region of Ukraine, which, at the same time, is the largest tourist, recreation, and resort region of Western Ukraine. This is a unique land where you can learn about centuries-old architectural and cultural heritage, be enchanted by the picturesque Carpathian landscapes and waterfalls, relax in medical and ski resorts, and participate in revived traditions and rites of generations, enjoy ecologically clean national parks and guests.

Given the natural resource potential of the region, it should develop in an extremely intensive way, in which economic growth will not contradict the preservation and improvement of environmental quality, promote the rational use of natural resources, conservation and reproduction of landscape, and biological diversity. This requires a reorientation of the economy to the formation of recreational and tourist complexes, in particular, the development of ecological tourism through the priority of using the potential of the region.

However, the Carpathian region has all the economic, social, and environmental problems that characterize world civilization as a whole. The greatest pressure on nature and the environment in

the region is created by [18]: industrial and agricultural production, primarily facilities that produce chemically active, toxic, and radioactive waste; motor and railway industries; mining industry; main oil, gas, and product pipelines; powerful sources of electromagnetic fields; loading and unloading operations and migration processes related to cross-border cooperation; scientifically unfounded deforestation, which is accompanied by the appearance of a number of problems (erosion, destruction of the fertile soil layer, reduction of the capacity of the water-forming system, the appearance of windbreaks, floods, landslides, mudslides, etc.).

Tourist activity in the Ukrainian Carpathians harms the natural and cultural environment due to the intensive construction of tourist infrastructure and fragmentation of forests, and active urbanization of traditional recreation centers. Problems of regulation of mass forms of tourism, observance of nature protection requirements in case of introduction of ecotourism initiatives, and also substantiation of forms of sustainable development of recreational and tourist activity became actual in the region.

The main impacts of tourism on the natural environment in the Ukrainian Carpathians are related to [19]:

1) tourist infrastructure (transport, accommodation, recreation, skiing) through the creation of anthropogenically modified mountain complexes;

2) environmental pollution: surface water runoff from tourist facilities, deterioration of air in tourist centers due to excessive use of individual vehicles;

3) recreational digression of soil and vegetation cover and relief on ski slopes and hiking trails.

The main negative consequences caused by tourist activities on the environment of the Ukrainian Carpathians include:

1) rapid development of new large tourist complexes, which takes place in a very intensive way with a significant impact on

the natural environment (ski complexes “Bukovel” in Ivano- Frankivsk, Migieve in Bukovina and Volosyanka, and Play in Lviv region). Here they perform significant amounts of earthworks, carry out engineering and technical measures, and deforestation the territory;

2) impoverishment of the traditional landscape of mountainous rural areas as a result of urban tourist development. In this case, multi-story hotel complexes and recreation centers violate the low-rise style of rural development and reduce the aesthetic properties of the territories. Such tendencies are characteristic of the leading tourist centers (Yaremche, Slavske, Kosiv) and many Transcarpathian resorts;

3) intensive tourist anthropopression of vegetation and soils in the green zone of tourist centers (Yaremche, Vorokhta, Slavske, Rakhiv) and near prominent tourist places (mountain peaks of Hoverla, Petros; waterfalls - Breakthrough, Kamyanka, Manyavsky; natural and cultural complexes Manyavsky monastery, Uritsky rocks, Dovbush rocks in Bubnyshche). It is found primarily on hiking trails, highways, and recreation areas.

The current stage of tourism development in the region is accompanied by significant activity in the development of smallformat accommodation - agro-houses, cottages, and miniboarding houses. This tourist building is concentrated around the settlements and is located near the attractive natural objects - forests, valleys of mountain streams. The expansion of this building leads to the displacement and reduction of agricultural land and the impoverishment of the traditional landscape.

Accordingly, in the protected areas of the Ukrainian Carpathians in recent years, there are also negative trends in the impact of recreational and tourist activities on the natural environment. Among them: excessive tourist load on marked hiking trails (Carpathian National Park, Carpathian Biosphere Reserve), significant load and litter of the most visited places in national parks: “Carpathian” - Hoverla, Dovbush Rocks;

“Synevir” - near Lake Synevir; “Skole Beskids” - Kamyanka waterfall, Uritsky Rocks; around the Vyzhnytsia National Nature Park - the objects of the Stone Ring; within the Polyanytsya Regional Landscape Park - the Dovbush Rocks complex.

Ecotourism initiatives in the Ukrainian Carpathians often turn into a kind of mass tourism [19]. In particular, eco- educational trails (thematic) in national natural and regional landscape parks often do not perform their functions, tourist flows are not regulated here, and the degraded condition of the trail surface creates a bad image for Carpathian ecotourism. Access to landmarks has led to excessive gastronomic and overnight facilities (Dovbush Rocks in Polyanytsky RLP and Kamyanka Waterfall in Skolivsky Beskydy National Park). The desire to attract tourists forces us to “open the gate” in valuable natural areas for environmentally harmful types of tourism - cars, including jeeping, skiing. Potentially dangerous for the environment objects and activities in the parks include: a freestyle complex at the foot of Hoverla as an object of mass tourism in the Carpathian National Park, ski resorts in Uzhansky National Nature Park, holding a rally on SUVs on dirt roads in Vyzhnytsia National Nature Park.

In view of this, the problem of finding new concepts of tourism development is extremely important, the key goal of which should be the harmonization of human relations with the environment and social environment, care for the environment used for tourism, and environmental awareness. One of the new vectors of tourism development is the application of the basic principles of the concept of sustainable development.

The time has come for ideas and actions that must proceed from a holistic concept of worldview and responsibility to future generations.

In general, in the Ukrainian Carpathians, there are natural, socio-cultural, and economic preconditions for the implementation

of sustainable development policy in the tourism industry of this region. The main components of this policy should be [19-20]:

- reduction of the negative impact on the functioning of the tourist infrastructure and the dominant types of tourist activities (skiing, recreation, skilled, hiking);

- as evidenced by program and project developments, for the administrative regions of the Carpathian region there are opportunities for more efficient use of natural and historical, and cultural resources and infrastructure improvement to ensure elements of sustainable development as traditional tourism activities (recreation, skiing, hiking) and wider introduction of new tourism products from ecological, ethnographic and rural tourism;

- accelerated development of ecological tourism with a wide use of the potential of national parks and biosphere reserves and rural tourism based on rich ethnocultural heritage should be recognized as priorities in the policy of sustainable tourism in the Ukrainian Carpathians.

One of the main natural tourist resources of the Carpathian region is a relief. Its features are due to the location on the territory of the Carpathian mountain range, which stretches from northwest to southeast and occupies together with the Precarpathian Upland and Transcarpathian Lowland 37 thousand km2 (65.5% of the area). The Ukrainian Carpathians are mediumaltitude mountains with predominant altitudes of 1000-2000 m. This type of relief, according to researchers, is the best for the organization of recreational activities. The highest peaks reach more than 2000 m, among them - the highest point of Ukraine Hoverla (2061 m). The objects of tourists' attention are picturesque rocks, steep slopes, river valleys, and landforms formed by the activity of the ancient glacier and karst. The rest of the territory is occupied by the lowlands of Maly Polissya (north of Lviv region), which are surrounded by hilly ridges of Roztocze, Orillia, Hologor, and Voronyakiv, as well as hills between the Prut and Dniester rivers (northeast of Chernivtsi region).

The development of speleotourism is facilitated by the presence of caves on the territory, the largest of which are Cinderella, Pioneer, Bukovynka. Solotvyno salt mines are used to treat allergic diseases. Interesting natural objects are mud volcanoes near the village of Starunya, the Ivano-Frankivsk region, and a volcanic dome in Uzhhorod.

Rivers originating in the mountains: Latorytsia, Borzhava, Rika, Tereblya, Teresva, Tisa, Dniester, Stryi, Svicha, Limnytsia, Bystritsa, Prut, Cheremosh, Seret, and others - are characterized by considerable turbidity, especially during floods, rapid flow, low, even in warm weather, and water temperatures. Thus, on the one hand, this complicates their use for mass bathing, and on the other hand, rapids and waterfalls on rivers greatly enhance the aesthetic appeal of landscapes and make possible the development of water extreme tourism. The rivers of the plain part of the Carpathian tourist region add beauty to its landscapes with their deeply incised valleys, on some steep slopes on which ancient rocks are exposed. Lakes Synevyr, Brebeneskul, Nesamovite, and others are the decoration of mountain landscapes.

Numerous deposits of mineral waters of different compositions are important for the development of health tourism. The most famous of them are Morshyn, Truskavets, Skhidnytsia springs of Lviv region, Uzhotsk, Mizhhirya, Polyansk, Novopolyansk, Kvasivske, Shayanske - Zakarpattia, Sheshorske - Ivano-Frankivsk and many others. The development of this type of tourist activity is also facilitated by the presence of deposits of therapeutic mud and ozokerite [21].

For the study of the Sustainable development of tourism in the Carpathian region, as well as opportunities to stimulate its development at the regional and local levels, scientific theories and concepts are systematized to explain the behavior of consumers and providers of tourist and recreational services.

With the growing level of competition in the global and national tourism markets, the assessment of the Sustainable development of tourism in the Carpathian region becomes especially relevant. There are several approaches to solving these problems, each of which has its advantages and disadvantages, a specific information base, and options for application in practice. Their analysis allowed us to develop a methodological approach to the evaluation of the Sustainable development of tourism in the Carpathian region, which includes an assessment of its attractiveness and a study of factors influencing the formation of the potential of the industry. Comparative evaluation of the Sustainable development of tourism in the Carpathian region is proposed to be carried out using the parametric method, which is due to the ranking of standardized values of the main indicators of the tourist and recreational sphere of the Carpathian region.

The list of key indicators of the parameters of the integrated index Sustainable development of tourism in the Carpathian region (ISDT), which would most accurately reflect its internal nature, specifics of occurrence, and patterns of development, was conducted on the basis of a detailed analysis of a wide range of relevant indicators. and on the basis of which they are manifested and realized in space:

- indicators characterizing the level of tourism development in the region: Number of foreign tourists served by tour operators and travel agents, thousand people (xi); The number of monuments of culture, history, architecture, archeology, museums, monuments, cult monuments, entered in the State Register of Immovable Monuments of Ukraine, units (xi); Number of monuments of culture, history, architecture, archeology, museums, monuments, cult monuments created before the 16th century, units (хз); Number of monuments of culture, history, architecture, archeology, museums, monuments, cult monuments included in the UNESCO World Heritage List, units (x4); The length of the coastline, km (xs); Total area occupied by water bodies, thousand hectares (x6); Total area of mountainous areas, thousand hectares (x?); Volume of underground mineral water production, m3 per day (xs); Total area of protected areas, thousand hectares (x9); Coefficient of utilization of collective accommodation facilities,% (xio); Number of conference halls, units (xii); Number of places in sanatoriums and health resorts, thousand places (xn); Length of public roads with a hard surface, thousand km (xi3); Number of Internet subscribers with broadband wireless access, thousand people (xi4); Volume of capital investments in the tourist and recreational sphere, UAH million (xis); Number of gastronomic events in the region, units (xie).

Table 1

Values of indicators characterizing the level of tourism development in the region

Region/ indicator	XI	X2	X2	X2	X2	X6	X7	X8	X9	X12	XU	X12	X12	X14	X15	X12
Zakarpattia	i83	i5	i3	2	0	20,6	896	956	i46	2i	i5	5,i4i	3,4	48i,3	75,0	23
Ivano- Frankivska	3393	3i	i2	2	0	27	29,55	689	i26	23	29	3,6i3	4,i	523,7	84,5	i
Lvivska	76i7	39	i4	3	0	53,8	99,i6	37i	60,4	3i	i05	i4,64	8,2	i308,5	550,9	9
Chernivetska	i37	i8	i4	1	0	i9,6	7,6	i99	27,8	25	5	0,708	2,9	33i,7	26,0	i

Source: developed by the authors based on the data [22-24]

- indicators that characterize the socio-economic level of development of the region: Average life expectancy at birth by sex, years(xi); Natural increase (decrease) in population, persons (x2); Economically active population aged i5-70 percent to the population aged i5-70(x3); Employed population, i5-70 years of interest to the population i5-70 years (x); Unemployment of the population i5-70 (according to the ILO methodology) percentage of the economically active population at the age (x5); The need of employers for workers to replace vacancies (vacancies) thousand people per vacancy (vacancy), persons (xe; x?); Number of students of higher educational institutions per i0 thousand population (xs).

Table 2.

Values of indicators that characterize the socio-economic level of development of the region ,

Region/ indicator	Xi	Х2	Х3	Х4	Х5	Х6	X?	Х8
Zakarpattia	70,92	601	60,9	54,8	10	0,4	14	180
Ivano- Frankivska	73,72	-2561	60	54,7	8,8	0,5	21	276
Lvivska	73,55	-5129	60,6	55,9	7,7	2,8	6	493
Chernivetska	73,34	-1287	61,5	56,2	8,7	0,7	11	346

Source: developed by the authors based on the data [22-24]

- indicators characterizing the ecological situation in the region: Water abstraction from natural water bodies Discharge of polluted return waters into surface waters Emissions of pollutants into the air Capital investments in environmental protection Waste generation Current environmental expenditures; Environmental quality assessment based on stat. data Cleanliness of reservoirs Cleanliness of recreation areas Cleanliness of atmospheric air



Table 3.

Values of indicators that characterize the environmental situation in the region

Region/ indicator	Xi	Х2	Х3	Х4	Х5	Х6	Х7	Х8	Х9
Zakarpattia	38	4	4,9	5,9	155,6	129,1	4	4	4
Ivano- Frankivska	85	1	196,7	119,7	1935,4	252,7	5	4	4
Lvivska	178	46	103,1	104	2773,8	383,5	3	3	4
Chernivetska	66	2	3	13,8	388,5	70,2	4	4	4

Source: developed by the authors based on the data [22-24]

Standardized values of indicators are determined on the basis of the ratio of actual indicators to their reference value. Since there are no standards for individual properties, the basis for comparing the vector of reference values is the maximum value of indicators among all regions of Ukraine, and the generalized assessment characterizes the degree of deviation of actual values from the reference:

Zij = Xij / Xmax (1),

where zij - is the standardized value of the indicator,

xij - the value of the indicator that characterizes the index Sustainable development of tourism in the Carpathian region,

xmax - is the reference (maximum) value of the indicator, which characterizes the index Sustainable development of tourism in the Carpathian region among the indicators in Ukraine.



Standardized values of indicators

Table 4.

indicators characterizing the level of tourism development in the region Іbasic(i) 1
Region/ indicator	Xi	x2	Хз	x	X	x6	X2	Хз	Хд	Хіо	Хіі	-	Хіз	-	Хіз	Хіо
Zakarpattia	0,0	0,19	0,04	0,7	0	0,04	1,0	1,00	0,50	0,2	0,09	0,12	0,36	0,21	0,10	1,00
Ivano- Frankivska	0,5	0,39	0,04	0,7	0	0,06	0,0	0,72	0,43	0,5	0,17	0,09	0,44	0,23	0,12	0,04
Lvivska	1	0,49	0,04	1,0	0	0,12	0,1	0,39	0,21	0,7	0,62	0,35	0,87	0,57	0,76	0,39
Chernivetska	0,0	1,00	0,10	0	0	0,13	0,0	0,00	0,14	0,5	0,07	0,05	0,77	0,23	0,05	0,22
indicators that characterize the socio-economic level of development of the region І basic(i) 2
Region/ indicator	Xi	x2	Хз	x	X	x6	X2	Хз	Хд	Хіо	Ха	-	Хіз	-	Хіз	Хіо
Zakarpattia	0,96	0,5	0,92	0,9	0,6	0,1	0,27	0,27	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Ivano- Frankivska	1,0	0,1	0,9	0,9	0,6	0,1	0,4	0,4	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Lvivska	1,0	0,2	0,9	0,9	0,5	0,8	0,1	0,7	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Chernivetska	1,0	0,1	0,9	0,9	0,5	0,2	0,2	0,5	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
indicators characterizing the ecological situation in the region I basic(i) 1
Region/ indicator	v	x	X	X	X	x6	x	x	X	Хю	Xn	-	X13	.	Хю	Хю
Zakarpattia	0,0	0,5	0,6	0,0	0,0	0,0	0,8	0,8	0,8	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Ivano- Frankivska	0,1	1,0	0,0	0,0	0,0	0,0	1,0	0,8	0,8	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Lvivska	0,1	0,0	0,0	0,0	0,0	0,1	0,6	0,6	0,8	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Chernivelska	0,0	1,0	1,0	0,0	0,0	0,0	0,8	0,8	0,8	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

Source: developed by the authors

Calculation of sub-indices as the arithmetic mean of the set of normalized groups of initial indicators:

where I_basic(i)- the total value of the group of baseline indicators for region i,

score (zij) - is the value of the sub-index of region i for the group of indicators J,

J - is the indicator of the sub-index group, where n corresponds to the number of indicators in the group.

Calculations of sub-indices and the index Sustainable development of tourism in the Carpathian region are presented in Table 5.

Table 5.

Calculations of sub-indices and the index Sustainable development of tourism in the Carpathian region

Source: developed by the authors

Thus, the results of the calculation of the integrated index of Sustainable development of tourism in the Carpathian region (Fig. 1) show that the highest level is in the Lviv region (0.46), slightly lower in the Transcarpathia region (0.444), then in Ivano- Frankivsk region (0.416), and the lowest in Chernivtsi (0.393). The average value in Ukraine at the level of Sustainable development of tourism is 0.411. This study shows the extremely low development of the tourism industry both in the region and in the country as a whole in the context of sustainable development.

Analysis of the integrated index of Sustainable development of tourism in the Carpathian region showed that the most powerful (compared to other regions of Ukraine) tourism potential was recorded in all regions of the Carpathian tourist region, among which the Lvivska oblast has the greatest importance, and - the least Chernivetska. All regions are characterized by high value of indicators that characterize the socio-economic level of development of the region, and - the lowest indicators characterizing the ecological situation in the region.

However, efforts aimed at the protection, conservation, and sustainable use of the Carpathian natural resources cannot be achieved by one country alone, but require regional cooperation. At the same time, the importance of cross-border cooperation in achieving environmental integrity is growing.



Conclusions

Thus, the development of an effective regional policy for the implementation of elements of sustainable tourism development is in line with the priorities of the Framework Convention on the Protection and Sustainable Development of the Carpathians. Taking into account the natural, economic, scientific, and technical potential available in the Carpathian region, as well as its historical and geographical features, the strategic goal of the long-term development of the territory is to create effective tourism based on the optimal use of nature, logistical, labor and intellectual resources. a system that will ensure the material wellbeing of the population and environmental security of the Carpathian region. That is, the goal of the strategy of sustainable tourism development in the region is to transform the Carpathians into a safe space with a clean environment, rich natural resources, and historical and cultural heritage, attractive to residents, entrepreneurs, investors and tourists, which requires a fundamental change of approach to all spheres. In this context, the Concept, Programs, and Development Plans of the regions of the Carpathian region for the short and long term, which should be based on the ideas and principles of sustainable development, are important.

But, at present, a third of the country's nature reserves are damaged by a full-scale, war of aggression, which on February 24, 2022, the Russian Federation by means of units of the armed forces, heavy ground weapons, including long-range artillery, missiles, ships and military aircraft launched against Ukraine on land, sea, and airspace. The invasion has already resulted in significant civilian casualties and damage to Ukraine's natural heritage.

Currently, the psychological state of Ukrainians, especially those far from home, needs help. One of the types of psychological relief is conducting guided tours, the main purpose of which is not only to provide interesting information on the topic of the tour but also to share your love for the cultural heritage of your region. Distraction from negative thoughts helps to restore the state of mind and fight depressive moods.

To support people who were forced to leave their homes due to the war, volunteer guides began conducting free tours. Through excursions, internally displaced persons better understand the residents of the area to which they have moved. This allows them to feel more comfortable and get rid of panic fear due to contrived prejudices.

Today, tours are actively conducted in the central-western regions of Ukraine. To inform the population of the region about various events and activities, local telegram and Viber channels are used, as well as social networks, where they tell in more detail about the time and programs of events.

In addition to free tours for internally displaced persons, the demand for paid tours is beginning to recover.

This is due to the fact that the vast majority of the population will understand that the war will not end as quickly as we all hoped at the beginning, and in the summer season want to distract from heavy thoughts and at least a little enjoy the beauty of cultural monuments, scenery and just breathe fresh air. That is why most local people, who are already well acquainted with the sights in their city, apply for field trips.

- The need for recreational tourism will increase. Two years of the COVID pandemic, which quickly drove us into military chaos, then - a wave of migration, going beyond the ordinary, stress, grief, and loss. After these horrors, people will want something simple and relaxing. Rest by the sea, in the mountains, or in the woods is something that will bring you back to life and help you regain strength.

- Relax tours will become popular to help restore the psyche. Many people are exhausted morally and physically. Especially those who were in the thick of things: the military, doctors, and police. Residents who found themselves at the epicenter of war and destruction.

- Trips to native familiar lands, growing interest in traditions. People already want to feel something familiar. Spend a simple weekend with a fishing rod near the pond. Watch the children play in the yard. This will give the feeling of a normal life that was before the war. Pottery and Easter painting will help to cure stress. People will be interested in very grounded, almost routine things that restore confidence that life goes on and that will help them feel the joy of the moment.



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