Главная Коллекция "Revolution" Сельское, лесное хозяйство и землепользование Вплив кореневої гіпоксії на фізіологічні процеси у плодових культур

Вплив кореневої гіпоксії на фізіологічні процеси у плодових культур

Аналіз порушення водного режиму у плодових культур внаслідок затоплення ґрунту. Вплив надмірної вологості ґрунту на індукцію флуоресценції хлорофілу в листках плодових рослин. Вплив затоплення ґрунту на продуктивність і зимостійкість плодових культур.

Рубрика Сельское, лесное хозяйство и землепользование
Вид автореферат
Язык украинский
Дата добавления 06.07.2014
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Summary

Titarenko T.Y. Influence of the root hypoxia upon the physiological processes in fruit crops. - Manuscript.

Thesis for the Ph. D. degree on the speciality 03.00.12 - plant physiology. - Kyiv Taras Shevchenko National University, Kyiv, 2003.

This thesis is devoted to the complex research of the physiological processes that occur within fruit crops under the conditions of root hypoxia caused by the soil excessive moisture or waterlogging as well as by flooding the plant roots with water.

The author investigated the effect of the excessive moisture and waterlogging on the physical and physicochemical properties of the dark-gray podzol soil. Simultaneously with the soil supermoistening the hard phase density increased, the general and aeration porosity decreased, the reductive-oxidative potential reduced and acid-alkaline reaction increased.

The phase nature of water absorption and CO2 gaseous exchange under the influence of the root hypoxia was detected. Water absorption while waterlogging has two stages: at first water penetration into the plant organism is somewhat increased and some time later it is depressed depending on the plant tolerance. As a result plants are dehydrated. It was established that the CO2 gaseous exchange of the flooded plant leaves changes as follows. First photosynthesis and photorespiration are intensified simultaneously with the decrease of dark respiration. Later they are inhibited while the dark respiration becomes more intensive. Then the latter is inhibited too.

The author established that the inhibition of photosynthesis under root hypoxia is caused by the complex of changes in physiological processes within plants, namely: break of PS II functioning, depression of the non-cyclic electron transport, ruining of plastid pigments, accumulation of carbohydrates, intensification of water deficit and close of stomas. Among the plastid pigments it was the chlorophyll a, which appeared the most susceptible to the oxygen deficit, and carotenoids are the most resistant. At the latest stages of the pigments ruining it was the chlorophyll b content that decreased in the most considerable way. Apart the reduction of the plastid pigments amount the content of vacuolar pigments (anthocyanins) increased that may be caused by the increase of the sugar sum. The accumulation of carbohydrates in the leaves of the flooded trees was brought about, probably, by the gradual photosynthesis weakening on the background of the growth processes inhibition and depression of the roots attractive capacity. The stomas in the leaves closed gradually under the influence of the root hypoxia. But their complete closing did not occur.

The author proposed that the indexes of the visible photosynthesis, photorespiration, transpiration and parameters of the induction curve of the chlorophyll fluorescence should be used as test ones for the determination of fruit crops tolerance to waterlogging.

The author showed that the flooding caused drying and falling of apricot and apple leaves in 15 and 35 days respectively. Besides, the soil excessive moisture brought about the untimely fall of leaves of those crops in 40 and 60 days respectively. The hypoxia decreased the biological productivity and quality of apple fruits. The analysis of reasons of the frost resistance reduction of the crops, which were in the state of post-hypoxia, detected the high ice-forming intensity in their tissues. This effect may be caused by increasing the membrane penetrability and changing the cell walls hardiness. The capacity of the crops in the state of post-hypoxia to utilize the carbohydrates, which were in their tissues, was depressed.

The clonal rootstocks of stone fruit crops (Manchu cherry, L-2 and VAA-2) were susceptible and Vyesyennyeye Plamya tolerant to flooding. The analysis of the pedigree and growth vigour of stone fruit crops rootstocks which had different tolerance showed that the genotype and growth processes activity were determinant factors in the formation of fruit plant resistance to the root hypoxia. Among synthetic growth regulators were detected those, which possess anti-hypoxia effect. The treatment of the aboveground parts of flooded plants with the preparations DG-6782 and DG-8275 (concentration 60 mg/l) on the first day of flooding prevented the quick recurrence of chlorosis in the leaves and their dehydration.

For the first time the apricot potentiality to adapt itself to the lasting effect of the root hypoxia brought about by flooding its roots with water was detected. The plant vitality in such conditions preserves owing to the aerenchyma formation on the roots and increase of the photorespiration in the leaves.

Key words: hypoxia, water exchange, CO2 gas exchange, plastid pigments, chlorophyll fluorescence induction, carbohydrates, stomas, ice-forming, synthetic growth regulators, aerenchyma, apple, apricot, clonal rootstocks for stone fruit crops, soil flooding.

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