Tower Kaiping Diaolou

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JUJL

PNU

Tower Kaiping Diaolou

Xu Ziang, Ryabkova E.B.

Changchun, China

Khabarovsk, Russia

Abstract

The article discusses the appearance of towers in China at the beginning of the 20th century, which were included in the list of world cultural heritage. Buildings - the towers were defensive architecture from internal robbers, they housed a large number of both public buildings and residential ones. Buildings of this type appeared as a result of the relocation of the Chinese, who had lived in America for a long time and returned in connection with the forced expulsion from the country. Buildings - towers saved residents from thugs and frequent flooding, played a huge role in the fight against external enemies.

Keywords: buildings - towers, architecture, cultural heritage, China, Guangdong province, stone carving.

Аннотация

Сюй Цзыан, Е. Б. Рябкова

ЦУС, Чанчунь, Китай; ТОГУ, Хабаровск, Россия

БАШНИ KAIPING DIAOLOU

Статья рассматривает вопрос появления в Китае в начале 20 века башен, которые были включены в список всемирного культурного наследия. Здания-башни являлись оборонительными архитектурными сооружениями от внутренних грабителей, в них располагалось большое количество как общественных зданий, так и жилых. Здания этого типа появились вследствие переселения китайцев, проживших долгое время в Америке и вернувшихся в связи с принужденным изгнанием из страны. Здания-башни спасали жителей от бандитов и частых затоплений, а также играли огромную роль в борьбе с внешним врагом.

Ключевые слова: здания-башни, архитектура, культурное наследие, Китай, провинция Гуандун, каменная резьба.

Historical analysis

A large number of Chinese farmers in the middle of the 19th century, due to frequent new floods and, as a result, banditry that was clearing, began to move to live in the United States and Western Canada, where labor was required, as during this period the countries experienced an economic boom. By the 1880s, the United States and Canada began to pursue a policy of expelling the Chinese from the country. Chinese workers returned home to buy land, build houses, and kiss relatives.

In the period from 1900 to 1931, 1648 towers were built in Kaiping, which amounted to 89.9% of the total number of buildings of this period. At home -the towers were popular with the inhabitants, they saved about 2 thousand buildings from Kaiping Diaolou from flooding and plundering the inhabitants, which flourished during this period. They are distinguished by a variety of architectural styles, (ancient Greek columns, ancient Roman arches, baroque mountain flowers). Call them "the castle of the peoples." Four Kaipa towers and villages were chosen as the world cultural heritage: Jinjiangli, Ma Jianglun, Zili Village and Sanmenli. The village of Kaiping Diaolou became the first place of world cultural heritage in the province of Guangdong. June 28, 2007 at the 31st Conference on World Cultural Heritage, held in Christchurch, New Zealand, Kaiping Di- ahlu was successfully voted on and officially listed on the World Heritage List. Thus, Guangdong Province became the 34th World Heritage Site in China.

Fig. 1. House-tower of Guadong Province

Classification of houses, towers

Houses - towers according to the function of use are divided into the following types: public buildings are built at the expense of all residents and for the whole village, these are the earliest buildings of towers. Residential buildings - each family has one room in the house for temporary use to avoid bandits or floods. The form is closed and simple, the external decoration is minimal, and the protection is strong. The building was built by rich people., Carried the functions of protection and living. The building is tall, the space is relatively open, and the living quarters are relatively perfect. The shape of a residential building is more diverse, beautiful and elegant, and the exterior is very decorative. Based on the satisfaction of the defensive function and the desire for beauty, these buildings often become a symbol of the village.

Fig. 2. House-towers of Guadong Province

Tall buildings - towers are often built on the banks of a river or a hill. From the height there was a broad overview, the provision of searchlights and alarms helped to easily detect the bandits and promptly notify the village.

The lower reaches of the often flooded river, the dense vegetation of the coast dynasty. People had to seek shelter and such houses - they really needed towers.

Played into the hands of the bandits, who used the instability of the power of the Qing

In Guangzhou, there is a very famous tower (Figure 2), which played a decisive role during the War of Resistance against Japan. Here, seven Chinese soldiers, fighting for 7 days and 7 nights, stopped the Japanese army, died the death of the brave.

Fig. 3. The protective windows of the tower in the province of Guangzhou

Many of the towers in Kaiping played an active role in the revolutionary activities carried out by the siege party at various stages. For example, during the war against Japanese aggression, the "Zhongshan building" became the command center of Kaiping resistance to the Japanese army at that time. This tower carried out research and organization of various revolutionary actions of the Chinese Communist Party.

Tower Ornaments

The “stone” carving is one of the traditional architectural techniques of folk architecture Lingnan, known as the “pearl on the crown”. Like Diaolou, stone sculpture has many links with the culture of the Chinese city. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Chinese from abroad returned to their hometowns to build their homes. There was no “stone” carving in the house. Especially in the decoration of temples, temples and mansions, gray carvings represent not only wealth, prosperity, harmony and peace, but also a symbol of the status of people living in a given house

“Stone” carving can be divided into two types: flat engraving and three-dimensional engraving. Plane engraving is usually used on the threshold and exterior wall decoration, and the manufacturing process is relatively simple. For sculptures often used characters, animals, flowers and birds. This tradition was broken after the return of the population from abroad. Drawings and sculptures have become more diverse. tower cultural defensive architectural

The process of making sculptures from “stone2” is complicated, and the preparation of materials is laborious. First, the lime is soaked in a mortar, the dried straw is cut into sections, and then the straw part is soaked with a layer of lime slurry to form “grass ash”, cement and sand are added to use the foundation for a “stone” thread. From this composition is made of paper ash, which is soaked for 20 days, rice flour and brown sugar are added. All the material obtained is used for the surface layer of the sculpture. Made products with steel nails were attached to the wall of the building or mounted on shelves, covered with gray paper (Figure 3).

Fig. 4. Prints made by old technology

The origin of a Canadian village in China.

Overseas Chinese in the shrimp village went home to visit their loved ones, and then led a group of villagers across the sea to earn a living in Canada. After more than a decade of hard work, the economic situation of these people improved: From 1933 to 1935, these overseas Chinese invited local Canadian architects to design blueprints for building 10 villas near the shrimp village and jointly investing in the construction of a defense tower in the east of the village which was called “Yaohuafang”. Since foreign Chinese, who built houses here, mostly live in Canada, this village is called “Canadian village” by the people. The Canadian village is close to the surrounding villages, but it gives a feeling of isolation.

Fig. 5. Residential buildings in a fisherman's village, Yao Huang Tower.

Ma Jianglun Village: Castle in the bamboo forest

It consists of five natural villages: Yunan from the Huang family, Qinan from the Guan, Hedong and Longjiang families. The horse is descended from the Longzhulou group, which faces Baizu Mountain and the Tanjiang River. The village was built at the beginning of the 20th century. Today there are seven well-preserved towers and eight Western-style villas. The buildings are scattered like links in chains, like heaven and earth, distributed in a bamboo forest. The most beautiful building of this place is the Jin Jiangli Jinjiang Tower, which is a typical public building with a height of 5.36 meters on 5 floors. Ruishi Building, known as the “first floor Kaiping” in Jinjiangli, has nine floors and is 29.55 meters high.It covers an area of 92 square meters and has a reinforced concrete structure. It is very durable. Founder Ruishilou works in Hong Kong. The drug store and the bank were successful, and he invested a huge amount in over 30,000 Hong Kong dollars. This lasted for 3 years, and Yu Ren built Rui Shi Lu in 1925. To prevent flooding, the building was equipped with firearms, bronze bells and spotlights. The setting of the stone building is also pleasant. The back of the building faces a thick bamboo forest, and the facade is full of trees. Ruishi Building is one of the most well-preserved buildings in Kaiping, which is the most beautiful building.

Fig. 6. Denmark Village Ma Jinglun

Zili village: lotus tower

Zili Village is the oldest village in Kaiping. The village has a beautiful natural environment, ponds and lotus flowers are scattered around it, and it is surrounded by numerous towers. In the village of Zili 15 different styles and beautiful buildings. Fanshi Tower is located on a hill 1.5 km south of the village of Zili, built in 1920 and represents the building. The building has 5 floors of 18.43 meters, a reinforced concrete structure, and the building is equipped with early western guard searchlights, firearms, and so on. The tower has a great location, wide view and central view of the surrounding countryside.

Liyuan: Fragile Beauty

Liyuan is located in Yuhua Village, Tankou City, Kaiping City and is a private garden built by local Chinese Mr. Xie for over 19 years since 1926. Named after the park, Liyuan covers an area of approximately 19,600 square meters and combines traditional gardens, western architecture and water features of Jiangnan. It combines the unique architectural styles of China and the West and is special in Chinese gardens. The park is divided into three zones: the villa zone, a large garden and a small garden, they are separated by an artificial river or wall and are connected by a bridge.

There are six villas in the park, one of which is the most beautiful. "Yuwen-build- ing" - The building is made in the style of Western architectural, but the roof - the elegance of the Chinese palace. They are harmoniously combined and represent a unique feature. The beauty of architectural art. The park has a lot of good work. For half a century, the park was destroyed and almost abandoned. For 10 years in 1999, Ms. Xie, the garden owner, entrusted Liyuan Municipal Government with its restoration. Kaiping People's Government has invested more than 13 million yuan in renovating this building.

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