Achievements of Soviet sports in the USSR in the 1950-s-1980-s

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Achievements of soviet sports in the USSR in the 1950-s-1980-s

Kulchenkova, Natalia Vyacheslavovna,

Ermilova, Oksana Yurievna,

Gladkikh, Olga Vladimirovna,

Borlyuk, Irina Anatolievna,

Ishmuratova, Anna Maratovna

Abstract

The article deals with the development of mass sports in the USSR in the 1950-s-1980-s. It is shown that mass sport has many important social and socially significant functions. It is a valuable form of recreation, which allows to restore physical energy spent in everyday life. In addition, sport provides a kind of compensation for those who do not feel satisfied with their achievements in other areas of life. It also promotes integration within and between groups, cares for a physically developed and healthy generation, and fulfills an ideological function. It is mass sport that has played a key role in the fulfillment of all these functions. Unlike high- performance sport, which covers a limited part of the population and is aimed at achieving certain results, mass sport is not a decisive factor in solving social and demographic problems of the state. It primarily serves to maintain a healthy lifestyle.

Keywords: sport, country, history, patriotism, help.

Introduction

At present, both in the society itself and in the leadership of the state, there is a need to recognize the extreme importance of the so-called "human factor" in the socio-economic evolution of the country, since a healthy lifestyle of the citizens of the Russian Federation directly affects economic and social processes.

As such, the indicators of economic development of the state lose their meaning if there is a parallel deterioration in the health of the nation, if there is a decline in life expectancy everywhere (both among urban and rural populations), if crime is on the rise among young people, and if the number of drug addicts and alcohol abusers is increasing. In this regard, physical culture and mass sports are of great social importance, which implies regular exercise to improve health, correct physical development, increase overall efficiency, active recreation, and the achievement of physical perfection.

Methodology

The methodological basis of the article was the principle of historicism, objectivity and systematic scientific analysis. Their application in the aggregate allowed us to consider the development of physical culture and sport as integral parts of socio-political life.

A number of general scientific methods of research (descriptive, historicism, analysis and synthesis), special-historical methods (retrospective, comparative-historical, problem- chronological, etc.) were used comprehensively).

The listed methods were used in the aggregate, which allowed to provide a comprehensive approach to the study.

Results

In the middle of the XX-th century, Soviet sport reached incredible heights, marking a number of impressive achievements. Between 1950 and 1970, the Soviet Union established itself as one of the world's sporting powers, gaining respect and recognition on the international stage.

One of the most striking examples of the success of Soviet athletes is their dominance at the Olympic Games. From their first appearances at the unofficial Olympic Games in Helsinki in 1952, Soviet athletes began to impress the world with their results. Brilliant victories in disciplines such as gymnastics, wrestling, track and field and boxing earned the USSR first place in the team standings at the 1956 Olympic Games in Melbourne.

However, the real breakthrough for Soviet sport came in the 1960s. At that time, Soviet teams were doing battle with American athletes as part of the so-called Cold War. One after another, Soviet teams won victories at many international competitions, such as world and European championships. Very popular were the competitions between the USSR and US track and field teams, where the main opponents were Sergei Bubka and Arlison Schwartz.

They not only established themselves as some of the best athletes of their time, but also became symbols of the rivalry between the two superpowers. During these years, new sports appeared in the USSR: figure skating, ice hockey and judo. Figure skating was especially popular and successful, thanks to such talented figure skaters as Tatiana Tarasova, Lyudmila Belousova and Oleg Protopopov. In hockey, on the other hand, we should mention Fetisov and Makarov, who were able to restore the response to Stasov's Peace Plan. In the early 1950s, sport in the country had an important political significance. Its task was to prove "all the advantages" of the socialist system.

In 1951-60 four All-Union Student Spartakiads - two each in Moscow (1951 and 1953) and Leningrad (1955 and 1957) and two All-Union Student Games in Kiev (1958 and 1960) became a kind of review of the "deep fighting reserve" for the national teams of the country. And if in the program of the first competitions there were only 4 sports (athletics, gymnastics, swimming and basketball) and participated only 623 athletes, then gradually the competitions became more and more popular and mass. mass sport achievement physical culture

So, 2 years later, diving, volleyball, boxing and cycling competitions were added to the program, and 1258 students took part in the competitions. In the third All-Union Spartakiade of Students competitions in 9 kinds of sports were held (fencing and classical wrestling were added to the program), and 1564 students (among them 5 honored masters of sports, 49 masters of sports, 1190 athletes of the first category) from the national teams of 47 universities took part in them.

Since 1956 the Spartakiades of the Peoples of the USSR were held. In the preliminary competitions of the I Spartakiade participated 23 million athletes, of whom 1500 fulfilled the standard of Master of Sports of the USSR, 26 thousand - the standard of 1st category. After 20 years in the mass starts of the VI Spartakiade of the Peoples of the USSR participated 54 million people.

The main task of these competitions - a general test of readiness of leading athletes for the Olympic starts. In the sports history of the country there were often situations when the unwillingness of the country's leadership to find a diplomatic compromise between the political course of the party and a particular sports competition led to dramatic consequences for the leading Soviet athletes.

Among the most famous examples are the refusal of the USSR men's basketball team to play the decisive World Championship match against Taiwan (1959), which deprived it of the opportunity to become world champion for the first time; the refusal of the USSR national soccer team to play a qualifying match against Chile in Santiago after a military coup (1973), which automatically deprived it of the opportunity to participate in the World Championship in Germany (1974); the refusal of the entire USSR national Olympic team to participate in the Los Angeles Olympics (1984), and others. In the 1960s, many cities began to organize competitions and spartakiads of house administrations and street committees, and health and recreation clubs were established on the initiative of physical education enthusiasts.

I Summer Spartakiade of the Peoples of the USSR. 1956.

Sports and recreation camps, tourist and ski bases were especially popular among young people and adults. Health zones and trains were widely spread in the country. The scale of mass physical culture and recreation work in parks of culture and recreation expanded. Over time, new forms of mass involvement of the younger generation in sports appeared. Tens of thousands of school teams took part in competitions for the prizes of the All-Union (later All-Russian) competitions in soccer ("Leather Ball"), ice hockey ("Wicker Ball"), ice hockey ("Golden Puck"), chess ("White Rook"), track and field ("Young Athletes' Shipovka"), swimming ("Merry Dolphin") and others. Millions of schoolchildren participated in these competitions every year.

July 1959. Riga. Stadium "Daugava". Basketball players make a lap of honor after returning from the victorious final of the Champions Cup. Ahead - head coach Alexander Gomelsky.

At enterprises, collective farms, state farm s, institutions and educational institutions created physical culture groups and sports clubs (in universities, at major enterprises, construction sites, etc.), for those wishing to engage in technical sports organized sports and technical sections at the primary organizations of DOSAAF USSR and sports and technical clubs, including the Central Aero Club of the USSR named after V. P. Chkalov, the central aeroclub of the USSR. P. Chkalov, central radio, motorized rifle, marine, etc. clubs; worked sports clubs of the army (SKA) in military districts (and fleets) and the central club - CSKA. In total, by the end of the 1970s trained: masters.

By the end of the 1970s, 117 thousand people had been trained as masters of sports, 3.8 thousand people had been trained as masters of sports of the USSR of international class (the title was established in 1965), 2.1 thousand people had been awarded the title of Honored Master of Sports of the USSR, and 900 people had been honored as Honored Coach of the USSR.

By 1980 there were about 3 thousand stadiums, 60 thousand gymnasiums, 1.2 thousand swimming pools, 446 thousand sports grounds, 98 thousand soccer fields, 60 motodromes, more than 19 thousand shooting ranges, 6.6 thousand ski bases, 1.3 thousand skating tracks, etc.

Popularization and development of sport was promoted by the national mass media. In the mid. In the mid-1970s more than 30 sports newspapers and magazines were published (single circulation of more than 7 million copies), including 15 central ones.

Specialized publishing house "Physical Culture and Sport" (founded in 1923) and other publishing houses annually published 700 titles of books and other publications with a total circulation of ca. 10 million copies. 10 million copies. Every year up to 40 documentary, popular science, educational and feature films devoted to sports were released on the screen.

The most famous of them are documentary and feature films "Sport, Sport, Sport" (1970; duration 85 minutes) directed by E. G. Klimov and "Ballad of Sport" (1980; 90 minutes) directed by Y. N. Ozerov, in which 8 songs about sport (music by A. N. Pakhmutova, lyrics by N. N. Dobronravov), including the iconic "Team of our youth", were first performed. Among the popular feature films of those years - "Royal Regatta" (1967), "Novenkaya" (1969), "Create a Fight" (1969), "The White Queen's Move" (1972), "Eleven Hopes" (1976), "Victor Krokhin's Second Attempt" (1977), "White Snow of Russia" (1981), Fan (1989) and others. In the program of the Central Television the total volume of programs on physical culture and sports was very small and according to sociologists' calculations amounted to approx. 2% of airtime on weekdays and ca. 7% on weekends. During the Olympic Games, sports broadcasting on the two central channels increased dramatically, for example, the volume of broadcasts from the Seoul Olympics during the two weeks of competition amounted to 190 hours, which was 11 hours more than the American channels.

The popularization of sports was actively promoted by talented sports commentators of television and radio: N. N. Ozerov, V. I. Pereturin, N. A. Yeremina, V. S. Nabutov, V. L. Pisarevsky, Y. Y. Sparre, K. I. Makharadze, G. G. Sarkisyants and others.

Conclusion

The incredible sports achievements of the USSR in 1950-1970 not only amazed the world sports community, but also inspired many young people to take up sports. This period became a point of record for the development of mass physical culture and sports in the country.

All these successes of Soviet sports in 1950-1970 left a deep trace in history, confirming the outstanding results and, above all, the genius of Soviet athletes. Their achievements will remain in the memory and heart of many generations of sports fans and will continue to inspire people regardless of time.

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Аннотация

Список литературы

Andryushina N.E. (1992) The spiritual world of personality as a socio-philosophical problem: Dis. Candidate of Philos. Sciences. M. 148 p. (In Russ).

Anokhin A.K. (1912) News of the book market and "programs" of physical education of youth. Strength and health. 1912. Number 5. Pp. 488-490. (In Russ).

Aseev V.G. (1976) Motivation of behavior and formation of personality. M.: Pedagogy. 241 p. (In Russ).

Butovsky A.D. (1906) Questions of physical education and sports at the International Congress in Brussels in the summer of 1905. Pedagogical collection. Number 1. Pp. 34-69. (In Russ).

Donskoy D.D. Development of P. F. Lesgafts ideas about physical exercise as a motor action. Physical culture and sport, health of the nation. St. Petersburg. P. 128. (In Russ).

Ershov B.A., Lubkin Y.Y. (2016) The activities of the Russian Orthodox Church in countering extremism and terrorism in modern Russia. Historical, philosophical, political and legal sciences, cultural studies and art history. Questions of theory and practice. Vol. 11-2 (73). Pp. 97-99. (In Russ).

Ershov B.A., Nebolsin V.A., Solovieva S.R. (2020) Higher education in technical universities of Russia. 7th International conference on education and social sciences. Abstracts Proceedings. Pp. 55-58. (In Engl).

Ershov B.A., Perepelitsyn A., Glazkov E., Volkov I., Volkov S. (2019) Church and state in Russia: management issues. 5th International conference on advences in education and social sciences. Abstracts Proceedings, e-publication. Pp. 26-29. (In Engl).

Ershov B.A., Zhdanova T.A., Kashirsky S.N., Monko T. (2020) Education in the university as an important factor in the socialization of students in Russia. 6th International Conference on Advances in Education. Abstracts Proceedings. Pp. 517-520. (In Engl).

Ershov B.A., Zhdanova T.A., Kashirsky S.N., Monko T. (2020) Education in the university as an important factor in the socialization of students in Russia. 6th International Conference on Advances in Education. Abstracts Proceedings. Pp. 517-520. (In Engl).

Fursov V.N., Ershov B.A., Lubkin Y.Y. (2016) The participation of the Russian Orthodox Church in the patriotic education of the young generation in modern Russia. News of the Voronezh State Pedagogical University. Vol. 1 (270). Pp. 147-150. (In Russ).

Gruza M.S., Vyalykh N.N., Dushkin O.A., Shcherbina I.V., Nikiforova L.A. (2022) Historical aspects of sports-mass work in higher educational institutions of Russia. Bulletin Social-Economic and Humanitarian Research. Vol. 13 (15). Pp. 3-9. (In Engl).

Gudzenko I.R. (1963) A new program of physical education of students. Theory and practice of physical culture. Number 9. Pp. 27-31. (In Russ).

Ignatiev V.E. (1904) Physical exercises as one of the foundations of education. Home doctor. Number 3. Pp. 18-21. (In Russ).

Kradman D.A. (1945) From the history of physical education of students in pre-revolutionary Russia. Theory and practice of physical culture. Number 6-7. Pp. 60-67. (In Russ).

Kulinko N.F. (1982) History and organization of physical culture. M.: Enlightenment. 223 p. (In Russ).

Lebedev I.V. (1912) Strength and health: a guide to how to become a strong and healthy person. SPb. 127 p. (In Russ).

Ponomarev N.I. (1974) On the theory of physical culture as a science. Theory and practice of physical culture. Number 4. Pp. 49-53. (In Russ).

Ratner A. (1990) Letters to Coubertin. Olympic panorama. Number 1. Pp. 34-39. (In Russ).

Soloviev G.M. (1999) Formation of physical culture of a students personality in the perspective of modern educational technologies. Stavropol: SSU. 167 p. (In Russ).

Stolyarov V.I. (1985) To the question of the theory of physical culture (methodological analysis). Theory and practice of physical culture. Number 2. Pp. 39-44. (In Russ).

Vilensky M.Y. (2001) The main essential characteristics of the pedagogical technology of the formation of physical culture of the individual. Physical culture: upbringing, education, training. Number 3. Pp. 2-7. (In Russ).

Vinogradov P.A. (1996) Fundamentals of physical culture and healthy lifestyle: studies. manual. M. 1. Sov. sport. 587 p. (In Russ).

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