Typology of open public spaces in the structure of a university campus

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Typology of open public spaces in the structure of a university campus

Yessenbayeva A.T., Maulenova G.D.

Yessenbayeva Aiganym Talgatovna - Bachelor of design, Postgraduate Student; Maulenova Gulnara Dzhuparbekovna - Candidate of architecture, Associate Professor, ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT, KAZAKH NATIONAL RESEARCH TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER K.I. SATPAYEV, ALMATY, REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

Abstract: the article considers open public spaces in the University structure as significant places for social interaction, factors of their formation, as well as examples from the world experience. The open space forms the first impression when visiting the University and subsequently affects the perception. Open spaces help to unite not only the structural parts of the University complex, but also its users. Creating a useful, multi-functional educational environment for communication and development should be a priority when designing a campus.

Keywords: public space, communication, social interaction, educational environment, University.

ТИПОЛОГИЯ ОТКРЫТЫХ ОБЩЕСТВЕННЫХ ПРОСТРАНСТВ В СТРУКТУРЕ УНИВЕРСИТЕТСКОГО КАМПУСА

Есенбаева А.Т., Мауленова Г.Д. Есенбаева АйганымТалгатовна - бакалавр дизайна, магистрант; Мауленова Гульнара Джупарбековна - кандидат архитектуры, ассоциированный профессор, кафедра архитектуры,

Казахский национальный исследовательский технический университет им. К.И. Сатпаева, г. Алматы, Республика Казахстан

Аннотация: в статье рассматриваются открытые общественные пространства в структуре университета, как значимые места для социального взаимодействия, факторы их формирования, а также примеры из мирового опыта. Открытое пространство формирует первое впечатление при посещении университета и в последующем влияет на восприятие. Открытые пространства помогают объединить не только структурные части университетского комплекса, но и его пользователей. Создание полезной, разнофункциональной образовательной среды для коммуникации и развития должно быть приоритетным при проектировании кампуса.

Ключевые слова: общественное пространство, коммуникация, социальное взаимодействие, образовательная среда, университет.

This system affects the frequency of communications, activity, engagement, and interaction of all users of the environment [2, 3]. Open space in the structure of the University can be divided into:

- communication-paths, passages, alleys connecting buildings and other territories;

- public-dedicated zones for local interaction between users of the environment.

An open public space becomes a place for intellectual and social interaction of people, for versatile personal development, for increasing the quality of the educational process, and for synthesizing ideas.

Examples of public spaces in the structure of a University complex.

Massachusetts Institute of technology, Boston, USA. One of the oldest universities in the United States was founded in 1861. Today, the University is called the Institute only to maintain the tradition, but has long been one of the largest and most prestigious research universities. The University occupies a huge territory with many buildings.

Fig. 1. Lawn lawns on the territory of the MIT against the background of classic and modernist buildings

Fig. 2. Deconstructivist architecture, MIT [4]

architecture open space university

The open spaces between and in front of the buildings are given over to lawns. This is one of the standard methods of landscaping in many universities with a long history and classical architecture. The climate in Boston is moderately warm and belongs to the continental climate zone. Students spend their free time on the lawns, communicating with groupmates or preparing for classes. On important days, lawns are used for events and concerts. Sculptures of modern art are placed on the territory, serving as accent points (Fig.1). The territory has a laconic, calm character. The smooth surface of the lawns equally emphasizes the classical architecture of the old buildings and the deconstructive architecture of the new buildings (Fig. 2).

- University of Melbourne, Australia. The University is one of the oldest universities in Australia, was founded in 1853. It has 7 campuses in its reserve, spread out both in Melbourne and throughout the state of Victoria. Today, the number of students is 40,000. The location in the subtropical zone, with a mild warm climate, allows students to spend all their free time outside the buildings. The architecture of the University combines classic and modern buildings, which are United by green Islands of lawns (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3. Open spaces of the University of Melbourne [5]

- Alumni Green campus of the University of Technology, Sydney, Australia. The new campus of the University of Technology was built in a modern style. Special attention was paid to the design of the territory and a modern approach to the complex organization of students ' recreation was used. A distinctive feature of the new campus is the creation of a scenario of behavior on the territory, divided into functional zones (Fig. 7). The courtyard is a spacious area with a lawn on the platform, its curly frame serves as a bench for sitting (Fig. 4). There is also an active garden area where students are invited to relax in an oasis of garden trees, play table tennis or have a barbecue-party (Fig. 6). Terraces were also allocated for private recreation (Fig. 5).

Fig. 4. The inner courtyard of the campus Alumni Green [6]

Fig. 5.Private terrace [7]

Fig. 6. Active recreation area

Fig. 7. Scheme of planning organization of the campus [8]

- Monash University campus. Melbourne, Australia. The University was founded in 1958 and is the largest and most prestigious University in Australia. The architecture of educational buildings is modern (Fig. 9), and the territory is designed multifunctional and as aesthetically pleasing as possible. The Central area is a flowing space consisting of different functional zones. From the University building, the visitor goes to the adjacent area of tables and chairs, fenced with a broken structure, which in turn serves as both a long work table and a bench. Then it follows a guide path through a spacious lawn to a bright accent sports field. There is a water line and a walking path between the lawn and the sports ground (Fig.

8). This example shows how you can organize an open area in a variety of ways, creating a multi-functional public space. When designing this object, the architects sought to create a Ml-fledged environment for the mental and physical development of students.

Fig. 8. Organized public space [8]

Fig. 9. Architecture of Monash University in Melbourne [9]

Factors that directly influence the formation of public spaces.

Climate. The most influential factor for creating public spaces is the climatic conditions of the region. But regardless of the complexity of the climate conditions, there are solutions. In regions with a dry climate and winds, it is rational to make the main public spaces between buildings in order to form a comfortable microclimate. In a humid climate, it is better to use areas that are not blocked by buildings for constant air circulation.

Materials. The construction and finishing materials that correspond to the region's physical characteristics will allow them to maintain their operational properties for a long time. Materials with a sharply continental climate should be given special attention - with high indicators of resistance to temperature changes. In regions with a humid climate, accompanied by frequent precipitation - materials with resistance to high humidity. Efficient use of regional resources, since such materials are naturally adapted to local conditions (trees, stones, soil, etc.), as well as materials created using modern technologies with appropriate characteristics.

Seasonality. The number of warm days per year determines the period of active use of public spaces. Residents of the southern regions can afford a long stay in the open areas, rather than the Northern ones. In the Northern regions, you can create public spaces under a glass dome with climate control, thus solving the problem of the prevalence of cold days in the year.

Landscape. Public spaces are created by means of landscape architecture. Using the features of the landscape, you can create a functional program, a scenario for the behavior of this place. For example, by a pond, you can create more private areas for those who want to be quiet; you can use trees to create shadow zones; a hedge or shrubbery will serve as borders between different zones; a path of stones can guide the way to buildings or other areas; the roof of a small-sized structure (street coffee kiosk, as an option) with an entrance on one side at a certain slope can become a green amphitheater on the reverse side.

Architecture and planning organization of the campus. The choice of location for creating a public space depends on the planning structure of the campus. Having studied several examples of open public spaces in the structure of University complexes, it is possible to identify types by the nature of their functional purpose and structural placement.

Types of open public spaces in the structure of a University campus. Types can be divided according to the levels of priority in the allocation of territory.

Level 1:

front spaces. Almost all major universities in the world use this type to indicate the main entrance to the main building of the University. Front spaces are a large open landscaped area with landscape organization and placement of small architectural forms. This zone can be called a guest zone, because it is focused on the first visit and making a first impression by applicants or guests of the University;

event spaces - spaces that are usually located deep within the University's territory between academic and administrative buildings for such internal significant events as the dedication of students, the presentation of diplomas, etc. sometimes front spaces are also used for such purposes;

Level 2:

spaces between buildings without a specific functional purpose. These are either green areas (lawn lawns) or paved areas equipped with Seating areas where students can study, relax and socialize;

organized spaces with specific functional tasks: active recreation (sports grounds), passive recreation, eating area, area of study;

multi-functional organized spaces that combine the solution of various functional tasks with the provision of necessary equipment (sports, gaming, working, etc.);

Level 3: gardens and parks - naturally or artificially created recreational areas for walking and relaxing.

Conclusion. Communication, as the main tool of social interaction, enriches the educational process. Open public spaces gather users, allowing them to exchange ideas, thoughts, develop, learn, learn, and expand their horizons. The advantages of open public spaces include free accessibility, a variety of participants, the absence of restrictive rules of behavior (in buildings it is necessary to behave quietly and calmly), and fresh air. Determining the factors for creating such spaces helps you learn how to use the external environment most effectively and create a high-quality environment outside of academic buildings. The result of the analysis is a typology based on the functional purpose and structural placement of open public spaces within the campus. At least three or four of the six types of public spaces listed above would be sufficient to provide places for social interaction. For example, the presence of a parade space, a multifunctional space, and a Park area, or a combination of different types in one would be sufficient for the social infrastructure of the campus, depending on the size of the University and the availability of free territory.

References

1. Esenbayeva A. T., Maulenova G. D. The role of open public space in the structure of the University campus. Publishing house "Problems of Science". Journal "Science and Education Today". No. 1. January, 2020.

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Список литературы

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