Nonlinear design based on the perception of landscape culture

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JUJL, Changchun, China; PNU, Khabarovsk, Russia

Nonlinear design based on the perception of landscape culture

Wang Jinghan

Li Ling

N.N. Panchuk

Abstract

This paper begins with a brief description of the historical development of architectural forms and the emergence and concept of nonlinear architectural design. Then it analyzes the natural intent and human spiritual need according to the development of architecture and traditional Chinese landscape theory, which explains the necessity of non-linear design under the landscape and cultural perception. On the basis of the idea, this paper then discusses the generation method and cultural significance of nonlinear architectural form under the background landscape and culture.

Keywords: nonlinear Design Architectural Design Landscape Cultural Perception Architectural Form.

Ван Цзинхань, Ли Лин, Н.Н. Панчук

ЦУС, Китай, Чанчунь; ТОГУ, Хабаровск, Россия

Нелинейный дизайн на основе восприятия ландшафтной культуры

Абстракт

nonlinear architectural landscape

Эта статья начинается с краткого описания исторического развития архитектурных форм и появления концепции нелинейного архитектурного дизайна. Далее анализируются естественные намерения и духовные потребности человека в соответствии с развитием архитектуры и традиционной китайской теории ландшафта, которая объясняет необходимость нелинейного дизайна на основании ландшафтного и культурного восприятия. Исходя из этой идеи, в данной статье обсуждается метод генерации и культурная значимость нелинейных архитектурных форм на фоне ландшафта и культуры.

Долгое время люди стремятся к единству природы и человека. Нелинейный дизайн параметрическим методом должен принимать во внимание городской ландшафт. В противном случае, странная кривая и преувеличенная форма - это просто бессмысленный архитектурный «плащ», по сути, не способный создать здание и город, соответствующий истинному традиционному гуманистическому духу. Посредством анализа регионального ландшафта и культуры концепция дизайна не только лежит в основе формы самого здания, но также и посредством непрерывной фрактальной эволюции может дать указание сформировать гуманистический параметрический пространственно-временной город.

Ключевые слова: нелинейный дизайн, архитектурный дизайн, ландшафтное культурное восприятие, архитектурная форма.

Overview of nonlinear architectural design

The emergence of nonlinear architectural concepts stems from a discussion of architectural complexity. In the early stage of the last century, the influence of modernist architecture promoted the rise of international metropolises such as Manhattan and Chicago, but the simple and linear architectural style was increasingly questioned by people, triggering the discussion of architectural complexity. In order to reflect the complexity of the building, the architect created an irregular, dynamic, contradictory and unstable form of the building through the external formal language of the building, which is the feature of the early postmodernist architecture. However, these diverse forms are only created to cater to the complexity of the building, not really the most reasonable form generated under the influence of various complicated factors of present situation.

With the development of technology and the communication between different disciplines, at the beginning of 21st century, nonlinear design was born. Broadly speaking, nonlinear architecture is to design a flowing and continuous building. From the most primitive application field of nonlinearity--mathematics, nonlinearity is used as a optimal solution method for the problem with one or several nonlinear function constraints. For example, constraints of architectural design like size, function, cost, and aesthetics can be converted into variables of nonlinear design, and nonlinear results are obtained after parametric modeling by architects, the optimal result of which can be used as the final design. Conversely, the generation of architecture is a process rather than a result. Various influence factors are developed from abstract into image. This process also interprets nonlinear theory [1].

The city's cultural conception of landscape

Under the guidance of nonlinear design, many streamlined nonlinear expressions have been demonstrated in many large international construction projects. However, most of them lack the regional and humanistic nature of the city where the building is located [2]. In order to prevent nonlinear design as an avant-garde of postmodernist from being extreme and exaggerated, we need to explore the interaction between architectural form, and landscape and cultural perception.

In fact, there is an unquestionable tie between buildings and natural landscapes. From the perspective of human history, the way of building original houses with soil, wood and grass (Fig. 1) is similar to the way birds build nests with branches. Later, in the process of evolution, human beings constantly explored new materials and technologies, and summarized various formal aesthetic rules, constantly going to the framework and restrict the building, making it more utilitarian. The building becomes a "living machine" and abandoned the original symbiosis with nature.

However, for a long time, the unity of nature and man is still the wish of people. Laozi, the great Chinese philosopher and founder of Taoism, once said: "man must conform to the earth, earth to heaven, heaven to Tao and Tao to nature. "(Chapter 25 of Tao Te Ching), suggesting that the most spiritual thing must conform to nature.

Fig. 1. Original nest (Source: Wikipedia)

Distinctive landscape features are the key for building to generate cultural sensation among people. In a high-density city and high-speed urbanization environment, the famous scientist Qian Xuesen proposed the concept of “landscape city” and proposed to construct the landscape city with the spiritual concept of Chinese traditional landscape poetry, garden and ink painting (Fig. 2), creating the city not just technically, but with the integration of culture. And this should be the future of architectural design. In the 21st century, Chinese young modern architect Ma Yansong published the book "Shanshui City" on the basis of the predecessors' theory. The core idea is just that Shanshui (means “landscape” in Chinese) City should not only have contemporary conveniences, but also have poetic and artistic perceptions in the hearts of the people. The core idea is to combine the density and function of the city with the landscape, and build a future city with human spiritual and cultural values which can cause emotional resonance [3].

Fig. 2. Chinese traditional landscape painting (Author: Zhang Daqian)

Practice of nonlinear architectural design based on landscape culture

Fig. 3. Extraction of landscape elements [6]

The natural landscape itself has artistic conception and infinite possibilities.

Therefore, the non-linear design based on the landscape is rightly the key to avoiding the similar awkward linear architecture and generates a strong humanistic and cultural sense at the meantime. With the development of computer science, parametric design techniques provide technical support for this concept and are reflected in some modern architectural works.

Shanshui City - a post-modern city combined with Chinese classical conception

Located in Nanjing, a Chinese historical city, the Nanjing Zenda Himalayan Center is a complex of office, business and residence designed by MAD (Figure 5). In order to express the long-standing landscape culture of the ancient city, the architect Ma Yan- song used the method of nonlinear modeling to apply the form and characteristics of the mountain landscape (Fig. 3) to the design.

Fig. 3. Concept of shape and space generation

Fig. 4. Concept of Central square generation

Fig. 5. Functional division

The central square of the base (Fig. 4) was inspired by the flat and comfortable spaces at the foot of the valley and the mountains. The area consists of a number of sloping-roof houses scattered on a “green carpet”, presenting a small village-like environment that provides a pleasant space for large-scale urban projects. Different scale corridors and walkways (Fig. 7) are interspersed in several rolling commercial complexes, leading people to walk from busy ground streets to three-dimensional parks, between buildings and landscapes. Additionally, architect use concrete as the main construction material (Fig. 6), showing the plain nature of the buildings.

Fig. 6. Structure and material analysis

Zenda Himalayan Center is a constructive expression of the natural landscape. The connection between buildingsis strong and proteanfrom different perspectives, emotionally reintegrating people's cultural resonance into the parametric city of the future (Figure 8, 9).

Fig. 7. Galleries Fig. 8. Parametric modelof city Fig. 9. Live photo

Guangzhou Art Museum - The Spatial Formal Expression of "Shanshui Scrolls”

The Guangzhou Art Museum project is located in Guangzhou, China. The implementation of the project is an important measure to build “Cultural Guangzhou”. The design combines the southernChina regional culture (Fig. 9).

The Museum echoes the agility curve of the landscape elements. The main part uses the subtractive hollowing-out design method, and through the parametric design modeling software Rhinoceros and Grasshopper, the curve shape is adjusted and optimized to form a continuous, agile, real-life “landscape scroll”, transforming the two-dimensional landscape painting into a three-dimensional art space, making the landscape space a public space carrier. (Fig. 10).

Fig. 10. Landscape imagery of southern China (Source: Wikipedia)

Fig. 11. Concept of the Guangzhou Art Museum

Fig. 12. Parameterized skin generation

The architectural epidermis is inspired from paintings of southern China, using perforated metal plates as the main fa9ade material. The ink change in landscape paintings forms close-up, medium-range, and distant views of a mountain. The epidermis design first performs a second abstract image processing on its irregularity, forming a gradual change and continuous unfolding image of “mountain surface” [4]. Through the parametric design software Grasshopper, the value corresponding to the gray level of the image is positively correlated with the parameter of the diameter of the hole on the perforated plate. Combining the effects of fa9ade, lighting, shading, ventilation, etc., the parameters controlling the change of image with the change of hole size are adjusted and compared multiple times to realize the artistic and functional expression of the landscape (Figure 12, 13).

Fig. 13. Indoor lighting simulation at different perforation rates

The flexible architectural curve and the continuous open landscape shaped space make the museum the most dynamic public place, attracting citizens and tourists to come to this event, forming a link between people and the building.

Conclusion

The nonlinear design by parametric method should take the urban human landscape into consideration when pursuing the novel form. Otherwise, the weird curve and exaggerated form is just the meaningless architectural “coat”, not essentially being able to create the building and urban that conforms to the true traditional humanistic spirit. Through the analysis of the regional landscape and culture, the design concept not only has a basis for the form of the building itself, but also through the continuous fractal evolution, can instruct to form a humanistic parametric spatiotemporal city.

References

1. Yu Han. Parametric city design based on Rhinoceros-Taking the design of the urban center of Jixian County as an example [D]. Southeast University, 2011(05).

2. Chen Yuxi. Research on Parametric Construction Urban Form Based on Humanistic Perspective[J]. City Construction Theory Research, 2014(01).

3. Liu Xianrong. Interpretation of Ma Yansong and his "Shanshui City"[J]. China Real Estate, 2017(10).

4. Lin Kangqiang. Parametric design and expression of landscape culture-Taking the architectural design of Guangzhou Art Museum as an example [J]. HuazhongArchitecture, 2016.

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