Impact of international migration on gender inequality and demographic indicators
Research on gender inequality and population size. Possible consequences of international migration, especially emigration, for gender inequality and demographic indicators. Study of the gender inequality index and the level of neonatal mortality.
| Рубрика | Экономика и экономическая теория |
| Вид | дипломная работа |
| Язык | английский |
| Дата добавления | 18.07.2020 |
| Размер файла | 1013,7 K |
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|
VARIABLES |
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
|
|
L.lnTotalnumberofemigrants |
-0.169*** |
-0.469*** |
||
|
(0.0391) |
(0.124) |
|||
|
L.lnRemittancespercapita |
-0.00579 |
-0.00815 |
-0.00144 |
|
|
(0.0136) |
(0.0133) |
(0.0135) |
||
|
L.lngdppercap2010 |
-0.709*** |
-0.769*** |
-0.607*** |
|
|
(0.120) |
(0.123) |
(0.110) |
||
|
L.GovernmentEffectiveness |
-0.0424 |
0.00447 |
-0.125* |
|
|
(0.0612) |
(0.0652) |
(0.0646) |
||
|
L.TradepercentofGDP |
-0.000880* |
-0.00122** |
-0.000246 |
|
|
(0.000519) |
(0.000510) |
(0.000567) |
||
|
L.Lifeexpectancyatbirthfemale |
-0.0207*** |
-0.0220*** |
-0.0182** |
|
|
(0.00530) |
(0.00732) |
(0.00902) |
||
|
L.FemaleUnemployment |
-0.00405 |
-0.00385 |
-0.00453 |
|
|
(0.00451) |
(0.00447) |
(0.00437) |
||
|
L.ShadoweconomypercentofGDP |
-0.00564 |
-0.00424 |
-0.00812* |
|
|
(0.00478) |
(0.00502) |
(0.00475) |
||
|
Constant |
12.26*** |
10.62*** |
15.22*** |
|
|
(1.086) |
(1.029) |
(1.523) |
||
|
Observations |
452 |
452 |
443 |
|
|
R-squared |
0.748 |
0.726 |
||
|
Numberofid |
131 |
131 |
128 |
|
|
r2_o |
0.807 |
0.828 |
0.663 |
|
|
r2_w |
0.748 |
0.726 |
0.671 |
|
|
r2_b |
0.800 |
0.821 |
0.648 |
The dependent variable is the logarithm of Neonatal Mortality Rate. Models (1) and (2) are FE models. The total number of emigrants are instrumented by predicted number of emigrants based on pseudo-gravity model in (3) regression.Clustered standard errors by country in parentheses
*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
2.4 Robustness check
For robustness check for the Gender Inequality Index we change GDP per capita to GNI per capita and Globalization Index to the logarithm of the export of goods and services, the logarithm of import of goods and services and trade (as % ofGDP) for models with and without lagged independent variables. The explanatory variable is still significant and the total number of emigrants as well as the total number of emigrants lagged by 5 years decreases the Gender Inequality Index(Table 20, Table 21).
Table 20.Robustness check for Gender Inequality Index
|
VARIABLES |
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
|
|
lnTotalnumberofemigrants |
-0.133*** |
-0.134*** |
-0.145*** |
|
|
(0.0423) |
(0.0313) |
(0.0289) |
||
|
lnRemittancespercapita |
0.00735 |
0.00701 |
0.00728 |
|
|
(0.00472) |
(0.00451) |
(0.00481) |
||
|
lnGNIpercapitaconstant2010US |
-0.103*** |
-0.0879*** |
-0.106*** |
|
|
(0.0237) |
(0.0298) |
(0.0254) |
||
|
lnNetODAreceivedpercapitacon |
-0.00344 |
-0.00391 |
-0.00411 |
|
|
(0.00548) |
(0.00526) |
(0.00522) |
||
|
lnImportofgoodsandserv |
-0.00674 |
|||
|
(0.0188) |
||||
|
SchoolEnrollmentTertiary |
-0.000172 |
-0.000172 |
-0.000141 |
|
|
(0.000309) |
(0.000319) |
(0.000312) |
||
|
lnExportsofgoodsandservicesc |
-0.0160 |
|||
|
(0.0196) |
||||
|
TradeofGDP |
0.000171 |
|||
|
(0.000211) |
||||
|
Constant |
3.226*** |
3.331*** |
3.242*** |
|
|
(0.357) |
(0.383) |
(0.360) |
||
|
Observations |
300 |
301 |
302 |
|
|
Numberofid |
95 |
95 |
95 |
|
|
r2_o |
0.172 |
0.147 |
0.162 |
|
|
r2_w |
0.541 |
0.542 |
0.504 |
|
|
r2_b |
0.142 |
0.117 |
0.115 |
The dependent variable is Gender Inequality Index.The total number of emigrants are instrumented by predicted number of emigrants based on pseudo-gravity model.Clustered standard errors by country in parentheses
*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Table 21.Robustness check for Gender Inequality Index with lagged independent variables
|
VARIABLES |
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
|
|
L.lnTotalnumberofemigrants |
-0.160*** |
-0.159*** |
-0.182*** |
|
|
(0.0424) |
(0.0331) |
(0.0399) |
||
|
L.lnRemittancespercapita |
0.00301 |
0.00321 |
0.00330 |
|
|
(0.00609) |
(0.00614) |
(0.00648) |
||
|
Table 21 continued |
||||
|
VARIABLES |
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
|
|
L.lnGNIpercapitaconstant2010US |
-0.104*** |
-0.0806** |
-0.102*** |
|
|
(0.0323) |
(0.0399) |
(0.0309) |
||
|
L.lnNetODAreceivedpercapitacon |
-0.00185 |
-0.00284 |
-0.00204 |
|
|
(0.00534) |
(0.00584) |
(0.00555) |
||
|
L.lnImportofgoodsandserv |
-0.00618 |
|||
|
(0.0249) |
||||
|
L.SchoolEnrollmentTertiary |
0.000230 |
0.000140 |
0.000293 |
|
|
(0.000615) |
(0.000605) |
(0.000701) |
||
|
L.lnExportsofgoodsandservicesc |
-0.0186 |
|||
|
(0.0245) |
||||
|
L.TradeofGDP |
0.000391* |
|||
|
(0.000214) |
||||
|
Constant |
3.565*** |
3.645*** |
3.662*** |
|
|
(0.546) |
(0.591) |
(0.607) |
||
|
Observations |
274 |
274 |
277 |
|
|
Numberofid |
96 |
96 |
96 |
|
|
r2_o |
0.114 |
0.0906 |
0.0916 |
|
|
r2_w |
0.353 |
0.365 |
0.253 |
|
|
r2_b |
0.0972 |
0.0728 |
0.0564 |
The dependent variable is Gender Inequality Index.The total number of emigrants are instrumented by predicted number of emigrants based on pseudo-gravity model.Clustered standard errors by country in parentheses
*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
For robustness check for Neonatal Mortality Rate we replace the dependent variable by Mortality Rate under 5 years because these variables are closely connected and the variables that effect Neonatal Mortality Rate should affect Mortality Rate under 5 years as well. The results (Table 22) show that current emigration as well as past emigration reduces Mortality Rate under 5 and the effect is significant at 1% level.
Table 22. Robustness check for Neonatal Mortality Rate with dependent variable Mortality Rate under 5 years
|
VARIABLES |
(1) |
VARIABLES |
(2) |
|
|
lnTotalnumberofemigrants |
-0.950*** |
L.lnTotalnumberofemigrants |
-0.633*** |
|
|
(0.244) |
(0.163) |
|||
|
Table 22 continued |
||||
|
VARIABLES |
(1) |
VARIABLES |
(2) |
|
|
lnRemittancespercapita |
-0.00417 |
L.lnRemittancespercapita |
-0.00496 |
|
|
(0.0182) |
(0.0148) |
|||
|
lngdppercap2010 |
-0.467*** |
L.lngdppercap2010 |
-0.516*** |
|
|
(0.138) |
(0.120) |
|||
|
GovernmentEffectiveness |
-0.157** |
L.GovernmentEffectiveness |
-0.0514 |
|
|
(0.0748) |
(0.0671) |
|||
|
TradepercentofGDP |
-0.000148 |
L.TradepercentofGDP |
2.33e-05 |
|
|
(0.000763) |
(0.000647) |
|||
|
Lifeexpectancyatbirthfemale |
-0.0320** |
L.Lifeexpectancyatbirthfemale |
-0.0372** |
|
|
(0.0159) |
(0.0153) |
|||
|
FemaleUnemployment |
-0.00864 |
L.FemaleUnemployment |
-0.00522 |
|
|
(0.00565) |
(0.00534) |
|||
|
ShadoweconomypercentofGDP |
-0.0119** |
L.ShadoweconomypercentofGDP |
-0.00401 |
|
|
(0.00590) |
(0.00508) |
|||
|
Constant |
22.46*** |
Constant |
18.54*** |
|
|
(2.325) |
(1.659) |
|||
|
Observations |
565 |
Observations |
443 |
|
|
Numberofid |
130 |
Numberofid |
128 |
|
|
r2_o |
0.399 |
r2_o |
0.615 |
|
|
r2_w |
0.662 |
r2_w |
0.713 |
|
|
r2_b |
0.375 |
r2_b |
0.594 |
The dependent variable is the logarithm of Mortality Rate under 5 years.The total number of emigrants are instrumented by predicted number of emigrants based on pseudo-gravity model.Clustered standard errors by country in parentheses
*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Also, for the robustness check, we changeGDP per capita to GNI per capita,trade (as % of GDP) to the logarithm of the export of goods and services, the logarithm of import of goods and services and Globalization Index,female unemployment to female labor force participation rate and female life expectancy to total life expectancy. The explanatory variable is still significantat 1 % level in all model specifications without lags and decreases Neonatal Mortality Rate, while for model specifications with lags 2 out of 3 regressions show the significant effect of the total number of emigrantsthat reducesneonatal mortality as well (Table 23, Table 24).
Table23. Robustness check for Neonatal Mortality Rate
|
VARIABLES |
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
|
|
lnTotalnumberofemigrants |
-1.100*** |
-0.925*** |
-0.915** |
|
|
(0.358) |
(0.284) |
(0.366) |
||
|
lnRemittancespercapita |
-0.00621 |
0.00145 |
-0.000472 |
|
|
(0.0246) |
(0.0205) |
(0.0208) |
||
|
lnGNIpercapitaconstant2010US |
-0.589*** |
-0.321** |
-0.439*** |
|
|
(0.152) |
(0.157) |
(0.121) |
||
|
GovernmentEffectiveness |
-0.225** |
-0.221** |
-0.207** |
|
|
(0.106) |
(0.0951) |
(0.103) |
||
|
lnImportofgoodsandserv |
0.153 |
|||
|
(0.105) |
||||
|
Lifeexpectancyatbirthtotal |
-0.0247 |
-0.00904 |
-0.0151 |
|
|
(0.0202) |
(0.0174) |
(0.0163) |
||
|
Laborforceparticipationrate |
0.000838 |
0.00247 |
0.00103 |
|
|
(0.00826) |
(0.00730) |
(0.00696) |
||
|
ShadoweconomypercentofGDP |
-0.0233** |
-0.0205** |
-0.0209** |
|
|
(0.0107) |
(0.00935) |
(0.00936) |
||
|
lnExportsofgoodsandservicesc |
-0.140 |
|||
|
(0.0862) |
||||
|
GlobalizationIndex |
-0.00297 |
|||
|
(0.00673) |
||||
|
Constant |
20.82*** |
21.89*** |
20.14*** |
|
|
(3.706) |
(3.404) |
(4.573) |
||
|
Observations |
496 |
497 |
504 |
|
|
Numberofid |
127 |
127 |
129 |
|
|
r2_o |
0.264 |
0.220 |
0.283 |
|
|
r2_w |
0.187 |
0.355 |
0.393 |
|
|
r2_b |
0.229 |
0.185 |
0.240 |
The dependent variable is the logarithm of Neonatal Mortality Rate. The total number of emigrants are instrumented by predicted number of emigrants based on pseudo-gravity model.Clustered standard errors by country in parentheses
*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Table24. Robustness check for Neonatal Mortality Rate with lagged dependent variables
|
VARIABLES |
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
|
|
L.lnTotalnumberofemigrants |
-0.409*** |
-0.391*** |
-0.215 |
|
|
(0.140) |
(0.105) |
(0.144) |
||
|
L.lnRemittancespercapita |
-0.000439 |
0.00293 |
0.00199 |
|
|
(0.0153) |
(0.0144) |
(0.0138) |
||
|
L.lnGNIpercapitaconstant2010US |
-0.589*** |
-0.415*** |
-0.464*** |
|
|
(0.129) |
(0.129) |
(0.104) |
||
|
L.GovernmentEffectiveness |
-0.117 |
-0.115 |
-0.0756 |
|
|
(0.0743) |
(0.0699) |
(0.0665) |
||
|
L.lnImportofgoodsandserv |
0.0483 |
|||
|
(0.0919) |
||||
|
L.Lifeexpectancyatbirthtotal |
-0.0290*** |
-0.0213*** |
-0.0190*** |
|
|
(0.00734) |
(0.00669) |
(0.00517) |
||
|
L.Laborforceparticipationrate |
-0.00621 |
-0.00406 |
-0.00390 |
|
|
(0.00385) |
(0.00396) |
(0.00326) |
||
|
L.ShadoweconomypercentofGDP |
-0.00737 |
-0.00672 |
-0.00733 |
|
|
(0.00514) |
(0.00510) |
(0.00454) |
||
|
L.lnExportsofgoodsandservicesc |
-0.0950 |
|||
|
(0.0660) |
||||
|
L.GlobalizationIndex |
-0.0107** |
|||
|
(0.00444) |
||||
|
Constant |
14.10*** |
15.10*** |
11.42*** |
|
|
(1.532) |
(1.559) |
(2.366) |
||
|
Observations |
382 |
382 |
389 |
|
|
Numberofid |
126 |
126 |
128 |
|
|
r2_o |
0.731 |
0.632 |
0.809 |
|
|
r2_w |
0.668 |
0.680 |
0.765 |
|
|
r2_b |
0.701 |
0.594 |
0.786 |
The dependent variable is the logarithm of Neonatal Mortality Rate. The total number of emigrants are instrumented by predicted number of emigrants based on pseudo-gravity model.Clustered standard errors by country in parentheses
*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
The robustness check confirms our hypothesis thatemigration reducesthe Gender Inequality Index and Neonatal Mortality Rate and this effect remains significant.
CONCLUSION
Migration has become one of the relevant research topics due to the increasing openness of the world and the increased importance of knowledge of the impact that migration has on the internal processes of countries.Nowadays, more and more studies are devoted to determiningthe factors that influence gender inequality in countries all over the world due to the increasing understanding of the importance of equal rights and possibilities among people. While developed countries provide women with more rights, developing countries are still suffer from high gender injustice. Also, the problem of population changesinsome countries remains relevantand various country policies aimed at both increasing or decreasing the amount of population. This study made an attempt to examine the possible effect that emigration has on gender inequality and demographical indicators connected with mortality.
We assumed that emigrants could assimilate norms in the country of destination and transfer them though different channels,including telephone, internet, to the relatives left behind in their home country, thereby migrants can also act as channels of transmission of norms. In our analysis we estimated FE models and implemented instrumental variable estimation due to the fact that emigrants as regressor can be associated with the problem ofendogeneity and found that the total number of emigrants reduces Gender Inequality Index and Neonatal Mortality Rate and the effect is significant. By estimating models with independent variables lagged by 5 years we determined that emigrants reduce gender inequality and neonatal mortality both in short and long run.
The results of this study suggest that migration promotes the transfer of norms from one country to another, especially norms related to gender inequality and norms related to conditions of childbirth and childcaring, which is reflected in child mortality. Specifically, migration has a beneficial effect and is capable to decrease women's discrimination and child mortality.
REFERENCES
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APPENDIX
APPENDIX 1
Table A1. Descriptive Statistics
|
Variable |
Obs |
Mean |
Std.Dev. |
Min |
Max |
|
|
GenderInequalityIndexGII |
684 |
.41 |
.197 |
.042 |
.839 |
|
|
lnNeonatalMortalityRate |
1140 |
2.558 |
.978 |
-.105 |
4.313 |
|
|
lnMortalityRateUnder5 |
1140 |
3.35 |
1.169 |
.788 |
5.795 |
|
|
lnTotalnumberofemigrants |
1392 |
11.965 |
2.273 |
3.434 |
16.584 |
|
|
lnRemittancespercapita |
839 |
4.014 |
1.906 |
-4.144 |
12.973 |
|
|
lngdppercap2010 |
1138 |
8.475 |
1.544 |
5.212 |
12.151 |
|
|
lnNetODAreceivedpercapitacon |
698 |
4.175 |
2.111 |
-1.848 |
29.466 |
|
|
GlobalizationIndex |
1126 |
54.344 |
16.11 |
19.411 |
91.313 |
|
|
SchoolEnrollmentTertiary |
1266 |
17.132 |
24.079 |
0 |
118.611 |
|
|
GovernmentEffectiveness |
969 |
-.01 |
1 |
-2.232 |
2.241 |
|
|
PoliticalStability |
975 |
-.011 |
.997 |
-3.131 |
1.943 |
|
|
ShadoweconomypercentofGDP |
900 |
32.262 |
12.664 |
8.1 |
71.95 |
|
|
Lifeexpectancyatbirthfemale |
1159 |
70.519 |
10.332 |
32.232 |
87.3 |
|
|
CurrentHealthExpenditure |
737 |
6.252 |
2.958 |
1.345 |
26.289 |
|
|
TradepercentofGDP |
1042 |
85.518 |
51.178 |
.021 |
420.431 |
|
|
FemaleUnemployment |
1104 |
9.465 |
7.675 |
.149 |
46.119 |
|
|
Compulsoryeducationduration |
704 |
9.366 |
2.24 |
4 |
16 |
|
|
lnGNIpercapitaconstant2010US |
803 |
8.521 |
1.517 |
5.347 |
11.687 |
|
|
lnExportsofgoodsandservicesc |
847 |
23.265 |
2.288 |
16.832 |
28.428 |
|
|
lnImportofgoodsandserv |
852 |
23.367 |
2.028 |
18.508 |
28.687 |
|
|
Lifeexpectancyatbirthtotal |
1159 |
68.005 |
9.847 |
31.037 |
84.278 |
|
|
Laborforceparticipationrate |
1104 |
50.222 |
16.152 |
6.106 |
90.784 |
APPENDIX 2
Figure A2.1Breusch and Pagan Lagrangian multiplier test for random effects for model (4) for GII
Figure A2.2 Breusch and Pagan Lagrangian multiplier test for random effects for model (5) for NMR
APPENDIX 3
Figure A3.1Cluster-Robust Hausman Tests for model (4) for GII
Figure A3.2Cluster-Robust Hausman Tests for model (5) for NMR
APPENDIX 4
Table A4.1 RE regressions for Gender Inequality Index
|
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
||
|
VARIABLES |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
|
|
lnTotalnumberofemigrants |
-0.0148*** |
-0.0137*** |
-0.0139*** |
-0.0132*** |
|
|
(0.00489) |
(0.00476) |
(0.00489) |
(0.00508) |
||
|
lnRemittancespercapita |
0.00309 |
0.00309 |
0.00300 |
0.00303 |
|
|
(0.00283) |
(0.00289) |
(0.00287) |
(0.00289) |
||
|
lngdppercap2010 |
-0.0670*** |
-0.0638*** |
-0.0622*** |
-0.0621*** |
|
|
(0.00956) |
(0.00946) |
(0.0111) |
(0.0114) |
||
|
lnNetODAreceivedpercapitacon |
0.00164 |
0.00217 |
0.00222 |
0.00210 |
|
|
(0.00350) |
(0.00349) |
(0.00353) |
(0.00356) |
||
|
GlobalizationIndex |
-0.00437*** |
-0.00422*** |
-0.00424*** |
-0.00427*** |
|
|
(0.000563) |
(0.000593) |
(0.000591) |
(0.000590) |
||
|
SchoolEnrollmentTertiary |
-0.000363* |
-0.000355* |
-0.000358* |
||
|
(0.000205) |
(0.000205) |
(0.000201) |
|||
|
GovernmentEffectiveness |
-0.00396 |
-0.00506 |
|||
|
(0.0121) |
(0.0123) |
||||
|
PoliticalStability |
0.00257 |
||||
|
(0.00657) |
|||||
|
Constant |
1.429*** |
1.385*** |
1.375*** |
1.369*** |
|
|
(0.0948) |
(0.0937) |
(0.101) |
(0.100) |
||
|
Observations |
388 |
388 |
385 |
384 |
|
|
Numberofid |
109 |
109 |
108 |
107 |
|
|
r2_o |
0.467 |
0.480 |
0.478 |
0.473 |
|
|
r2_w |
0.645 |
0.646 |
0.646 |
0.647 |
|
|
r2_b |
0.468 |
0.480 |
0.476 |
0.466 |
The dependent variable is Gender Inequality Index. Clustered standard errors by country in parentheses
*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
Table A4.2 RE regressions for Neonatal Mortality Rate
|
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
||
|
VARIABLES |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
|
|
lnTotalnumberofemigrants |
-0.121*** |
-0.0686*** |
-0.0621** |
-0.0457* |
-0.00546 |
|
|
(0.0220) |
(0.0243) |
(0.0266) |
(0.0259) |
(0.0257) |
||
|
lnRemittancespercapita |
-0.0291** |
-0.0226* |
-0.0195 |
-0.0185 |
-0.0235** |
|
|
(0.0132) |
(0.0125) |
(0.0135) |
(0.0132) |
(0.0113) |
||
|
lngdppercap2010 |
-0.624*** |
-0.475*** |
-0.443*** |
-0.450*** |
-0.383*** |
|
|
(0.0343) |
(0.0382) |
(0.0420) |
(0.0405) |
(0.0424) |
||
|
GovernmentEffectiveness |
-0.0318 |
-0.0139 |
-0.0205 |
-0.0504 |
-0.132*** |
|
|
(0.0442) |
(0.0401) |
(0.0439) |
(0.0446) |
(0.0421) |
||
|
TradepercentofGDP |
-0.00151*** |
-0.00147*** |
-0.00150*** |
-0.00139*** |
-0.000699 |
|
|
(0.000444) |
(0.000406) |
(0.000412) |
(0.000414) |
(0.000468) |
||
|
Lifeexpectancyatbirthfemale |
-0.0271*** |
-0.0276*** |
-0.0271*** |
-0.0274*** |
||
|
(0.00518) |
(0.00578) |
(0.00541) |
(0.00625) |
|||
|
FemaleUnemployment |
0.000370 |
0.00137 |
0.00229 |
-0.00248 |
||
|
(0.00294) |
(0.00321) |
(0.00322) |
(0.00323) |
|||
|
ShadoweconomypercentofGDP |
0.00348 |
0.00432* |
0.00256 |
|||
|
(0.00236) |
(0.00241) |
(0.00212) |
||||
|
PoliticalStability |
0.0748*** |
0.0723*** |
||||
|
(0.0226) |
(0.0232) |
|||||
|
Compulsoryeducationduration |
-0.0219*** |
|||||
|
(0.00704) |
||||||
|
CurrentHealthExpenditure |
-0.0297*** |
|||||
|
(0.00685) |
||||||
|
Constant |
9.465*** |
9.448*** |
9.005*** |
8.766*** |
8.136*** |
|
|
(0.362) |
(0.354) |
(0.423) |
(0.414) |
(0.392) |
||
|
Observations |
673 |
646 |
576 |
571 |
431 |
|
|
Numberofid |
159 |
152 |
133 |
132 |
121 |
|
|
r2_o |
0.787 |
0.836 |
0.857 |
0.855 |
0.878 |
|
|
r2_w |
0.641 |
0.694 |
0.700 |
0.706 |
0.708 |
|
|
r2_b |
0.790 |
0.840 |
0.864 |
0.862 |
0.883 |
The dependent variable is the logarithm of Neonatal Mortality Rate. Clustered standard errors by country in parentheses
*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
APPENDIX 5
Figure A5.1 VIF for model (4) for GII
Figure A5.2 VIF for model (5) for NMR
APPENDIX 6
Figure A6.1 Underidentification and Weak identification tests for instrument for model (2) for GII
Figure A6.2 Underidentification and Weak identification tests for instrument for model (3) for NMR
APPENDIX 7
Figure A7.1 Underidentification and Weak identification tests for instrument for model (2) for GII with lagged independent variables
Figure A7.1 Underidentification and Weak identification tests for instrument for model (3) for NMR with lagged independent variables
APPENDIX 8
Figure A8.1 VIF for model (2) for GII
Figure A8.2 VIF for model (3) for NMR
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