Variability of news interpretation in political discourse (a case study of the Internet materials covering the 2014 and 2018 Winter Olympic Games)

The study of the text in the communicative aspect - from the standpoint of variability of interpretation - sheds light on its semantic or-ganization, including explicit information and implicit content of the text. At the same time, these language data clearly demonstrate the in-terpreter's implicit intentions associated with the action of the mechanism of expectation. It turns out to act as the most important factor of its receptive-interpretative activity. Actual-ization of the semantic components of the text is carried out in accordance with the pre-text settings of the addressee taking on the role of the reader-interpreter, their communicative in-tentions as well as their socio-political views. Such a dual determination allows to adequately describe the structure of the interpreting text (the thread of all comments) as a communi-cative whole, and in its perspective to struc-ture the commented text in a new way: from the standpoint of perlocution. This position assumes structuring with repulsion not from what the author wanted to say (i.e. not from the illocution), but from what he said (i.e. what was perceived by the readers of this text).

The implications of the study include the possibility to model the internal intentions of the participants of ordinary political discus-sions and, in general, their political picture of the world by their external (speech) manifes-tations.

Fig. 1. The interpretative space of news article (compiled by the authors)

References

Arnol'd, I.V. (1982). Implikatsiia kak priem postroeniia teksta i predmet filologicheskogo izucheniia [Implication as a text-generating technique and the subject matter of philology]. In Voprosy iazykoznaniia [Issues in Linguistics], 4, 83-91.

Asher, N., Lascarides, A. (1998). The Semantics and Pragmatics of Presupposition. In Journal of Se-mantics, 15, 239-299.

Bennett, W.L. (2012). The personalization of politics: Political identity, social media, and changing patterns of participation. In Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 644 (1), 20-39. DOI: 10.1177/0002716212451428

Canter, L. (2012). The misconception of online comment threads. Content and control on local news-paper websites. Available at: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17512786.2012.740172

Chudinov, A.P (2008). Politicheskaia lingvistika: Uchebnoe posobie [Political linguistics: Student's book]. Moscow, 256 p.

Davis, R. (2005). Politics Online: Blogs, Chatrooms, and Discussion Groups in American Democracy. London: Routledge.

Dem'iyankov, V.Z. (1982). Konventsii, pravila i strategii obshcheniia (interpretiruiushchi podkhod k argumentatsii) [Conventions, rules and communication strategies (interpretive approach to reasoning). In The News of the Academy of Science of Soviet Union. Literature and Language, 41 (4), 327-337.

Dem'iankov, V.Z. (1989). Interpretatsiia, ponimanie i lingvisticheskie aspekty ikh modelirovaniia na 'EVM [Interpretation, understanding and linguistic aspects of their computer modeling]. Moscow, Moscow University, 172 p. Available at: http://www.infolex.ru/Int0.html (Accessed February 5, 2019).

Dem'jankov, V. (2004). On the Interpretive Approach to Dialogue Analysis. In IADA 2004 Chicago “Theoretical Approaches to Dialogue Analysis”. March 30 - April 3, 2004. Chicago: Northeastern Illinois University, p. 15.

Dijk, van T.A. (2008). Discourse and Context. Cambridge University Press.

Dynel, M., Cap, P (Eds.) (2017). Implicitness: From lexis to discourse. John Benjamins Publishing. DOI: 10.1075/pbns.276

Graham, T., Jackson, D., Broersma, M. (2017). The Personal in the Political on Twitter: Towards a Typology of Politicians' Personalized Tweeting Behaviours. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-61708-4_8

Golev, N.D. (2011). Obydennaia lingvopolitologiia: problemy i perspektivy (Language studies of ev-eryday political talk: issues and research). Contemporary research in political linguistics. In International conference. Ekaterinburg. Available at: http://www.philology.ru/linguistics1/golev-11.htm (Accessed Feb-ruary 5, 2019).

Golev, N.D., Kim L.G. (2009). Variativno-interpretatsionnoe funktsionirovanie teksta (k voprosu o rasshirenii granits lingvisticheskoi variantologii) [Variable-interpretive operation of a text (to the question of expanding the boundaries of linguistic variation studies)]. In Cheliabinsk State University Bulletin. Phi-lology, Fine Arts, 34 (165), 12-21.

Golev, N.D., Kim, L.G. (2014). Obydennye politicheskie internet-kommentarii kak proyavlenie varia- tivnosti interpretatsii (oppozitsii “'eksplictsitnoe - implitsitnoe”, “proiavlennoe - ozhidaemoe”) [Ordinary political Internet comments as the various interpretation results]. In Implicit and explicit strategies in East-ern European political discourse. Ekaterinburg - Zurich, 47-70.

Grice, G.P (1991). Studies in the Way of Words. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.

Habermas, J. (1989). The structural transformation of the public sphere. Boston, MIT Press.

Hill, K., Hughes, J. (1998). Cyberpolitics: Citizen activism in the age of the Internet. Lanham, Rowman & Littlefield.

Kim, L.G. (2013). Variativno-interpretatsionnoe funktsionirovanie teksta [Variable interpretation of the text functioning]. Moscow, URSS.

Kim, L.G., Mustaioki, A. & Pietiliainen, lu. (2013). Vospriiatie modernizatsii russkimi studentami kak rezul'tat vliianiia obraza avtora na interpretatsiiu politicheskogo teksta [Perception of modernization by Russian students as a result of the influence of the author's image on the interpretation of the political text]. In Politicheskaya lingvistika [Political Linguistics], 4, 47-59.

Kushin, M. (2009). Getting political on social network sites: Exploring online political discourse on Facebook. In First Monday, 14, 11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v14i11.2645

Implitsitnost' v iazyke i rechi [Implication in language and speech] (1999). Moscow, Iazyki russkoi kul'tury.

Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Available at: https://www.merriam-webster.com/ (Accessed February 5, 2019).

Misnikov, Iu.G., Filatova, O.G., Chugunov, A.V. (2016). 'Elektronnoe vzaimodeistvie vlasti i obsh- chestva: napravleniiya i metody issledovanii [Electronic interaction between government and society: per-spectives and research methods]. In Saint Petersburg Teaching Institute scientific news. Humanities and social sciences, 1, 239, 52-58.

Paducheva, E.V. (2004). Vyskazyvanie i ego sootnesennost ' s deistvitel 'nost 'iu [Statement and its cor-relation with reality]. Moscow, Editorial URSS, 288 p.

Page, R., Barton, D., Unger, J., Zappavigna, M. (2014). Researching language and social media: A student guide. London, Routledge, 202 p. DOI: 10.4324/9781315771786

Popkova, A. (2014). Political Criticism from the Soviet Kitchen to the Russian Internet: A Compara-tive Analysis of Russian Media Coverage of the December 2011 Election Protests. In Journal of Communi-cation Inquiry, 38(2), 95-112. DOI: 10.1177/0196859914523984.

Qualif, M. (2017). Presupposition: A Semantic or Pragmatic Phenomenon? In Arab World English Journal (AWEJ), 8, 3, 46-59.

Reader, B. (2012). Free Press vs. Free Speech? The Rhetoric of “Civility” in Regard to Anonymous Online Comments. In Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 89, 495-513. DOI: 10.1177/1077699012447923.

Ricoeur, P (1998). Hermeneutics and the Human Sciences: Essays on Language, Action andInterpre- tation. Cambridge University Press.

Saveleva, I.V. (2015). Variativnost' strategii tekstovospriiatiia i tekstoporozhdeniia: lingvoperso- nologicheskii aspekt (na materiale tekstov politicheskikh internet-kommentariev) [The variability of text production and text generation strategies: linguistic personality approach (the study of political Internet commentary]. Kemerovo, 220 p.

Shanahan, M. (2017). Journalism, Online Comments, and the Future of Public Discourse. New York & London, Routledge.

Speakman, B. (2015). Interactivity and Political Communication: New Media Tools and their Impact on Public Political Communication. Available at: https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=496453 (Accessed February 5, 2019).

Stalnaker, R. (1985). Pragmatika [Pragmatics]. In Novoie vzarubezhnoi lingvistike. Lingvisticheskaiya pragmatika [News in foreign linguistics. Language Pragmatics], 16, 419-438.

Strawson, P.F. (1964). Intention and convention in speech acts. In Searle, J.R. (Ed). The philosophy of language. Oxford University Press, 23-38.

Tan, K.W.P., Swee, D., Lim, C., Detenber, B.H. and Alsagoff, L. (2007). The Impact of Language Variety and Expertise on Perceptions of Online Political Discussions. In Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13, 76-99. DOI: 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00387.x

Wodak, R. (2011). Suppression of the Nazi past, coded languages, and discourses of silence: Applying the discourse-historical approach to post-war anti-semitism in Austria. In Political Languages in the age of extremes. Oxford University Press, London, 351-380.

Wojcieszak, M.., Mutz, D.C. (2009). Online Groups and Political Discourse: Do Online Discussion Spaces Facilitate Exposure to Political Disagreement? In Journal of Communication, 59, 1, 40-56. DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.01403.x

Wright, S. (2012). From “Third Place” to “Third Space”: Everyday Political Talk in Non-Political On-line Spaces. In Javnost - The Public, 19, 3, 5-20.

Yus, F (1999). Misunderstandings and explicit/implicit communication. In Pragmatics, 9, 4, 487-517.

List of sources

Newsland.com. Tseremoniia zakrytiia Olimpiady proidet v stile art-haus [Closing Olympic Ceremony designed in Art-House Style]. Available at: http://newsland.com/news/detail/id/1327900/ (Accessed Febru-ary 5, 2018).

Newsland.com. Olimpiada-2018: otshchet russkogo pozora poshel [Olympics-2018: Countdown of Russian shame has started]. Available at: https://newsland.com/user/4296757178/content/olimpia- da-2018-otschet-russkogo-pozora-poshel/6203583 (Accessed February 5, 2019).