English For Lawyers

a) anything b) everything c) something d) nothing

a) you b) your c) yours d) yourself

a) it b) that c) there d) you

a) any b) it c) one d) some

a) me b) ourselves c) us d) we

a) I b)Me c) Mine d) Myself

a) of them b) ones c) some d) them

a) here b) it c) there d) this

a) each other b) each other's c) themselves d) themselves'

a) another b)else c) new d) other

Test 17 C

Use a pronoun instead of the words in brackets.

> Michelle is in hospital. She (Michelle) isn't very well.

1 I lost my watch, but it was only a cheap... (watch).

2 I have to make tea for... (all the people).

3 Tessa took a photo of... (Tessa).

4 My flat is the... (flat) at the top.

5 The phone rang... (The caller) was Alex.

6 There was... (a thing) worrying me.

7 I've got some sweets. Would you like... (a sweet)?

8... (People in general) cant make an omelette without breaking eggs.

9 We decorated the whole house... (without help).

Test 17 D

Complete the text. Write the missing words. Use one word only in each space.

(>) It was on 20 September 1973 that Bobby Riggs met Billie Jean King on the tennis court. Of all the tennis matches until then, this was probably the (1)... that attracted the most attention. Riggs had once been a champion, but at 55 he was getting rather old for top-class tennis. But he considered (2)... a better player than any woman. In fact, he thought women should go home and find (3)... useful to do in the kitchen. Billie Jean King, on the other hand, was a 29-year-old star of women's tennis and a feminist. Riggs thought that (4)... would be a good idea to play King. He was sure he could beat (5)... King agreed to play. (6)... was a lot of interest in the match, and more or less (7)... in the country was looking forward to (8)....On the night of the match, (9)... were over 30,000 people in the Houston Astrodrome. When Riggs and King came face to face with (10)... other, they had 50 million people watching (11)... on TV. The match didn't work out for Riggs, because Billie Jean King defeated (12)..., 6-4, 6-3, 6-3.

Test 17 E

Each of these sentences has a mistake in it. Write the correct sentence.

> I didn't want the fridge, so I sold him. I didn't want the fridge, so I sold it.

1 It's a train leaving in ten minutes.

2 I think someone are coming up the stairs.

3 Let's meet ourselves at eight o'clock, shall we?

4 We haven't got a camcorder, but we'd like a.

5 Let's do a different something today.

6 One is going to build a new motorway through here.

7 I'm afraid I haven't done something all day.

8 Everyone enjoyed themself at the barbecue.

9 If you're buying a loaf, get a nice fresh.

10 I've looked in all places for my credit card.

11 The two friends still see themselves occasionally.

Test 18 Adjectives and adverbs

Test 18 A

Choose the correct word or phrase.

> We walked slew/slowly back to the hotel.

1 We could walk free/freely around the aircraft during the flight.

2 The young/The young man with dark hair is my sister's boyfriend.

3 I'm getting quite hungry/hungrily.

4 The man looked thoughtful/thoughtfully around the room.

5 Have I filled this form in right/rightly?

6 I think Egypt is a fascinated/fascinating country.

7 The two sisters do alike/similar jobs.

8 I'm pleased the plan worked so good/goodly/well.

9 She invented a new kind of wheelchair for the disabled/the disabled people.

10 I'm very confused/confusing about what to do.

11 They performed the experiment scientifically/scientificly.

12 The hostages must be very afraid/frightened people.

Test 18 B

Put the words in the right order to form a statement.

> a / bought / coat /I/ / new / red. I bought a new red coat.

1 a / is / nice / place / this

2 biscuit / can't / find / I / large / the / tin

3 a / behaved / in / silly / Tessa / way

4 coffee / cold / getting / is / your

5 a / house / in / live / lovely / old / stone / they

6 for / hospital / ill / is / mentally / the / this

Test 18 C

Write the words in brackets and add ly, ing or ed only if you need to.

Janet: Is this the (>) new (new...) car you've just bought?

Nigel: That's right. Well, it's second-hand of course.

Janet: It's (>) exciting (excit...) buying a car, isn't it?

Nigel: Well, it was a bit of a problem actually because I didn't have much money to spend. But I managed to find one that wasn't very (1)... (expensive...).

Janet: It looks very (2)... (nice...), I must say.

Nigel: It's ten years old, so I was (3)... (surpris...) what good condition it's in. The man I bought it from is over eighty, and he always drove it very (4)... (careful...), he said. He never took it out if it was raining, which I find (5)... (amus...).

Janet: I think (6)... (elder...) people look after their cars better than young people.

Nigel: He was a (7)... (friend...) old chap. He even gave me all these maps (8)... (free...).

Test 18 D

Write a second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first. Use the word in brackets.

> Jonathan was stupid, (behaved) Jonathan behaved stupidly.

1 The drink had a strange taste. (tasted)

2 Obviously, sick people need to be looked after. (the)

3 The dog slept. (asleep)

4 The young woman was polite. (spoke)

5 The train was late. (arrived)

6 The film's ending is dramatic. (ends)

7 Polly gave an angry shout. (shouted)

8 Billiards is a game for indoors. (indoor)

9 The clown amused people. (amusing)

10 There was almost no time left. (any)

Test 18 E

Some of these sentences are correct, but most have a mistake. If the sentence is correct, put a tick (?). If it is incorrect, cross the sentence out and write it correctly.

> Your friend looked rather ill. ?

> It was a steel long pipe. It was a long steel pipe.

1 I tasted the soup careful.

2 It's a beautiful old English church.

3 Are they asleep children?

4 It's a school for the deaf people.

5 It's a leather new nice jacket.

6 The riches are very lucky

7 You handled the situation well.

8 He used a green paper thick towel.

9 Our future lies with the young.

10 The course I started was bored.

11 I often talk to the two old next door.

12 The smoke rose highly into the air

13 It feels warm in here.

14 We felt disappointing when we lost

15 Everyone seemed very nervously.

16 Tessa drives too fastly.

17 This scenery is really depressing.

Test 19 Comparative and superlative

Test 19 A

Write the comparative form of the words in brackets.

> They've made these chocolate bars smaller (small).

> Sport is more interesting (interesting) than politics.

1 Can't you think of anything... (intelligent) to say?

2 Well, the place looks... (clean) now.

3 Janet looks... (thin) than she did.

4 You need to draw it... (carefully).

5 The weather is getting... (bad).

6 The programme will be shown at a … (late) date.

7 I can't stay... (long) than half an hour.

8 A mobile phone would be a... (useful) present.

9 I'll try to finish the job... (soon).

10 It was... (busy) than usual in town today.

11 I'll be even... (annoyed) if you do that again.

12 Since the break-in I feel... (nervous).

Test 19 B

Write the superlative form of the words in brackets.

> It's the shortest (short) day of the year.

> It's the most beautiful (beautiful) building in the world.

1 That was the... (funny) film I've ever seen.

2 It was the... (horrible) feeling I've ever had.

3 Have you read her... (recent) book?

4 It's the... (large) company in the country.

5 It was the... (boring) speech I've ever heard.

6 You've got the... (far) to travel.

7 That's the... (helpful) idea so far.

8 The factory uses the... (modern) production methods.

9 This is the... (early) I've ever got up.

10 It was the... (sad) day of my life.

Test 19 C

Some of these sentences are correct, and some have a word which should not be there. If a sentence is correct, put a tick (?). If it is incorrect, cross the unnecessary word out of the sentence and write it in the space.

> I've got the least powerful computer in the world. ?

> London is more bigger than Birmingham. more

1 Silver isn't as expensive as gold.

2 Indian food is the nicer than Chinese, I think.

3 The telephone is one of the most useful inventions ever

4 I feel a much better now, thank you.

5 The longer you wait, so the harder it'll be.

6 The piano is heavier than the sofa.

7 This is the most quickest way to the hotel.

8 You're taller than he is.

9 Who is the cleverest student in of the class?

10 The weather is getting hotter and more hotter.

Test 19 D

Read this part of Tessa's letter to her friend Angela about her new job. Then look at the answers after the letter and write the correct answer in each space.

My new job is great. I like it (>) much better than my old one. The people here are (1)... than I expected. Luckily my new boss isn't as rude (2)... my old boss, Mrs Crossley, was. I hated her. She was the (3)... friendly person I've ever met. Everyone here is older (4).... In fact I'm the youngest person (5)... the office. But I don't mind.

The good thing about the job is that I get a (6)... more money, although not much more than I did before. The bad thing is that the journey isn't (7)... simple as it was in my old job, where the bus took me straight there. Now I have to change buses. But I'm allowed to start work early: The earlier I leave home, (8)... the journey is because the buses aren't so crowded.

> a) more b) most c) much d) very

1 a) more nice b) most nice c) nicer ) nicest

2 a) as b) so c) than d) that

3 a) least b) less c) less and less d)so

4 a) as I b) as me c) than I d) than me

5 a) from b)in c)of d) out of

6 a) bit b) less c)lot d) much

7 a) as b) less c) more d) same

8 a) more easier b) more easy c) the easier d) the easy

Test 19 E

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first.

Use the word in brackets.

> This train is more convenient than all the others. (most) This train is the most convenient.

1 The living-room isn't as big as the kitchen. (bigger)

The kitchen.

2 I'm not as fit as you. (am)

You're

3 The table and the desk are the same size. (big)

The table / the desk

4 Prices just get higher all the time. (and)

Prices

5 The dress is cheaper than the skirt. (expensive)

The skirt / the dress

6 This crossword is the easiest. (difficult)

This crossword

7 Their excitement was increasing all the time. (excited)

They were getting

8. I've never read a more romantic story. (most)

It's the read

Test 20 Adverbs and word order

Test 20 A

Put each word in brackets into the sentence.

> Anna arrives for work. (late) Anna arrives late for work.

1 I like old cowboy films. (quite)

2 Have you finished this magazine? (yet)

3 This coat is big. (too)

4 Have the children had their tea? (already)

5 You don't look ill. (certainly)

6 We don't go out. (much)

7 I think everyone works hard. (fairly)

8 I don't know the date of the meeting. (still)

9 The others are getting ready. (just)

10 I have to go to work. (on Saturdays)

Test 20 B

Put the words in the right order to form a statement.

> I / love / really / these trousers

I really love these trousers.

1 is / rather / silly / this game

2 already / I've / paid / the bill

3 enough / isn't / loud / the alarm

4 easily / Jonathan / passed / the test

5 a lot / cards / play / the children

6 didn't / enough / sell / they / tickets

7 ask / many / questions / too / you

8 a member / any more / of the club / I'm / not

9 enough / it's / outside / to sit / warm

Test 20 C

Read the conversation. Then look at the answers below and write the correct answer in each space.

Martin: Hello, Nancy. (>) How are you? Have you found a job (1)...?

Nancy: No, I'm afraid not, but I'm (2)... looking. It's taking (3)... longer than I expected. The problem is there just aren't (4)... jobs. And there are too (5)... people looking for jobs.

Martin: I'm old enough (6)... remember when there was plenty of work.

Nancy: There used to be lots of work, but there isn't (7)... more. I'm afraid I'm (8)... longer as optimistic as I was a few weeks ago. In fact I feel a (9)... depressed about it sometimes.

Martin: Don't worry. You'll (10)... find something, I expect.

> a) How b) What c) Who d) Why

1 a) longer b) soon c) still d) yet

2 a) already b) more c) still d) yet

3 a) more b) quite c) rather d) some

4 a) enough b) plenty c) right d) several

5 a) big b) lot c) many d) much

6 a) for b) of c) that d) to

7 a) any b) no c) now d) some

8 a) any b) never c) no d) not

9 a) bit b) piece c) quite d) slightly

10 a) already b) yet c) soon d) before very long

Test 20 D

Each of these sentences has a mistake in it. Write the correct sentence.

> My friend calls always for me. My friend always calls for me.

1 I didn't last night sleep very well.

2 I think I need to rest little.

3 I don't work for the company longer.

4 The article is fair interesting.

5 Tessa locked carefully the door.

6 You aren't enough tall to play basketball.

7 We went yesterday to town.

8 I like this music much.

Test 20 E

Write a second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first. Use the word in brackets.

> It's probable that the strike will be over soon. (probably)

The strike will probably be over soon.

1 We often go to the cinema. (a lot)

2 Adrian wears jeans all the time. (always)

3 These shoes are too small. (big)

4 I don't live in Birmingham any more. (no)

5 Polly spent more money than she should have done in the sales. (too)

Test 21 Prepositions

Test 21 A

Write the sentences correctly.

> I'll see you at Monday. I'll see you on Monday.

1 The doctor has been working since twelve hours.

2 We had a great time in the disco.

3 The woman was getting from the car.

4 The players had numbers at their shirts.

5 The new manager takes over at two weeks' time.

6 Anna drove at the garage to get some petrol.

7 We were sitting in the back of the room.

Test 21 B

Read Polly's postcard and write the missing words. Use one word only in each space. Sometimes more than one answer is correct.

This is our first real holiday (>) for ages, and I'm enjoying it tremendously. I love being (1)... an island. We arrived here almost a week (2)..., and I can't believe the time is going so fast. We finally completed the journey here (3).... Friday evening (4)... about eleven o'clock. The journey wasn't too bad, but we had to wait ages (5)... the airport for our flight.

Our apartment here is fine. It's (6)... the top floor. The beach isn't far away -- we can walk there (7)... five minutes. The only problem is that we have to get (8)... a busy main road, which can be difficult.

We don't do much (9)... the day, but we go out every evening. Last night's disco went on very late, and today we slept (10)... eleven.

Test 21 C

Some of these sentences are correct, and some have a word which should not be there. If the sentence is correct, put a tick (?). If it is incorrect, cross the unnecessary word out of the sentence and write it in the space.

> The cat was sitting on top of the shed. ?

> Coventry is near by Birmingham. by

1 Luckily our train arrived on the time.

2 People were running away from the gunman.

3 It sounds as if the company is in trouble.

4 The car was in the front of a bus.

5 There's a meeting on next Tuesday.

6 Lisa drew a plan on the back of an envelope.

7 I'll be exhausted by the time I get home.

Test 21 E

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first. Use the word in brackets.

> This is the Glasgow train. (going)

This train is going to Glasgow.

1 Scott is a resident of Washington. (lives)

2 I'm travelling to Italy as part of my job. (business)

3 Friday morning is a busy time for me. (I'm)

4 They started playing an hour ago. (been)

5 Jonathan can play tennis very well. (good)

6 I'm rather busy now. (moment)

7 We took a plane to Budapest. (air)

8 Nigel passes the newsagent's every day. (goes)

9 The company is planning to reduce the workforce. (reduction)

10 We got to our guest-house early enough for a meal. (time)

Test 21 D

Decide which word is correct.

> I saw a really funny programme on television.

1 You can see all the information... the screen.

2 Are these pictures... sale?

3 Could you let me know... Friday at the latest?

4 The audience clapped... the end of the show.

5 I've lived here... last year.

6 What's the matter... your car?

7 We could see the balloon high... the town.

8 There was a fall... ten per cent in prices.

9 The house was burgled... we were out.

10 What's the difference... a boat and a ship?

11 Rupert's new car looks more... an aeroplane.

12 We're all bored... this game.

13 I can't find my keys. I had them a minute....

14 We get lots of requests... help.

15 The babysitter will stay there... we get home.

16 I'm going to be late... the meeting.

17 We do most of our business... summer.

18 The job is similar... my old one.

a) at b) from c) in d) on

a) at b) in c) inside d) on

a) at b) for c) in d) to

a) by b) to c) up to d) until

a) at b) for c) in d) to

a) after b) by c) for d) since

a) by b) for c) on d) with

a) above b) on c) onto d) up

at b) by c) in d) of

a) at b) during c) time d) while

between b) from c) under d) with

a) as b) like c) near d) similar

a) about b) at c) for d) with

a)ago b) before c) behind d) back

a)at b) for c) of d) on

a)by b) for c) to d) until

a)at b) for c) in d) to

a)along b) at c) in d) on

a)as b) at c) to d) with

Test 22 Verbs with prepositions and adverbs

Test 22 A

Put the words in the right order to form a statement.

> I won't forget the titles of the books, down / I've / them / written I've written them down.

1 I'll give you the money, for / I / must / my ticket / pay

2 I have to look smart, going to / I'm / on / put / that expensive grey coat I bought

3 Anna rang, invited / lunch / she's / to / us

4 Peter's got the photos, at / he's / looking / them

5 I wasn't allowed to go. from / leaving / me / prevented / the police

6 This programme is boring, going to / I'm / it / off / turn

Test 22 B

Decide which word is correct.

> I'm not speaking to Oliver. I've fallen out with him.

1 Everyone complained... the awful food.

2 You don't need this word. You should cross it....

3 It's late. How much longer are you going to go... working?

4 My shoes are dirty. I'd better take them... before I come in.

5 The bus journey costs more now. They've put the fares....

6 We all laughed... the cartoon.

7 We'd all decided to go on holiday together, but the plan fell..., I'm afraid.

8 I suppose you're being nice to make... the awful way you behaved yesterday.

a) away b) back c) out d) through

a) about b) for c) on d) over

a) down b) out c) over d) up

a) along b) on c) through d) with

a) away b) off c) on d) up

a) down b) out c) over d) up

a) at b) for c) on d) to

a) away b) back c) out d) through.

a) away of b) down on c) in with d) up for

Test 22 C

Write the correct sentence.

> Could you be a little quieter, please? I'm trying to concentrate at my work.

I'm trying to concentrate on my work.

1 You haven't answered all the questions. You've left one away.

2 Where is Bigbury? I've never heard about it.

3 The children were frightened of the dog. They ran out of it.

4 Michelle has got the job. You must congratulate her for her success.

5 My sister is in computers. She's going to set out her own company.

6 I like Peter. He reminds me about an old school friend of mine.

7 Adrian has a suggestion. He wants to put it ahead at the meeting.

Test 22 D

Read the story and write the missing words. Use one word only in each space.

This true story is about a policeman in New York City who had a girlfriend he cared (>) for very much. I don't know if you regard New York City (1)... a dangerous place, but the hero of our story certainly did, and he warned his girlfriend (2)... the danger of walking the streets alone and the need to (3)... out for muggers. But as he also believed (4)... being prepared for the worst, he bought a can of gas that would protect his girlfriend (5)... muggers. It certainly seemed worth spending a few dollars (6).... The idea is that you point the thing (7)... your attacker and spray him with the gas, which knocks him (8)....On the day he bought the gas, the policeman and his girlfriend had arranged to go (9)... for the evening. So he was looking (10)... to giving her the can later on. When he got home from work, he had a bath and then sprayed some deodorant on himself. He knew nothing more until he (11)... up in hospital the next day. He had picked (12)... the wrong can and sprayed himself with the gas.

Test 22 E

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first. Use the word in brackets.

> I'm trying to find my diary. (looking)

I'm looking for my diary.

1 You're too young to stop working. (give)

2 This bag is Janet's. (belongs)

3 Everyone continued working as usual. (carried)

4 They talked about the plan. (discussed)

5 I haven't got any money left. (run)

6 I told the police what the problem was. (explained)

7 I wouldn't tolerate such terrible conditions. (put)

8 They'll have to postpone the game. (off)

Test 23 Reported speech

Test 23 A

Some of these sentences are correct, and some have a word which should not be there. If the sentence is correct, put a tick (?). If it is incorrect, cross the unnecessary word out of the sentence and write it in the space.

> You promised you wouldn't be late. ?

> Susan thought. “That I can't understand what's happening.” that

1 Do you know me what time the coach leaves?

2 Robert wanted to know if did the price included breakfast

3 Anna insisted on showing us her photos.

4 Someone asked us whether that we had eaten lunch.

5 Nancy told me she had started the job the week before.

6 Nigel said me he wanted to come with us.

7 My friend said she did liked her new flat.

8 Martin asked us for not to wake the baby.

Test 23 B

Decide which word is correct.

> What did that man say to you?

1 I rang my friend in Australia yesterday, and she said it... raining there.

2 The last time I saw Jonathan, he looked very relaxed. He explained that he'd been on holiday the... week.

3 I wonder … the tickets are on sale yet.

4 I told you … switch off the computer, didn't I?

5 Someone... me there's been an accident on the motorway.

6 When I rang Tessa some time last week, she said she was busy … day.

7 When he was at Oliver's flat yesterday, Martin asked if he... use the phone.

8 Judy... going for a walk, but no one else wanted to.

a) at you b) for you c) to you d) you

a) is b) should be c) to be d) was

a) earlier b) following c) next d) previous

a) what b) when c) where d) whether

a) don't b) not c) not to d) to not

a) asked b) said c) spoke d) told

a) that b) the c) then d) this

a) can b) could c) may d) must

a) admitted b) offered c) promised d) suggested

Test 23 C

Read the news report and write the missing words. Use one word only in each space. Sometimes there is more than one possible answer.

Police have warned people (>) to watch out for two men who have tricked their way into an old woman's home and stolen money. The men called on Mrs Iris Raine and said (1)... were from the water company and wanted to check (2)... her water was OK. They asked if (3)... would mind letting them into her house. The woman didn't ask (4)... see their identity cards. She said she (5)... know about any problem with the water. The men explained that they (6)... just discovered the problem but that it was very simple and (7)... take long to check. The woman asked (8)... the service was free, and they said yes. They (9)... to know where the water tank was. While one man ran water in the kitchen, the other went upstairs and took several hundred pounds from a drawer in a bedroom. The men then left saying that they would return the (10)... day to have another look.

Test 23 D

Complete each sentence by reporting what was said to you yesterday. Use said and change the tense in the reported speech.

> Polly: I'm really tired.

When I saw Polly yesterday, she said she was really tired.

1 Tessa: I feel quite excited.

When I saw Tessa yesterday,

2 Nigel: I can't remember the code word.

When I saw Nigel yesterday,

3 Robert: I won't be at the next meeting.

When I saw Robert yesterday,

4 The twins: We've got a problem.

When I saw the twins yesterday,

5 Michelle: I've been swimming.

When I saw Michelle yesterday,

6 Your friends: We would like to be in the show.

When I saw my friends yesterday,

7 Adrian: I don't need any help.

When I saw Adrian yesterday,

8 Susan: My sister is coming to see me.

When I saw Susan yesterday,

Test 23 E

Report the sentences. They were all spoken last week. Use the verbs in brackets.

> Anna to Janet: Don't forget to sign the form. (remind)

Anna reminded Janet to sign the form.

> Robert: What time will the office close this evening? (ask)

Robert asked what time the office would close that evening.

1 A policeman to Christopher: Stop shouting. (tell)

2 Tessa: It was me. I ate all the cake yesterday. (admit)

3 Adrian: I'm sorry I was rude. (apologize)

4 Simon to Susan: Would you like to join me for lunch? (invite)

5 Martin to Nancy: Did someone ring you an hour ago? (ask)

6 Peter: I really must leave. (insist)

Test 24 Relative clauses

Test 24 A

Decide which word or phrase is correct.

> What I really need is a long holiday.

1 At last I've found the information that I was looking ….

2 Everyone … the building was searched by the police.

3 The plane … has just taken off is an hour late.

4 I had just one reply. Abco was the … company to reply to my letter.

5 My friend Nigel, … works in the City, earns much more than I do.

6 Martin is someone with … I usually agree.

7 I'd like to see the photo ….

8 Atlanta is the city … the Olympic Games were held in 1996.

9 It rained all the time, … was a great pity.

10 We passed shops … windows were decorated for Christmas.

a) that b) what c) which d) who

a) for b) for it c) for that d) it

a) enter b) entered c) entering d) enters

a) it b) what c) which d) who

a) last b) most c) only d) second

a) that b) which c) who d) whose

a) him b) that c) who d) whom

a) took b) you took it

c) that you took d) that you took it

a) that b) when c) where d) which

a) that b) what c) which d) who

a) the b) their c) which d) whose

Test 24 B

Each of these sentences has a mistake in it. Write the correct sentence.

> I've found the magazine who was missing.

I've found the magazine that was missing.

1 This isn't the train on that I normally travel.

2 The letter that I opened it wasn't for me.

3 The reason because I didn't know was that no one had told me.

4 That we should do is ring the police.

5 I didn't know the name of the man helped me.

6 Rupert knows the family who's house is for sale.

7 Einstein who failed his university entrance exam discovered relativity.

8 The person we talked to were very friendly.

9 It's the President makes the important decisions.

10 I can't find my diary what is a real nuisance.

11 Outside the door was a pair of boots covering in mud.

12 Lake Superior, that lies on the US Canadian border, is the largest lake in North America.

Test 24 C

Complete the story about a thief's punishment. Write the missing words. Use one word only in each space.

This is a true story (>) which is supposed to have happened somewhere in the US. A man (1)... was accused of housebreaking appeared in court. He had put his arm through the window of a house and stolen some money (2)... was lying on a table inside. The argument (3)... the man's lawyer put forward wasn't very impressive. He said that (4)... was the man's arm (5)... had committed the crime and not the man himself. “You cannot punish a man for (6)... his arm has done,” said the lawyer. Now the judge in (7)... court the man was appearing wanted to show how stupid the lawyer's argument was. Instead of finding the man guilty, he found the man's arm guilty and sent it to prison. “He can go with his arm or not, as he chooses,” the judge added, (8)... made everyone laugh. But (9)... the judge didn't know was that the man had an artificial arm. He took the arm off, gave it to the judge -- (10)... could hardly believe his eyes -- and walked out of the court.

Test 24 D

Combine the two sentences into one.

> That man was Anna's brother. He just walked past. The man who just walked past was Anna's brother.

1 The plane was twenty-five years old. It crashed.

The plane … twenty-five years old.

2 One day Tessa was ill in bed. Martin rang.

The day … ill in bed.

3 Our offices are in Queen Street. They are new.

Our … in Queen Street.

4 Some documents have been found. They were stolen from a car.

The documents … found.

5 That map is out of date. You were looking at it.

The map … out of date.

6 The King's Theatre is in the centre of town. It dates from 1896.

The King's … in the centre of town.

7 A woman was terribly upset. Her dog was run over.

The woman … terribly upset.

8 Janet solved the puzzle. She did it before everyone else.

Janet was … the puzzle.

9 A man was standing outside the building. He was selling newspapers.

A man … outside the building.

10 The talk was very interesting. Judy gave it.

The talk … very interesting.

11 The house is empty now. I used to live there.

The house … is empty now.

Test 25 Conditionals and wish

Test 25 A

Complete the news report about a protest against a new road. Put in the correct form of the verbs. Sometimes you need will or would.

Yesterday protesters managed to hold up work on the Oldbury bypass. Protest leader Alison Compton

defended the action by members of the Green World group. ^“If we don't protest, soon (>) there'll be (there / be) no countryside left,” she told reporters. The bypass is now well behind schedule, and if the protesters had not held up the work so often, (1)... (it / open) two months ago. “If these fields (2)... (disappear), we'll never see them again,” said Ms Compton.

“Why can't we use public transport? If more people (3)... (travel) on buses and trains, we wouldn't need new roads. If the motor car had never existed, the world (4)... (be) a more pleasant place today.”

But many people in Oldbury want their new bypass. ^“If (5)... (they / not build) it soon, the traffic jams in the town will get worse,” said Asif Mohammed, whose house is beside the busy A34. “We just can't leave things as they are. If things remained the same, people's health (6)... (suffer) even more from all the pollution here. It's terrible. If we don't get the traffic out of the town, (7)... (I / go) mad. If (8)... (I / know) earlier how bad this problem would get, (9)... (I / move) out years ago. But now it has become impossible to sell this house because of the traffic. The government waited too long. If (10)... (they / do) something sooner, there would be less traffic today.” And the protest is making the new road even more expensive. ^“If this goes on, (11)... (there / not / be) enough money left to finish the road,” says the Transport Minister.

Test 25 B

Look at the answers below and write the correct answer in each space.

> A: There's always something going wrong with this car.

B: If you had any sense, you'd have sold it long ago.

1 A: It's a pity the lake wasn't frozen yesterday.

B: Yes, it is. If it … frozen, we could have gone skating.

2 A: Haven't you got enough money for a holiday?

B: Oh yes. I've got some saved up... I suddenly need it.

3 A: What are you going to do next year?

B: I wish I... the answer to that question.

4 A: These figures are too complicated to work out in your head.

B: Yes, if... we had a calculator.

5 A: What are you doing later this afternoon?

B: Oh,... the game finishes, I'll go home, I expect.

6 A: Do you think I should take the job?

B: You shouldn't do anything... you think it's the right thing to do.

a) be selling b) have sold

c) sell d) sold

1. a) had been b) was

c) would be d) would have been

2. a) if b) in case

c) that d) unless

3. a) knew b) know

c) could know d) would know

4. a) better b) only

c) really d) that

5. a) if b) in case

c) unless d) when

6. a) if b) in case

c) unless d) when

Test 25 C

Write a second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first. Begin with If...

> I haven't got a key, so I can't get in. If I had a key, I could get in.

1 You talk about football and I'm going to be very bored.

2 The baby didn't cry, so we had a good sleep.

3 You may want a chat, so just give me a ring.

4 Nigel hasn't got satellite TV, so he can't watch the game.

5 You go away and I'll miss you.

6 I'm not rich or I'd have given up working long ago.

7 We should have bought that picture five years ago because it would be quite valuable now.

8 Throw a stone into water and it sinks.

Test 25 D

Write the sentences correctly.

> There aren't any eggs. If we have some eggs, I could make an omelette.

If we had some eggs, I could make an omelette.

1 The weather doesn't look very good. If it'll rain, I'll stay here.

2 The programme is starting soon. Can you tell me if it starts?

3 Could you just listen? I didn't need to repeat things all the time if you listened.

4 It's a simple law of science. If air will get warmer, it rises.

5 There's only one key. I'd better get another one made if I lose it.

6 We were really late. I wish we left home earlier.

7 I hope the parcel comes today. If it won't arrive today, we'll have to complain.

8 That radio is on loud. I wish someone turns it down.

9 We must do something. Until we act quickly, it'll be too late.

10 Of course Martin was angry. But he hadn't been angry if you hadn't damaged his stereo.



APPENDIX 1. WORD FORMATION

Introduction

Look at these examples.

Lots of people believe that God exists.

Lots of people believe in the existence of God.

Exist is a verb and existence is a noun. The word existence has two parts: exist and ence. We call ence a “suffix”. We add it to end of the verb exist to form a noun.

We can also use suffixes to form verbs, adjectives and adverbs.

The system is being modernized. (= made modern)

I grew up in an industrial town. (= a town where there is a lot of industry)

The man was behaving strangely. (= in a strange way)

There are many different suffixes, such as ence, ize, al, ly, tion and ment. Some of them can be used to form many different words. For example, there are a lot of nouns ending in tion: action, education, explanation, information, instruction, etc. There are no exact rules about which suffix you can add to which word.

Adding a suffix can also involve other changes to the form of a word.

industry > industrial repeat > repetition science > scientist

Now look at these examples.

They're going to play the match on Wednesday.

They're going to replay the match on Wednesday.

We can add re to the beginning of the verb play. We call re a “prefix”. A prefix adds something to the meaning of a word. The verb replay means “play again”. We can also add prefixes to nouns and adjectives.

Noun suffixes

ment

ion/tion/sion

ation/ition

ence/ance

ty/ity

ness

ing

the prospects for employment reach an agreement

take part in a discussion increase steel production ask for permission

an invitation to a party people's opposition to the idea

a preference for houses rather than flats a distance often miles

no certainty that we shall succeed keep the door locked for security

people's willingness to help recovering from an illness

enter a building reach an understanding

Nouns for people

er/or

ist

ant/ent

an/ian

ee

the driver of the car a newspaper editor

a place full of tourists a scientist doing an experiment

an assistant to help with my work students at the university

Republicans and Democrats the electrician rewiring the house

an employee of the company (= someone employed)

notes for examinees (= people taking an exam)

We also use er for things, especially machines.

a hair-dryer a food mixer a cassette player

Verb suffixes

Many verbs are formed by adding ize or ise to an adjective. Some are formed by adding en.

ize

en

European safety rules are being standardized. They privatized the company.

They're widening the road here. Meeting you has really brightened my day.

Adjective suffixes

Most of these adjectives are formed from nouns.

al

ic

ive

ful

less

ous

y

ly

able/ible

a professional musician Britain's coastal waters

a metallic sound a scientific inquiry

an informative guidebook an offer exclusive to our readers

a successful career feeling hopeful about the future

feeling hopeless about the future (= without hope) powerless to do anything about it

guilty of dangerous driving luxurious holiday apartments

a rocky path the salty taste of sea water

a friendly smile a very lively person

an acceptable error (= an error that can be accepted) a comprehensible explanation

a valuable painting (= worth a lot of money) a comfortable chair

Adverbs

ly

He looked around nervously.

I moved here quite recently.

Some common prefixes

anti (= against)

inter (= between)

mini (= small)

mis (= wrongly)

multi (= many)

over (= too much)

post (= after)

pre (= before)

re (= again)

semi (= half)

super (= big)

under (= too little)

anti-roads protestors anti-government troops

an international match interstate highways in the US

a minicomputer the minibar in your hotel room

mishear what someone says miscalculate the amount

multicoloured lights a multimillionaire

too fond of overeating overcrowded roads

the post-war world a postgraduate student

pre-match entertainment in prehistoric times

a reunion of old friends reread a favourite book

semi-skilled work sitting in a semicircle

a huge new superstore a supertanker carrying oil

thin and underweight underpaid work

Negative prefixes

We can also use a prefix to form an opposite. For example, the opposite of clear is unclear (= not clear). Un is the most common negative prefix.

dis

il (+ 1)

im (+ m or p)

in

ir (+ r)

non

un

a dishonest way to behave can't help being disorganized dislike the idea

disappear from the scene a disadvantage of the plan

an illegal drug an illiberal attitude

an impossible task an impolite question

an indirect route the invisible man a great injustice

an irregular shape an irrelevant remark

non-alcoholic drinks a non-stop flight

an uncomfortable chair an unusual event an undated letter

uncertain what to do unpack your suitcase unzip the bag



APPENDIX 2. THE SPELLING OF ENDINGS

Plural nouns

We add s to a noun to form the plural.

a car > two cars a name > some names

1 After s, sh, ch and x we add es.

glass > glasses dish > dishes match > matches

box > boxes

2 A few nouns ending in o have es.

heroes potatoes tomatoes

But most have s.

discos kilos photos pianos radios stereos studios zoos

3 When a noun ends in a consonant + y, the y changes to ies.

penny > pennies story > stories

We do not change y after a vowel.

day > days journey > journeys

The present simple s ending

In the third person singular, a present simple verb ends in s.

I know > he knows I work > she works

1 After s, sh, ch and x we add es.

pass > passes wash > washes catch > catches mix > mixes

2 Some verbs ending in o have es.

go > goes do > does

3 When a verb ends in a consonant + y, the y changes to ies.

hurry > hurries copy > copies

We do not change y after a vowel

stay > stays enjoy > enjoysThe ed ending

Most verbs have ed in the past tense. Most past participles also end in ed.

look > looked call > called

1 If the verb ends in e, we add d.

hope > hoped save > saved

2 When a verb ends in a consonant + y, the y changes to ied.

hurry > hurried copy > copied

3 Sometimes we double a final consonant. This happens when a one-syllable verb ends with one vowel and one consonant, e.g. beg, plan.

beg > begged plan > planned

The ing-form

1 We normally leave out e when we add ing to a verb.

take > taking drive > driving

But we keep a double e before ing.

see > seeing agree >> agreeing

2 When a verb ends in ie, it changes to ying.

die > dying lie > lying

But y does not change.

hurry > hurrying

3 Sometimes we double a final consonant. This happens when a one-syllable verb ends with one vowel and one consonant, e.g. win, put.

win > winning put > putting

Adverbs

We form many adverbs from an adjective + ly.

slow > slowly calm > calmly

1 We do not leave out e before ly.

safe > safely strange > strangely

But there are a few exceptions.

due > duly true > truly whole > wholly

2 When an adjective ends in a consonant + y, the y changes to ily.

angry > angrily happy >> happily

An exception is shy > shyly.

3 When an adjective ends in a consonant + le, the e changes to y.

probable > probably sensible > sensibly

4 When an adjective ends in ic, we add ally.

automatic > automatically romantic > romantically

But there is one exception.

public --> publicly

The comparison of adjectives

We form the comparative and superlative of short adjectives with er and est.

old > older, oldest quick > quicker, quickest

1 If the adjective ends in e, we add r and st.

late > later, latest fine > finer, finest

2 When an adjective ends in a consonant + y, the y changes to ier or iest.

heavy > heavier, heaviest lucky > luckier, luckiest

3 Sometimes we double a final consonant. This happens when a one-syllable adjective ends with one vowel and one consonant, e.g. big, flat.

big > bigger, biggest flat > flatter, flattest

The doubling of consonants

1 When we add ed, ing, er or est to a word, we sometimes double a final consonant. This happens when a one-syllable word ends with one vowel and one consonant, e.g. stop, get, thin, sad.

stop > stopped get > getting thin > thinner sad > saddest

2 We do not double y, w or x.

play > played new > newest fax > faxing

We do not double when there are two consonants.

ask > asking short > shortest rich > richer

And we do not double when there are two vowels.

seem > seemed shout > shouting fair > fairest

3 The rule about doubling is also true for words of more than one syllable (e.g. permit = per + mit), but only if the last syllable is stressed.

per'mit > per'mitted pre'fer > pre'ferring

We do not usually double a consonant when the syllable is unstressed.

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