Comparative analysis of traditional wooden buildings in China and Russia

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Comparative analysis of traditional wooden buildings in China and Russia

Lu Tianyu, L.V. Zadvemyuk

Лу Тяньюй, Л. В. Задвернюк ТОГУ, ЦУС, Россия, Китай СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ТРАДИЦИОННОЙ ДЕРЕВЯННОЙ АРХИТЕКТУРЫ КИТАЯ И РОССИИ

wooden construction сhinese architecture

Абстракт -- В статье рассматриваются принципы традиционного деревянного домостроения в Китае и России. Основной анализ выполнен на примере исторической деревянной архитектуры г. Мукдэна (КНР), выполненной в русском стиле и в стиле традиционных деревянных китайских зданий, описаны их особые характеристики и методы строительства. Путем сопоставления и анализа их конструктивной схемы, особенностей выбора древесины и иных строительных материалов, выявляются их преимущества и недостатки в сравнительном отношении. В данном исследовании были выявлены особые характеристики древесины для построек, а также определены элементы унификации конструкций. Развитие деревянного строительства и в Китае и в России привело к выработке унифицированных принципов в конструировании такой архитектуры, что и привело к массовости подобной застройки.

Ключевые слова: деревянные конструкции; соединение паз-шип; Мукдэн; срубные конструкции; конструктивная схема; ударостойкость; долговечность; огнестойкость.

Lu Tianyu, L.V. Zadvemyuk PNU, JLJU, Russia, China

Abstract -- In this paper, the ancient Chinese wooden structure in the beam column system and the Russian traditional wooden building Mykden as an example, describes their characteristics and construction methods. By comparing and analyzing their structural system, force characteristics and material composition, the advantages and disadvantages and the characteristics of the relationship between them. The characteristics of wood structure and wood materials were found out from the comparison of commonality and different points. The development trend of wood structure and wood material was found, and the industrial use of wood structure and wood material was forecasted with the present vision.

Keywords: Wood structure; post-and-beam system; Mykden;Tenon structure; Well dry structure; Bucket type structure; Lifting beam structure; transmission system; shock resistance; durability; fire resistance

Introduction

Wooden structure of great significance to the development of traditional human architecture. Whether in the early stages of Eastern and Western civilization, when the building as a cultural moment, wood structure has become part of human history was retained. Wood structure and the impact of the role of the East-West architectural culture is irreplaceable. At the same time, as a cultural understanding and expression, but also through the construction of specific presentations. In the world of building systems, still retain a large number of wood structure system architecture. For example: the ancient Chinese beam system, the North American light wood structure system, the US SIP structure system, and the Russian Mykden system. In this article, I will analyze the wooden structure of ancient China and Russia, traditional wooden architecture, a simple analysis of the relationship between the two.

China's ancient buildings in general is a wooden beam-column structure, after brick, tile, stone, supplemented by the development. From the building exterior point of view, each building has the upper, middle and lower parts. The roof, the base, the middle pillars, doors and windows and walls. In the column above the eaves there is a vertical and horizontal interspersed by the wood blocks, layers of the composition of the composition of the group called the brackets (fig. l).The traditional wooden structure of Russia -- wood carving. Mykden is a typical Russian houses, houses tall and large, single timber building houses, divided into bedroom, living room, kitchen and storage room. Mykden also have civil structure, and their housing are built on high platform, the wall is very thick, more than 50 cm. The house is square, the roof is tilted, and some are covered with a green paint painted iron, the front door and the corridor door, the door has aisle, the aisle on both sides of the bedroom and living room. Inside the walls are adobe built-in firewall. Some people are large fireplace, outsourcing a layer of metal, iron wipe layer of black oil, commonly known as "hair furnace" is a very good heating equipment. More particular about interior furnishings, the bedroom placed a wooden bed or iron bed, iron bed railings carved with flowers and images, giving a sense of quaint. Living room tables and chairs are mostly round, but also square. Although the floor tile, but above the carpet (fig. 2).

Fig. 1. Chinese post-and-beam system

Fig. 2. Russian Mykden system

Ancient Chinese wood structure, there are three main forms. First, the "well dry structure", that is, round wood or square-sided structure such as cross-shaped well-shaped well, which is one of the most primitive and simple structure, now in addition to mountainous areas, in rural areas are difficult to see.

Second is the "Bucket type structure", is to wear Fang, pillars piercing pass from the bucket, easy to construction, the strongest seismic capacity, but more difficult to build a large structure, so the southern residential and smaller halls and more this form.

Third, the "Lifting beam structure", (also known as the stacked beam type), that is, the beam on the column, beam column (short column), the column and then lift the beam structure. This structure is characterized by the construction of the surface width and depth can be increased to meet the expansion of interior space requirements, has become a large palace, altar temples, temples, Wangfu, mansion and other magnificent buildings taken by the main structure type.

Composition and construction methods

China's post-and-beam system is a traditional architectural form, it is by the span of the larger beams, columns in the form of the main force transmission system, regardless of vertical load, or horizontal load, by the post-and-beam system to bear, And finally passed to the foundation. This structure is commonly used materials are solid wood (logs or square wood), glued wood and other materials to produce beams, columns, purlins, with wood-based structural plate as the roof and roof cover plate [1]. Most of the use of tenon way links, joints sometimes use wood pins, the biggest (fig. 3).

Mykden is mainly used wood and hand ax carved out, there are corrugated angle, very standardized and tidy, so people call it Mykden room. The first step is to build wooden wood room to fight the foundation, the foundation is a stone, but also to fill the cement, relatively strong. The second step is to cover, the thickest wood on the lowest level. A layer of a layer of barrier, the second layer of the first layer. Construction of wood engraving room under normal circumstances do not nails, usually with a wooden wedge, the first drill a hole in the wood, and then wedge reinforcement (fig. 4).

The traditional method of building wood carvings is to pad moss. Moss pad in the middle, the benefits are not in the air. Minus 30 °С to 40 °С in the winter, with the moss pressure in the bottom, equivalent to the cement clip in the seams in the same, do not take the air, the winter is very warm, and very cool in summer. More attention to the Russian villagers in the construction of Mykden, always love in front of the house build a corridor-like housing. Local people call this small house called the foyer, play the role of prevent wind. Mykden room after the cover, you can brush varnish in the outside, to maintain the true nature of logs; can also be based on the various families of different hobbies painted their favorite color, generally blue, green mostly.

Wood engraved structure also includes: wood structure, square wood structure, D-shaped structure.

Comparative analysis

We first found that although both Construction methods and construction order are different, but in the power transmission system, are the upper part of the load through the columns or wooden lap will be the load on the ground. The horizontal load transfers the load to the foundation through reverse support. Secondly, since both the same as the wooden building, their materials are similar, mostly spruce, there are some pine and Lengshan wood. And because both are wood, so give them a lot of the same excellent performance of the building structure:

Earthquake resistance: Wood structure using mortise construction, the main structure of staggered connection, with good stability. As a structural material, the seismic performance of wood is significantly better than other materials. Wood light and high strength, and thus ground acceleration in the wooden buildings on the energy generated by no other buildings. Another additional advantage of the wood frame system is its flexibility is superior to other materials, can absorb and dissipate energy. In this building, wood components are small, size specification, close spacing. Most of the frame consists of three parts: the vertical wall bones that make up the wall skeleton; the horizontal joists that make up the floor; and the rafters or brackets that support the roof. When a wall is formed from a sloping wood panel or a lightweight wood-based panel and forms a wall cladding panel, it has lateral resistance, which in turn forms a shear wall system -- lightweight, high strength, and high building efficiency. All components together support the building, so that it can resist gravity, wind and earthquake. Wooden structures have been shown to exhibit stability and structural integrity under extreme load conditions. Even if a strong earthquake separates the building from its foundation, its structure is often intact. The toughness of wood structures, for instantaneous impact load and cyclical fatigue damage have a strong resistance, in all structures with the best shock resistance, which in many large earthquake has been fully proved [2].

Durability: Wood structure are selected advanced pine construction, timber is a natural, healthy and very affinity material, wood according to different building modeling through the production and processing of modem technology into different wall profiles, and then through the flame retardant, anti-corrosion treatment And other processes, more durable. Anti-aging, with a significant stability If used properly, timber is a stable, long life and durability of the material.

Fire resistance: Wood structure of wood with water-based flame retardant treatment agent for flame-retardant treatment, with carbonization effect, in case of fire, the wood surface will form a carbonized layer, the low conductivity can effectively prevent the flame spread inward. So as to ensure that the entire wood structure in a very long time from damage.

Moisture resistance: In general, the only part of a building that needs to be completely protected from moisture is the building envelope, especially the roof. It should be drained as much as possible, but it needs to be watertight. If the building surface is waterproof, then we can believe that other building components in the building do not necessarily need to be waterproof. Wooden houses are not corrosive and not damp, as we are drying all building materials. Most of the volume change can be avoided by drying the wood, which has been pre-dried to moisture content 19 %, Its moisture resistance can even reach the brick structure of about 10 times. If the moisture content of the wood is equal to or less than 19%, the wood is considered to be dry. At the same time, the use of preservatives impregnated with wood preservative treatment, the use of natural vegetable oil to do the surface coating, to prevent water erosion. In fact, wood is less susceptible to permanent damage from occasional soaking than other commonly used building materials. In a rainy or humid place the wooden building can have long-term performance without any problems [3].

Fig. 3. The member of Beam-column system

Fig. 4. Mykden steep emergency roof

Of course, because the two construction methods are different, so the difference between the two is obvious. Although the pillars of the pillars directly support the roof, but in the eaves of the ridge part of the use of horizontal timber column, the roof gently. The Mykden shows more continuity inside and outside, the interior space is more open, overhangs the roof eaves form between the inside and outside the space excessively,The structural form of the wood structure can be recognized externally. Mykden In order to adapt to the Nordic snowy climate and forest cold, indoor and external to form a closed isolation between the roof eaves small or even directly to the roof along the front vertical to the ground, the structure of the form in the external cannot identify.

Conclusion

Traditional log structure of the construction of the huts, from the exterior point of view with a natural original mood, the structure with the whole log wood construction, the wood itself is the structure of wood on both sides of the inner wall and outer wall, decorative and flexible removable difference. Because of its large amount of wood and log diameter, in the installation of a long time, the price is much higher than the frame structure. Frame structure of the construction of the huts, each angle is also a column, the power of the average conduction, and then plus the board so that each compartment formed box. Construction is easy to save time costs, wood light, structural stability, even in the event of an earthquake can remain intact. More than the original wooden house can make more changes, people can according to their own preferences to any assembly of their own living space, to decorate the appearance of their own house, put on like color, paste the beautiful hanging plate and so on. Modem personality advocate their own ideas, so the framework of the structure of the huts just to meet this, the most important thing is in addition to maintaining the advantages of the original wooden house outside the cost much lower than the original wood.

Wood structure in ancient China has been dominated. Civil construction is synonymous with the Forbidden City such a large building is the main structure of timber, and brick is only accessories; in Russia, the original residential houses are all wooden structure. So whether it is ancient Chinese wooden building or Russian traditional wooden building, they are the first people to explore the experience of the construction. For this reason, they are in the context of the times the role is irreplaceable. Although there are many aspects of wood as modem building materials are more suitable for housing construction, but the advantages of wood materials for wood technology in the technology is not developed in ancient times plays a vital role. For modem technology, the wood structure is also very unique, and its characteristics are also very suitable for construction in certain climatic conditions. As a member of the mainstream structure family, the advantages of wood structure are being re-understanding of modem people: from environmental protection to see it is a renewable material, as a building material from production to the impact of waste on the environment the smallest. Although the short term is difficult to a large number of rapid production, but long-term look at the timber resources or inexhaustible. Therefore, such a material, should be carefully designed and re-applied to modem urban construction, give full play to the characteristics of wood and wooden structure for the city streets to create a new scene.

References

1. Architectural Science Research Institute of Architectural History Editorial Committee Organization editor Liu Dunzhen editor. History of Chinese Ancient Architecture. Beijing: China Building Industry Press, -- 1984.

2. Editor: Pan Guixi, Southeast University. History of Chinese Architecture. Beijing: China Building Industry Press, -- 2001. -- 113.

3. Source and Change of Big Wood Technology in Ancient Chinese and Japanese Architecture. Tianjin: Tianjin University Press, -- 2004. -- 104.

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