Functions of defense building

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Functions of defense building

Yang Caini, N. N. Panchuk

JUJL, Changchun, China, PNU, Khabarovsk, Russia

Abstract. Many interesting and wonderful buildings appeared in the long history of China. Tulu was bom during the war years, and its protective function is obvious. Below we discuss the historical background, the evolutionary process and the protective function of the building itself.

Tulou Form Evolution

What types of buildings can accommodate many ethnic groups and have high defensive capabilities? The ancestors took up too much space in the courtyard of the Central Plains, and since the walls of the courtyard were low, the protection function is basically zero, and there is no link.

In a small household, there may not be enough space for the whole family. Huizhou powder wall architecture and tiles are equally thin and weak. Houses in the outback of China are no longer able to satisfy the needs of Fujian residents; they must create an unprecedented building and satisfy the two necessities of settlement and defense. What is this building?

Fig. 2. Xihei'an building

First debut: Wenlow Building. (Looks like five phoenixes) Compared to the courtyard, Wenflow has a larger courtyard and more houses that can accommodate more residents. However, the disadvantages of Ufenglu are very obvious. With the exception of the high back hall, overall protection is still low. Both the lower and middle halls are one-story buildings, and three halls and two horizontal houses are connected only by low-rise corridors. All of them are weaknesses when on them.

Fig. 3. People's house in the water village

Fig. 4. Hui architecture

However, the flaws of Ufenlou are very obvious. With the exception of the high back hall, overall protection is still low. Lower and middle halls One-story buildings, three halls and two horizontal houses are connected only by low-rise corridors. They are all weaknesses when they are attacked.

Fig. 5. Model Wenlow Building

Fig. 6. Facade of Wenlow Building

A transitional building from Ufanlou to Fanlou (square building) [Fig. 7, 5]

Fig. 7. Fanlow

Fig. 8. Fanlow

With the exception of the only gates, there is no other way out for the entire building: Ufenglu' s luscious beauty has completely disappeared, and the structure has been simplified, but the protective features have reached unprecedented heights.

The round building is one of the strongest defensive structures in various earth structures [ Fig. 8]. Fujian Tulu basically has perfect defensive functions. Among them, the Ufeng building and the crescent building (type of land building) have certain protective capabilities, but their protective capabilities are much less than those of buildings with square or round ground. Weilunwu has stronger defensive abilities than Wufenglu and Banyulu, but he is still worse than Fang and Yuantulu. The main reason is that the square and round building of the earth has a high and strong external wall, similar to a castle, the guards can shoot at a high level and are in an advantageous position in defense.

Fig. 9. Round earthen building called Airy

The first line of defense is the outer wall

The outer wall is the first line of defense for the enclosure. The high and strong outer wall is very thick, and the thickness usually exceeds 1 meter. The outer wall is made of triple concrete, which is extremely hard, especially triple-mixed glutinous rice syrup and brown sugar water raft. The strength and durability of the facade will be significantly increased, that is, the use of tools and the destruction of the facade. Processing the foundation of the facade is important for the strength and durability of the facade. The depth of the wall should be at least 1 meter. When hitting a stone foot, a wall leg usually dries from cobblestones or stones above the highest level of flooding to ensure that the soil wall is not swollen, failure. To prevent outsiders from opening the pebble from the outside, when constructing the wall, the master deliberately puts the big head of the pebble in and the small head out. After construction, a heavy earthen wall is pressed again. It is very difficult to open the pebble of the snare, a. To further enhance the protective ability of the rammed earthen wall, some of the surrounding houses are covered with a layer of brick wall outside the rammed earthen wall, which the locals call the “golden silver package” . Stronger.

(The outer wall has a height of 16 meters. The depth of the wall foundation buried in the ground is at least 1 meter and the width is more than 3 meters. If you want to dig a tunnel into the building, this is basically impossible. The exposed walls are made of stone blocks and granite stones. Height is more than 2 meters. It is not only extremely durable, but also prevents flooding. Above the wall is a wall of earthen soil, which is mixed with catfish, lime and sand. The middle is also surrounded by stones and bamboo. This is a "bamboo wall", similar to the current reinforced concrete. The thickness of the earthen wall is 2.53 meters).

Fig. 10. Outer wall

Fig. 11. Microphone

The key to defense is the door

The outer wall is not broken. If the enemy wants to enter, he must find a hole in the window and a hole in the door. Since there are no windows on the first or third floors of the wall, only small windows open on the fourth floor, so it' s very dangerous to climb the stairs. It is likely that she was killed without approaching the outer wall. Therefore, the focus of the building In attacking the door, the defense center also hold the door. Since the goal is the key to defense, appropriate measures exist.

Since the goal is the key to defense, appropriate measures exist, protection. First of all, the door frame is often made of stone or stone. The gates are made of solid wood panels of about 10 cm and are made of solid and fireproof winter trees. The back of a solid continuous two-ri is supported by a horizontal bolt. Jacks at the two ends of the door are reserved on a stone wall or perforated in stone, so they are very durable and can prevent the door from attacking outside the door.

Since the door cannot be opened, fire attack becomes the main method of attacking the door. To cope with a fire attack, you need to wrap the iron sheet of the sleep-gun of a wooden door, this is one of the measures of fire attack of the ancient Chinese city gate, and the other is to make a sink on the door beam and connect it to a water tank or a bamboo pipe on second floor. Fences fill the water tank or bamboo pipe, and water passes through the water tank or jumper at the top of the door and flows evenly along the outer surface of the wooden door to achieve the goal of preventing fire. In addition, some earthen structures piled many large stones against the wall above the gate. When the enemy hit, the stone was thrown from a wall a dozen meters high and crashed on a stone platform. He looked like a splinter and was extremely deadly. This is also one of the remedies! In addition, I must mention the special design of the second floor.

Fig. 12. Door Fire Protection System

Fig. 13. Invisible Channel

There are small holes in the outer wall of the wall, and the hole is S-shaped. The room cannot be seen from a small hole, but sound can be transmitted. Usually the residents of the building return late, and they can call the family to open the door through a small hole.

Fig. 14

The layout of the surrounding house contributes to defense

The outer wall of the fence has a height of 3 to 5 floors, and the layout of each floor is based on defense. The kitchen and the bam are located on the first and second floors of the outer ring building, on the second floor there is a bedroom, and the bedroom has only small windows. The interior of the floor usually raises the gallery to connect with the surrounding bedroom, which helps the protective personnel to move and support each other.

Secret escape routes

Some homes also use the courtyard drainage ditch in as an escape passage. The corridor connects all households. When protection comes, he can transport materials and ammunition. If the earthen building is broken, it can be used as an escape route. In some multi-story buildings, toilets are located on the top floor, and drainage pipes are hidden in the wall. Manure is discharged from the building. Usually they are closed and not used. They are used only during the war, so as not to fall into the trap for a long time. The inside of the building is excessively polluted and pollutes the interior.

In addition to the physical protection system, the mental protection system is also very important. Without spiritual support, a strong house will be destroyed. The house could not break. An ancestral hall should be installed in this building, located in an important place in the center of the building for worshiping tobacco. People must survive in the family and fight for the survival of the family. Thus, defenders cannot be afraid of victims, fight in bloody battles and die, as if they were dead. They believe that the gods of their ancestors certainly bless them in heaven. In addition to the cards of the ancestors, door gods and gossip are attached to the door, the head of a lion bites a sword on the wall of the earth, and the stone that is brave in the comer of the building corresponds to the spirit of protecting spirits and stopping the gods. They are invincible in spirit.

Conclusion: The harsh habitat forced the hakks to attach great importance to defense: they built a house in a fortified house that is easy to defend and hard to attack. Wells, granaries and cattle pens in the land building are fully equipped to provide sufficient security for the hacks. Today, the earthen building is no longer a fortress, but these completed and complex defensive structures still amaze people.

These enemies will not be able to attack for a long time, and the history of the construction of the land will be widespread in Hakki forever.

Bibliographic references

1. Lin Jiashu {(Tower music and three-dimensional verses)} [Электронный ресурс] / URL: https://magazeta.com/guide-tulou/(дата обращения: 18.10.2019)

2. Huang Hanmin « Buildings in Fujian )} [Электронный ресурс] / URL: https://sohu.com(aara обращения: 28.11.2019)

3. Li Qianglang «Through the wall)} [Электронный ресурс] / URL: https://novayagazeta.ru/articles/2012/08/06/50896-kak-proyti-skvoz-stenu-prosto-predstavit-chtо-ее-nеt(дата обращения: 28.11.2019)

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