Statistical assessment of inclusion in the sphere of tourism: experience of UE countries
Importance of statistical accounting for the implementation of the principles of inclusive development. Definition of the experience of leading European countries in inclusive development issues. Role of tourism in the processes of inclusive development.
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State University of Trade and Economics
STATISTICAL ASSESSMENT OF INCLUSION IN THE SPHERE OF TOURISM: EXPERIENCE OF EU COUNTRIES
Tetiana Tkachenko Doctor of Economics, Professor of the
Department of Tourism and Recreation
Oleksandr Kozoriz graduate student of the
Department of Tourism and Recreation
Kyiv
Abstract
inclusive development tourism european
The article reveals the importance of statistical accounting for the implementation of the principles of inclusive development, defines the experience of leading European countries in inclusive development issues as a reference point for the establishment of statistical accounting of inclusion in Ukraine in view of its European integration vector of development and potential membership in the EU. The study characterizes the European approach to inclusive development, its vision and main components, on the basis of which the main directions and data of statistical accounting of inclusive development are proposed.
The article reveals the role of tourism in the processes of inclusive development in view of the wide range of economic activities covered by this area. In the course of the study, it was analyzed the display of data on inclusion by state bodies of statistics of leading European countries according to the Index of Inclusive Development and Ukraine, as a result of which a larger amount of general statistical data on inclusion by relevant bodies of European countries was revealed compared to Ukraine, but their completeness was insufficient, as well as the absence of specific data on inclusion in tourism in all analyzed countries, instead, the fact of relative structural and logical identity in terms ofpresenting basic, key statistical data on the development of tourism was followed. In addition, it was determined that in some countries there are specialized departments that accumulate data on inclusion, which is one of the directions of their area of responsibility. At the same time, it was determined that a significant share of data on inclusion is operated by non-governmental European organizations that collect and analyze specialized, narrowly targeted information regarding different categories of persons included in the inclusive category. In addition, the article reveals the importance of statistical accounting and publication of data on inclusion by official state statistical bodies, which will have a positive impact on the development and implementation of inclusive policy by the state, in tourism in particular, as well as the attraction of investments in projects aimed at inclusive development.
Keywords: inclusion, inclusive development, statistics, statistical accounting, tourism.
Анотація
СТАТИСТИЧНА ОЦІНКА ІНКЛЮЗІЇ У СФЕРІ ТУРИЗМУ: ДОСВІД КРАЇН ЄС
Т.І. Ткаченко д.е.н., професор кафедри туризму та рекреації
О.Є. Козоріз аспірант кафедри туризму та рекреації Державний торговельно-економічний університет, Київ, Україна
У статті розкрито значення статистичного обліку для реалізації принципів інклюзивного розвитку, визначено досвід провідних європейських країн у питаннях інклюзивного розвитку як орієнтир для налагодження статистичного обліку інклюзії в Україні з огляду на її євроінтеграційний вектор. розвитку. У дослідженні охарактеризовано європейський підхід до інклюзивного розвитку, на основі якого запропоновано основні напрями та дані статистичного обліку інклюзивного розвитку. Крім того, у статті розкривається роль туризму в процесах інклюзивного розвитку. Проаналізовано відображення даних щодо включення державними органами статистики провідних країн Європи за Індексом інклюзивного розвитку та України. Визначено, що в деяких країнах замість статистичних органів існують спеціалізовані державні відомства, які накопичують дані з інклюзії, що є одним із напрямків їхньої сфери відповідальності. Значною часткою даних з інклюзії оперують неурядові європейські організації, які збирають та аналізують спеціалізовану, вузько направлену інформацію щодо різних категорій осіб, які входять до інклюзивної категорії. У статті розкрито важливість статистичного обліку та оприлюднення даних про інклюзію офіційними органами державної статистики, що матиме позитивний вплив на розробку та реалізацію інклюзивної політики державою, в тому числі і в туризмі.
Ключові слова: інклюзія, інклюзивний розвиток, статистика, статистичний облік, туризм.
Problem Statement
Deep, thorough, and most importantly, effective changes require a comprehensive approach that takes into account all the details and stages of the big process. Any development and its further progress is impossible without reflection, analysis and understanding of the conditions of the initial state in which the object of the future development strategy is located. Inclusive development is not an exception to the rule, so starting the process of its implementation requires the same approach. An effective tool at this stage is statistics, namely statistical accountting of positions that are key to inclusion. That is why the question arises of proper organization of the collection and processing of statistical information on inclusion, which will ensure the formation of an appropriate strategy of inclusive development, which will take into account all the features of the situation (in particular, economic, demographic, socio-political, etc.) revealed during the analysis, in which the system is initially located. and further updating and monitoring of this information will allow to respond quickly and correctly to any interme-diate changes, that is, to ensure flexibi-lity, which will ultimately lead to the achievement of the set goals of inclusive development. The study and solution of the statistical accounting of inclusion is actualized in the conditions of the war and the post-war recovery of the economy of Ukraine, in particular, the tourism sector.
Review of the last research and publications
To the scientifical research on the inclusive growth of society the works of foreign and domestic scientists of economics are devoted, such as F. Santiago, S. Cook, N. Pisani, A. Kolk and A. Kourula, K. Wegelin and J. Gupta, G. Rauniyar and R. Kanbour, Y.Vlasenko, V. Basiliuk and O. Zhulyn, Y Saveliev etc. Scientists A.A. Mazaraki, T.I. Tkachenko, G.I. Mykhailichenko, A.G. Okhrimenko, N.O. Roskladka., T.P. Dupliak, O.A. Sushchenko, T.O. Tymoshenko etc. have developed theoretical and practical questions regarding the meaningfulness of the inclusive sustainable growth of the tourism sector as an important component of the national economy. A significant part of the works is dedicated to researching the trends of macroeconomic indicators - the index of human development and the index of inclusive development in countries, the contribution of the tourism sector in general or by individual components of these integrated indicators. The assessment is based on indicators calculated by the UN statistical services and the World Economic Forum, respectively. However, until now there are no scientific and methodological approaches to the assessment of individual types of economic activity and regions of the country regarding inclusive growth, which requires improvement of the system of statistical observations, in particular statistical accounting of both state and public organizations.
Task of the research is to analyze the experience of European countries regarding static accounting and display of data regarding inclusion by official state statistical bodies with the aim of implementing best practices in Ukraine.
The basic material of research
The foundation of inclusive development, the initial stage of its implementtation, is a statistical assessment of the social and economic systems it covers. In its essence, inclusive development is designed to provide equal opportunities for all members of society in all manifestations of their life activities [1], and therefore it covers a wide range of its spheres: employment, education, health, recreation etc., data on the manifestation of inclusion in which, serve as a basis for accounting, analysis and further implementation of rational steps to achieve the goals of inclusive development (Table 1).
Table 1
Directions and data of statistical accounting of inclusive development
|
Direction |
Data |
|
|
Demography |
Population distribution by age, sex, ethnic composition, number of persons with disabilities |
|
|
Economical development |
Income level, poverty level among the population |
|
|
Employment |
Number of able-bodied population, number of employed population, percentage of unemployment, number of employed workers from among persons with disabilities at enterprises of various types of economic activity, number of employed women and men at enterprises of various types of economic activity |
|
|
Education |
The number of educational institutions, the number of pupils/ pupils/students of preschool, secondary and higher education institutions, the number of inclusive pupils/pupils,the number of educational institutions equipped with infrastructure for persons with reduced mobility, the number of educational institutions that integrate children with special needs into the educational process |
|
|
Vacation |
The number of temporary accommodation facilities equipped with infrastructure for people with limited mobility, the number of sanatorium-resort type facilities, the number of tourist enterprises offering an inclusive tourism product |
|
|
Infrastructure |
The number of railway, car, sea and river stations, as well as airports, equipped with infrastructure for low-mobility categories of the population |
Source: Created by author
The path of European integration, which Ukraine has embarked on, involves the implementation of various European standards and norms in various spheres of social life. One of the components of this process is the inclusive approach that European countries implement in their models of economic growth and social development.
The decision regarding the inclusive type of development by the countries of Europe, or rather the European Union, was made back in 2010, which was reflected in the Europe 2020 strategy, according to which a component of achieving the efficiency of economic processes is ensuring a high level of employment and social unity. Taking into account the provisions of the European model of inclusive develop-ment, for inclusive development it is important to reduce poverty, realize people's labor potential, stimulate a high level of social involvement, social cohesion [2], provide people with a certain standard of living, in addition to the conditions and opportunities to independently control it [3], as well as supporting factors, for example, inclusive infrastructure, which will ensure the formation of a fullfledged inclusive environment, both social and business, for the development and implementation of a broad, effective inclusive policy that will cover all areas of human life, we consider it appropriate to collect, analyze and monitor data, listed in Table 1.
Despite the problems that Ukraine has faced and is struggling with as a result of the full-scale war, the country continues to actively work towards joining the European Union, but faces numerous challenges in implementing measures to implement the principles of inclusive development. Ensuring access to quality education, equal conditions in the labor market, arranging the proper infrastructure are some of the main tasks.
The field of tourism has the potential to be a significant driver of the processes of inclusive development, because with the creation of appropriate conditions, it can employ a part of people with various special needs, integrate them in various stages of both the development and implementation of a tourist product, and the provision of means of accommodation, food, transport, objects of tourist interest, tourist destinations in general with proper infrastructure, will make representatives of inclusive categories full-fledged consumers of it. Therefore, inclusive development in tourism is important, and the successful implementation of such a policy is impossible without a primary analysis of the current state of affairs, which is based on relevant statistical data. At the same time, the official data of statistical observations of the State Committee of Statistics of Ukraine reflects information on inclusion only in education (chapter 85 according to CTEA/КВЕД 2010) and and regarding tourism, there is departmental information provided by JSC «Ukrzaliznytsia» regarding intercity passenger rail transport services (class 49.10 according to СТЕА/КВЕД 2010) [5]. Indicators of the inclusive development of passenger rail transport in Ukraine for 2021 are presented in (Table 2).
Table 2
The number of railway stations, stations and stops adapted to the needs of persons with disabilities and groups of people with reduced mobility as of the end of2021
|
Indicator |
Units at the end of the year |
|
|
The number of railway stations, stations and other separation points with track development |
1503 |
|
|
including: adapted to the needs of persons with disabilities and groups with reduced mobility |
689 |
|
|
including: adapted rest rooms (in rest rooms for general use and in specialized ones |
39 |
|
|
adapted waiting rooms («waiting rooms for persons with disabilities») |
229 |
|
|
adapted ticket offices |
131 |
|
|
adapted hiding cells (free entrance and location of the cell) |
133 |
|
|
elevators (lifts) for the use of persons with disabilities |
31 |
|
|
lifting platforms for getting on and off the train (mobile installations, gangways) |
113 |
|
|
Indicator |
Units at the end of the year |
|
|
wheelchairs used for transportation of persons with disabilities at train stations (stations) |
167 |
|
|
ramps (ramps, inclined platforms, etc.) |
672 |
|
|
navigation aids (sound informants, «Metronome», etc.) |
167 |
|
|
means of orientation (information indicators, movement schemes, icons) |
1181 |
|
|
means of orientation (tactile pointers in Braille) |
749 |
|
|
presence of yellow warning lines and tactile tiles on platforms and buildings |
275 |
|
|
widening of entrance doorways |
716 |
|
|
car parking spaces for persons with disabilities at station squares, identified by the corresponding icons |
229 |
|
|
adapted resting places in common halls, highlighted with the appropriate icons |
1173 |
Source: [5]
This data indicates the presence of signs of the implementation of inclusive practices in the field of railway transport and the existence of a certain inclusive policy in JSC «Ukrzaliznytsia», which is manifested in the equipping of railway stations, stations and stopping points with lifting platforms (mechanisms) for boarding/disembarking persons with disabilities, tactile, visual and other elements of accessibility. In addition, according to the report of JSC «Ukrzaliznytsia» for 2020 [6], a staff training program has been implemented to help people with disabilities during passenger transportation. Nevertheless, there is an urgent problem with the lack of statistical data on inclusion in other types of economic activity, the products of which are part of the tourist offer, which significantly slows down the implementation of an inclusive policy in tourism, which is an important aspect of development, especially in the realities of war and post-war times.
The chosen course for integration into the European community dictates the need to study experience of the leading European countries regarding the collection and submission of statistical data on inclusion. The level at which the inclusive vector of development of these countries is accepted indicates that the states are interested and responsible at the highest level for its implementation, that is, first of all, relevant data should be accumulated by official state statistical bodies. For the study, we will take the leading countries according to the Index of Inclusive Development (Inclusive Development Index) [6].
Table 3
Display of data on inclusion by state bodies of statistics of leading European countries according to the Inclusive Development Index and Ukraine
|
Country |
Demography |
Economical development |
Employment |
Education |
Infrastructure |
|
|
Norway |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Iceland |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Luxembourg |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Switzerland |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Denmark |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Sweden |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Netherlands |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Ireland |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Austria |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
Ukraine |
- |
- |
- |
- |
_- |
Source: Created by author based on [7-16]
As can be seen from the data in Table 3, the state statistics bodies of the European countries-leaders according to the Index of Inclusive Development mostly accumulate and operate with a slightly larger volume of data on inclusion, however, it should be noted, it is not completely exhaustive. The best situation can be seen on the basis of data on demographic indicators, which reflect the distribution of the population according to various characteristics and characterize, in particular, the diversity of the population (national, ethnic, etc.), and data on the number of persons with disabilities are provided separately for individual countries; economic development and employment (in particular, persons with disabilities). The state statistical bodies have the least data on inclusive education and the correspondding infrastructure. It should be noted that in some countries, data on inclusion are collected by specific ministries (of the ones studied, for example, in Austria - the Federal Ministry of Social Affairs, Health, Care and Consumer Protection) or government departments (Luxembourg - National Office for Inclusion).
Having analyzed the statistical data on tourism, it should be noted that relative structural identity is observed, because the state statistical bodies of these countries provide data on key, basic indicators that generally characterize the development of the sphere in the countries: the number of accommodation establishments, the number of rooms, the number of overnight stays, the number of tourists served, tourist flows, indicators of economic impact, the contribution of tourism to the GDP of countries, etc.
Regarding statistical accounting of inclusion (and in tourism, in particular) in European countries, it should also be noted that a considerable amount of data is accumulated, analyzed and highlighted by individual organizations, whose activities are aimed at accumulating data on inclusion in its various manifestations, for example:
- European Disability Forum is an organization that represents and protects the interests of persons with disabilities in the countries of the European Union [17];
- Inclusion Europe, which takes care of issues of protection of people with intellectual disabilities and examines aspects of their integration into society, monitoring relevant data, in particular, that of employment, accessibility, education, health care, electoral rights, combating discrimination [18];
- SALTO Inclusive Educationand the European Agency for Special Needs and Inclusive Education dealing with issues of inclusive education, collect and analyze relevant data;
- YEPP Europe is an organization dealing with youth issues, expanding their opportunities, developing their potential, supporting them in various areas of their interests, training, social integration of marginalized groups [21];
- EU Platform of Diversity Charters [22] is an initiative to consolidate and strengthen efforts to implement diversity and inclusion in European organizations. It was created to unite the signatories of the charters, promote cooperation, exchange of knowledge and promote inclusive practices in the European Union.
Despite the existence of numerous non-governmental organizations that independently work on statistical accounting of inclusion, the importance of collection and coverage should be emphasized of these data precisely by state official statistical bodies, because this allows state statistical bodies to monitor social progress and the effecttiveness of inclusive policies. This is important for identifying trends, identifying problem areas and developing appropriate strategies. In addition, adequate statistics on inclusion are a key tool for decision-making in the field of social policy and the development of inclusive development programs. The data provide an objective picture of the situation, which is the basis for effective formation of public policy.
Collecting data on inclusion allows for the identification of specific problem areas that may require additionnal attention and support, which will contribute to more efficient allocation of resources and inclusive development in general. It should also be noted that the publication of statistical data on inclusion by state statistical bodies will contribute to ensuring the transparency of government actions. This makes state institutions more open and accountable to citizens.
In addition, international organizations and large private investors are guided by the data of official state bodies, so the availability of official data at the state level, their completeness and openness will contribute to the investment attractiveness of the relevant state initiatives, facilitate the process of finding investors and encourage them to make positive decisions.
The state can develop a model of cooperation between state statistical bodies and non-governmental organizations that operate data on inclusion, for facilitating data collection and processsing. Public statistical authorities can establish joint working groups with nongovernmental organizations to discuss data collection methodologies, define key indicators and resolve technical aspects of joint projects. The development of joint research and projects will allow combining the resources of state and non-state organizations to solve specific tasks related to inclusion.
Conclusions
Inclusive development requires a systemic approach, which will include the implementation of clear steps and actions based on sound data. Accordingly, for the effecttive implementation of inclusive practices and further monitoring of the results, the initial task is to analyze the starting point of future changes, where the available statistical data are used as a tool, regarding inclusion, and its manifestations in various spheres of society, if the goal is to build a full-fledged, proper inclusive environment.
Ukraine as a European country and a potential full member of the European Union aims to achieve effective inclusive development, and therefore it is rational to study the experience of leading European countries in this aspect.
Analyzed data of the leading European countries according to the Index of Inclusive Development showed that the information displayed by their official state statistical bodies is more complete than that provided by the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, but still remains insufficiently comprehensive. It is typical for individual countries that data on inclusion are accumulated by relevant ministries and state departments in which inclusion is within their area of responsibility.
The fact that in Europe a large amount of statistical information, mostly specialized, narrowly directed towards individual inclusive categories, is operated by non-governmental organizations whose activities are aimed at one or another support and protection of various categories of persons included in the inclusive category.
The importance of collecting, processing and highlighting information on inclusion by the official state statistical bodies is determined by the fact that it will have a positive effect at various stages of the development and implementation of the inclusive policy by the state, because it will contribute to the processes of making the right decisions, monitoring the effectiveness of the implementation of this policy at various stages of its implementation, as well as transparency, which will be reflected in the investment attractiveness of the state and facilitate the process of attracting investments in the implementation of projects aimed at inclusive development.
Список літератури
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