Innovation in aviation
Aviation as the design, development, production, operation and use of aircraft, especially heavier-than-air aircraft. Manufacturers of civil transport aircraft. A draft failure for realization of hypersonic flight at speeds about six numbers of the Move.
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1. Introduction. Aviation
Aviation is the design, development, production, operation, and use of aircraft, especially heavier-than-air aircraft. The word "Aviation" was coined by French writer and former naval officer Gabriel La Landelle in 1863, from the verb "avier" (synonymous flying), itself derived from the Latin word "avis" ("bird") and the suffix "-ation".
2. History of aviation
Many cultures have built devices that travel through the air, from the earliest projectiles such as stones and spears, the boomerang in Australia, the hot air Kongming lantern, and kites. There are early legends of human flight such as the story of Icarus, and Jamshid in Persian myth, and later, somewhat more credible claims of short-distance human flights appear, such as the flying automaton of Archytas of Tarentum (428-347 BC), the winged flights of Abbas Ibn Firnas (810-887), Eilmer of Malmesbury (11th century), and the hot-air Passarola of Bartolomeu Lourenзo de Gusmгo (1685-1724).The modern age of aviation began with the first untethered human lighter-than-air flight on November 21, 1783, in a hot air balloon, designed by the Montgolfier brothers. The practicality of balloons was limited because they could only travel downwind. It was immediately recognized that a steerable, or dirigible, balloon was required. Jean-Pierre Blanchard flew the first human-powered dirigible in 1784 and crossed the English Channel in one in 1785. In 1799 Sir George Cayley set forth the concept of the modern airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control. Early dirigible developments included machine-powered propulsion (Henri Giffard, 1852), rigid frames (David Schwarz, 1896), and improved speed and maneuverability (Alberto Santos-Dumont, 1901).
There are many competing claims for the earliest powered, heavier-than-air flight. The first recorded powered flight was carried out by Clйment Ader on October 8, 1890 where he reportedly made the first manned, powered, heavier-than-air flight of a significant distance (50 meters) but insignificant altitude from level ground in his bat-winged, fully self-propelled fixed wing aircraft with a single tractor propeller, the Ader Йole. Seven years later, on 14 October 1897, in front of two officials from the French War ministry, the Avion III is claimed to have flown over 300 meters, just lifting off the ground, and then crashing. The event was not publicized until many years later, as it had been a military secret. The events were poorly documented, the aeroplane not suited to have been controlled and there was no further development. However, the most widely accepted date is December 17, 1903 by the Wright brothers. The Wright brothers were the first to fly in a powered and controlled aircraft. Previous flights were gliders (control but no power) or free flight (power but no control), but the Wright brothers combined both, setting the new standard in aviation records. Following this, the widespread adoption of ailerons rather than wing warping made aircraft much easier to control, and only a decade later, at the start of World War I, heavier-than-air powered aircraft had become practical for reconnaissance, artillery spotting, and even attacks against ground positions. Aircraft began to transport people and cargo as designs grew larger and more reliable. The Wright brothers took aloft the first passenger, Charles Furnas, one of their mechanics, on May 14, 1908. In contrast to small non-rigid blimps, giant rigid airships became the first aircraft to transport passengers and cargo over great distances. The best known aircraft of this type were manufactured by the German Zeppelin company.
The most successful Zeppelin was the Graf Zeppelin. It flew over one million miles, including an around-the-world flight in August 1929. However, the dominance of the Zeppelins over the airplanes of that period, which had a range of only a few hundred miles, was diminishing as airplane design advanced. The "Golden Age" of the airships ended on May 6, 1937 when the Hindenburg caught fire, killing 36 people. The cause of the Hindenburg accident was initially blamed on the use of hydrogen instead of helium as the lift gas. An internal investigation by the manufacturer revealed the coating used to protect the covering material over the frame was highly flammable and allowed static electricity to build up in the airship. Changes to the coating formulation reduced the risk of further Hindenburg type accidents. Although there have been periodic initiatives to revive their use, airships have seen only niche application since that time. During the 1920s and 1930s great progress was made in the field of aviation, such as the first transatlantic flight of Alcock and Brown in 1919, Charles Lindbergh's solo transatlantic flight in 1927, and Charles Kingsford Smith's transpacific flight the following year. One of the most successful designs of this period was the Douglas DC-3, which became the first airliner that was profitable carrying passengers exclusively, starting the modern era of passenger airline service. By the beginning of World War II, many towns and cities had built airports, and there were numerous qualified pilots available. The war brought many innovations to aviation, including the first jet aircraft and the first liquid-fueled rockets.
After World War II, especially in North America, there was a boom in general aviation, both private and commercial, as thousands of pilots were released from military service and many inexpensive war-surplus transport and training aircraft became available. Manufacturers such as Cessna, Piper, and Beechcraft expanded production to provide light aircraft for the new middle-class market.
By the 1950s, the development of civil jets grew, beginning with the de Havilland Comet, though the first widely used passenger jet was the Boeing 707, because it was much more economical than other planes at that time. At the same time, turboprop propulsion began to appear for smaller commuter planes, making it possible to serve small-volume routes in a much wider range of weather conditions. Since the 1960s, composite airframes and quieter, more efficient engines have become available, and Concorde provided supersonic passenger service for more than two decades, but the most important lasting innovations have taken place in instrumentation and control. The arrival of solid-state electronics, the Global Positioning System, satellite communications, and increasingly small and powerful computers and LED displays, have dramatically changed the cockpits of airliners and, increasingly, of smaller aircraft as well. Pilots can navigate much more accurately and view terrain, obstructions, and other nearby aircraft on a map or through synthetic vision, even at night or in low visibility. On June 21, 2004, Space Ship One became the first privately funded aircraft to make a spaceflight, opening the possibility of an aviation market capable of leaving the Earth's atmosphere. Meanwhile flying prototypes of aircraft powered by alternative fuels, such as ethanol, electricity, and even solar energy becoming more common.
3. Aeronautics
Aeronautics (from the ancient Greek words ?Юс взr, which means "air", and нбхфйкЮ nautikз which means "navigation", i.e. "navigation of the air") is the science involved with the study, design, and manufacturing of airflight-capable machines, or the techniques of operating aircraft and rocketry within the atmosphere. While the term--literally meaning "sailing the air"--originally referred solely to the science of operating the aircraft, it has since been expanded to include technology, business and other aspects related to aircraft.
One of the significant parts in aeronautics is a branch of physical science called aerodynamics, which deals with the motion of air and the way that it interacts with objects in motion, such as an aircraft. The term "aviation" is sometimes used interchangeably with aeronautics, although "aeronautics" includes lighter-than-air craft such as airships, and includes ballistic vehicles while "aviation" does not.
4. Operations of aircraft
Civil aviation, Air transport, General aviation, Military aviation.
4.1 Civil aviation
Civil aviation includes all non-military flying, both general aviation and scheduled air transport.
4.2 Air transport
aviation aircraft transport hypersonic
There are five major manufacturers of civil transport aircraft (in alphabetical order):
· Airbus, based in Europe
· Boeing, based in the United States
· Bombardier, based in Canada
· Embraer, based in Brazil
· United Aircraft Corporation, based in Russia
Boeing, Airbus, Ilyushin and Tupolev concentrate on wide-body and narrow-body jet airliners, while Bombardier, Embraer and Sukhoi concentrate on regional airliners. Large networks of specialized parts suppliers from around the world support these manufacturers, who sometimes provide only the initial design and final assembly in their own plants. The Chinese ACAC consortium will also soon enter the civil transport market with its ACAC ARJ21 regional jet. Until the 1970s, most major airlines were flag carriers, sponsored by their governments and heavily protected from competition. Since then, open skies agreements have resulted in increased competition and choice for consumers, coupled with falling prices for airlines. The combination of high fuel prices, low fares, high salaries, and crises such as the September 11, 2001 attacks and the SARS epidemic have driven many older airlines to government-bailouts, bankruptcy or mergers. At the same time, low-cost carriers such as Ryanair, Southwest and Westjet have flourished.
4.3 General aviation
General aviation includes all non-scheduled civil flying, both private and commercial. General aviation may include business flights, air charter, private aviation, flight training, ballooning, parachuting, gliding, hang gliding, aerial photography, foot-launched powered hang gliders, air ambulance, crop dusting, charter flights, traffic reporting, police air patrols and forest fire fighting.
Each country regulates aviation differently, but general aviation usually falls under different regulations depending on whether it is private or commercial and on the type of equipment involved. Many small aircraft manufacturers serve the general aviation market, with a focus on private aviation and flight training. The most important recent developments for small aircraft (which form the bulk of the GA fleet) have been the introduction of advanced avionics (including GPS) that were formerly found only in large airliners, and the introduction of composite materials to make small aircraft lighter and faster. Ultralight and homebuilt aircraft have also become increasingly popular for recreational use, since in most countries that allow private aviation, they are much less expensive and less heavily regulated than certified aircraft.
The largest aircraft to be built, to date, is the Antonov An-225. This aircraft comes from the Ukraine, and it was built back in the 1980s. This aircraft includes 6 engines, mounted on the wing. Its wingspan is 88 metres (289 feet) and it is 84 metres long (276 feet). This aircraft holds the world payload record, after it transported 428,834 pounds worth of goods. Weighing in at 1.4 million pounds, it is also the heaviest aircraft to be built.
4.4 Military aviation
Simple balloons were used as surveillance aircraft as early as the 18th century. Over the years, military aircraft have been built to meet ever increasing capability requirements. Manufacturers of military aircraft compete for contracts to supply their government's arsenal. Aircraft are selected based on factors like cost, performance, and the speed of production.
Types of military aviation.
· Fighter aircraft's primary function is to destroy other aircraft. (e.g. Sopwith Camel, A6M Zero, F-15, MiG-29, Su-27, and F-22).
· Ground attack aircraft are used against tactical earth-bound targets. (e.g. Junkers Stuka, A-10, Il-2, J-22 Orao, AH-64 and Su-25).
· Bombers are generally used against more strategic targets, such as factories and oil fields. (e.g. Zeppelin, Tu-95, Mirage IV, and B-52).
· Transport aircraft are used to transport hardware and personnel. (e.g. C-17 Globemaster III, C-130 Hercules and Mil Mi-26).
· Surveillance and reconnaissance aircraft obtain information about enemy forces. (e.g. Rumpler Taube, Mosquito, U-2, OH-58 andMiG-25R).
· Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are used primarily as reconnaissance fixed-wing aircraft, though many also carry payloads. Cargo aircraft are in development. (e.g. RQ-7B Shadow, MQ-8 Fire Scout, and MQ-1C Gray Eagle).
· Missiles deliver warheads, normally explosives, but also things like leaflets.
5. Hypersonic UAV
The Ministry of Defence of the USA in 2011 published the forecast according to which the quantity of well protected no-fly zones will constantly increase, complicating actions of usual prospecting and shock aircraft in the territory of the opponent. It means that aircraft which will be able quickly and to operate rather imperceptibly in such conditions to which existing planes give in will be necessary for military. At the beginning of November, 2013 the division of Skunk Works of the Lockheed Martin company declared development of the hypersonic SR-72 UAV - it will have to take a place released after write-off of the legendary SR-71 Blackbird scout plane.
5.1 "Blackbird"
In the early sixties, in a heat of "cold war", the division of Skunk Works of the American company Lockheed (after merge in 1995 with Martin Marietta Lockheed Martin began to be called) started creation of the new high-speed scout plane for the Central intelligence service of the USA. The plane which has received designation of A-12, was developed specially for conducting investigation over the territory of the USSR, however after acceptance on arms in 1963 for these tasks was never used. In the second half the 1960th part A-12 placed on air base on Okinawa in Japan and used for investigation over the territory of Northern Vietnam. A-12 possessed "sharp" forms and throughout all service life was almost constantly finished. Initially the turbojets of Pratt & Whitney J75 allowing it to gather speed to two numbers of the Move (about 2,3 thousand kilometers per hour) in a dive were aboard the plane established. Later on it put new turbojets of the changeable cycle Pratt & Whitney J58-P4 thanks to which the plane could gather speed in three numbers of the Move (however the maximum admissible speed remained at the level of 2,6 numbers of the Move). The A-12 program was closed in 1968 and actually was only preparation for creation of the new high-speed plane.
In parallel with A-12 Skunk Works developed the high-speed strategic scout plane under SR-71 designation. Initially it was created on the basis of the prospecting RS-70 version of the supersonic XB-70 Valkyrie bomber (from here and there is its name - SR-71). However soon after the work beginning engineers of Skunk Works came to a conclusion that the A-12 platform is suitable for achievement of high speeds and height of flight, carrying out investigation, a reconnaissance and supervision much better. In a basis of the updated project it was decided to put the prospecting plane of CIA, and in 1964 of SR-71 executed the first flight. This plane, as well as A-12, received aerodynamic "sharp" forms of a fuselage, massive motor-gondolas and the elements of a design executed from titanic alloys. The last in view of their resistance to strong heating were applied when flying at the speeds close to three numbers of the Move. At a speed more than three thousand kilometers per hour of SR-71 very quickly heated up to 400-450 degrees Celsius. For cooling of a cabin of pilots conditioners were used, as a coolant in which the aviation fuel which is selected from fuel of wires was applied. After participation in heat exchange it arrived at once in engines and burned down. For ensuring normal breath of pilots at the height of flights more than 13 thousand meters special space suits of a total pressure (they evenly squeeze a body and a thorax, helping to breathe and normalizing blood circulation) were created. Later the same space suits were used at starts of "Shuttles". SR-71 was painted in dark blue color not to be allocated against the night sky because of what soon I received the nickname Blackbird ("Blackbird"). Thus the plane became the first aircraft in which technologies of a low-visibility were used: flat fuselage, inclined Kiel, radio absorbing covering and fuel mix with caesium addition for decrease in temperature of exhaust gases.
However the engines allowing it to gather speed, enormous even to modern measures were SR-71 "counter" nevertheless. In 1976 the scout plane established an absolute record of speed when flying on a straight line - 3529, 56 kilometers per hour. The secret was covered in J58 turbojets with a changeable cycle. In fact, they represented a combination of ordinary turbojet double-circuit engines with afterburner and direct-flow propulsion jet engines. J58 were established on SR-71 axisymmetricly and had adjustable air inlets with mobile cones in the horizontal plane. The main draft when flying at speeds up to two numbers of the Move was provided by the turbojets placed in the direct-flow propulsion jet. In such mode the most part of arriving air passed through a zone of compressors, contracted, mixed up with fuel and arrived in the combustion chamber. The warmed gases expiring from the combustion chamber rotated the turbine which in turn untwisted the entrance fan of a turbojet. In process of increase in speed cones in air inlets moved, gradually taking away more and more air to roundabout canals of direct-flow engines, but thus providing and the minimum inflow to a turbojet. At a speed of flights about three thousand kilometers per hour and more cones moved almost completely. Thus the most part of running air contracted, at the expense of formation of shock waves heated up on external part of mobile cones and, passing compressors, the combustion chamber and the turbine, arrived at once in the afterburner where already mixed up with fuel and the heated gases from the turbojet combustion chamber. In such mode of flight, according to Ben Rich participating in the SR-71 project, only ten percent of draft were provided with the ordinary jet engine, and 90 percent - direct-flow. At speeds about three numbers of the Move of SR-71 could fly before fuel exhaustion.
The hybrid J58 engine was breakthrough on a design, but difficult in operation. For start of SR-71 power plants on the earth Wildcat V8 cars were used, each of which had two engines with a general power of 600 horsepowers. They untwisted the axial single-shaft J58 compressor prior to the beginning of a steady turbojet cycle. The warming up of entering air up to the working temperatures of flight on the earth was carried out by means of special installations with turbojets of J75 which were taking place at some distance before air inlets. For initial ignition of fuel in the combustion chamber on the earth the triethylborane self-igniting at air temperature was used the minus of five degrees Celsius is higher. Because of high power SR-71 air inlets easily involved small subjects which could damage the engine from a runway. To avoid it, in home airfields of SR-71 there were the special harvest teams supporting runways practically in ideally pure condition. The design of the engine was complicated also by existence of the computer regulating injection of fuel in the combustion chamber and the afterburner, and also being responsible for movement of cones in air inlets in process of speed growth. Sometimes sensors from which the computer took readings in flight, refused and to operate SR-71 became very difficult. For all the time of action of the Blackbird project 32 planes were constructed, from them 12 were lost, and for the noncombat reasons. Before in 1998 of SR-71 wrote off, it took part in several fighting tasks, including prospecting flights over the Kola Peninsula, Cuba, and also Egypt, Syria and Jordan in 1973 during the Arab-Israeli war of the Doomsday. Besides, planes regularly participated in research flights of NASA according to programs of development of technologies of steady supersonic flight of AST and the perspective plane with a cruiser supersonic speed of flight of SCAR.
5.2 Available hyper sound
From the date of write-off of SR-71 passed 15 years. The U.S. Air Force had again a need for the high-speed aircraft capable in a short space of time to strike blows to objects of the opponent in every spot on the globe. In 2011 the Pentagon declared that on our planet becomes more and more so-called zones with restriction and an access and maneuver prohibition (anti-access/area denied environment, the zones A2/AD). The American military understand as these restrictions not only counteraction of systems of antiaircraft defense of the opponent and his aircraft and continuous satellite supervision, but also conditions in which delivery of spare parts and provisions is considerably complicated or impossible at all. Conditions of A2/AD treats, including, lack of the American political and financial influence in the region. For the Ministry of Defence of the USA in such zones essentially new systems of drawing blows, investigations, reconnaissance and supervision are necessary for work. Creation of such systems is provided by the long-term program of development of hypersonic aircraft and means of the defeat which part already is the hypersonic rocket - the demonstrator of the X-technologies 51A Waverider and the project of the hypersonic device Falcon HTV (during tests in August, 2011 this device made flight at a speed of 20 numbers of the Move, or about 23 thousand kilometers per hour).
In recent years the U.S. Air Force everything lacks a flying prospecting platform which could fill a niche between the satellites delivering prospecting data, both the subsonic piloted and pilotless aircraft which are carrying out the same task more sharply. And the new platform has to be also is adapted for work in the zones A2/AD. According to unconfirmed data, the division of Skunk Works which has started preliminary design of the hypersonic SR-72 aircraft (in numbering the continuity, as well as in a case with SR-71 is observed) undertook to solve this problem in 2007. Long time was known nothing of this project, however at the beginning of November, 2013 of a detail about SR-72 published the Aviation Week & Space Technology magazine. Some details of the project to the magazine were opened by the head of the hypersonic Skunk Works projects Brad Leland. According to him, the perspective device if its development is complete, by the sizes will be comparable to SR-71, but will be able to gather twice a high speed - to six numbers of the Move. Thus Leland noted that hypersonic flight can be considered as some kind of alternative of a low-visibility. "The matter is that at approach at the big height and speed opponents won't be able simply to intercept the device similar to ours. While they will find us and will try to intercept, we will already fly by", - the representative of Skunk Works declared. It is supposed that the SR-72 project will be realized in some stages but only in case public financing is allocated for it. At the first stage in 2018 the piloted demonstrator of the FRV technologies can be created (Flight Research Vehicle, the flying laboratory) which size will correspond approximately to the fighter F-22 Raptor sizes (length of -18,9 meters, scope of a wing - 13,56 meters, height - 5,08 meters, the area covered - 78,04 square meters). On this demonstrator the experimental engine capable throughout several minutes to support speed of flight about six numbers of the Move will be installed.
If everything goes according to the schedule, flight tests of the demonstrator can be begun in 2023. Soon after that it will be possible to start tests of a full-size pilotless prototype of SR-72 which length, as expected, will make about 30 meters. For comparison, length of SR-71 made 32,74 meters, scope of a wing - 16,94 meters, height - 5,64 meters, and the area covered - 141,1 square meters. The beginning of flight tests of SR-72 will be attached to development and flight tests of the perspective hypersonic HSSW rocket (High-Speed Strike Weapon) which creation is conducted now in interests of the U.S. Air Force. The HSSW program assumes completion of development of the rocket in 2020. According to Leland, the beginning of tests of SR-72 is attached to HSSW because now military have a mass of prejudices concerning hypersonic flights. In particular, the Ministry of Defence of the USA meanwhile considers hypersonic technologies "expensive, large-scale and exotic". After a successful conclusion of the HSSW program, Leland is sure, all these prejudices "will dissipate" and the companies will be able quietly to be engaged in development of hypersonic aircraft of various classes. Besides, if everything goes according to the plan, existing technologies will allow Skunk Works to create SR-72 and to put the device on arms of the U.S. Air Force by 2030. Thus in the company count that the new hypersonic pilotless device will be rather cheap. And though by the main objectives for it in Skunk Works determined investigation, a reconnaissance and supervision, it can be finished and for drawing blows to objects of the opponent. The armed hypersonic platform will be able to strike high-precision blows still before the opponent will find it and will hide. While Skunk Works develops SR-72 and engines for it independently with the assistance of the Aerojet Rocketdyne company. The American enterprise cooperates with the last seven years.
In the perspective hypersonic pilotless aircraft it is planned to use results of researches and development in the field of supersonic turbojet double-circuit, direct-flow and hypersonic direct-flow propulsion jet engines. The practices received at implementation of the program closed in 2009 of creation of the hypersonic HTV-3X Blackswift aircraft, capable to fly at speeds up to six numbers of the Move will be considered also. This project was curtailed because of shortage of financing.
5.3 Hybrid installation
For realization of hypersonic flight at speeds about six numbers of the Move engineers of Skunk Works and Aerojet Rocketdyne had to enter fight with so-called "a draft failure". It is a question of ensuring draft for a speed set in a high-speed interval between 2,5 numbers of the Move when ordinary turbojet double-circuit engines cease to be effective, and four numbers of the Move when hypersonic direct-flow propulsion jet engines can start working. According to Leland, the technology which will allow to create the power plant suitable by SR-72 for dispersal from scratch to six numbers of the Move without "a draft failure" became result of researches. Leland didn't open a detail of the technology, having referred to a trade secret. But as a whole its essence consists in insignificant expansion of high-speed ranges of operation of turbojet and hypersonic direct-flow engines. In particular, Skunk Works and Aerojet Rocketdyne thought up a way to force ordinary serial F100 or F110 engines (both types stand on the fighters F-15 Eagle and F-16 Fighting Falcon) quickly to overcome a high-speed boundary of 2,5 numbers of the Move. The technology allowing the hypersonic direct-flow propulsion jet pick up engine draft at speeds of flight up to three numbers of the Move was at the same time developed also. All acquired technologies use in new power plants of perspective SR-72. In fact, on the aircraft three engines (one turbojet and two hypersonic) with the general air inlets and nozzles will be installed. It is supposed that the turbojet will disperse SR-72 from scratch to three numbers of the Move then the hypersonic engines located axisymmetricly under wings will undertake for good reason is closer to a fuselage. They will already provide dispersal to six numbers of the Move. Both air inlets, and nozzles will receive mobile levels which will be responsible for distribution of an air stream on an entrance and a gas stream at the exit.
Though, by and large, hybridization of turbojet and hypersonic engines isn't breakthrough achievement (especially as the idea was put in J58 engines), break, according to Leland, is in many respects put in a design of air inlets. They are capable to ensure stable functioning of all motive complex on to - super, a trance - and hypersonic speeds of flight. In SR-72 it is supposed to use and some other technologies which will help to fight against a case overheat at hypersonic flight, to stabilize management and to provide reliable exchange of information. In which way is planned to solve difficulties with communication and management, Skunk Works doesn't open. Earlier at test of hypersonic X-rockets 51A in flight at hypersonic speeds frequent and enduring interruptions of communication were observed. Partly they are explained by that on a surface of the aircraft the streams of plasma serving as some kind of screen for radio signals are formed. But a question at all in technical difficulties - they, judging by Leland's sure stories, are quite surmountable already at a modern level of development of technologies. Business as it is banal sounds, in money. In the middle of October, 2013 the size of a public debt of the USA exceeded a mark in 17 trillion dollars. The country already entered a set of programs of reduction of the budgetary expenses, including and multi-billion reduction of expenses of the military budget. The American military declared a suspension or closing of a number of high-risky projects and reported that intend to concentrate on maintenance of fighting power of armed forces at present level. In such conditions it will be very difficult to American companies to beat out financing on development of technically difficult breakthrough technologies.
References
1. Aviation [electronic resource]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation.
2. Unmanned aerial vehicle [electronic resource]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle.
3. SR-72 [electronic resource]. http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/news/features/2013/sr-72.html.
4. Aeronautics [electronic resource] - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronautics.
5. SR-72, a Hypersonic Drone is Positioned to be the Successor of SR-71 `BlackBird' [electronic resource] - http://defense-update.com/20131101_sr72.html.
6. Donald David,"Lockheed's Blackbirds: A-12, YF-12 and SR-71", 2003.
7. Brandt, Steven A., Randall J. Stiles and John J. Bertin, " Introduction to Aeronautics: A Design Perspective", American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics, 2004.
8. Merlin, Peter W., "Design and Development of the Blackbird: Challenges and Lessons Learned", American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), 2009.
9. Don Berliner,"Aviation: Reaching for the Sky", 1996.
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