Huizhou architecture

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JUJL, Changchun, China; PNU

HUIZHOU ARCHITECTURE

Xu Duo, E.B. Ryabkova

Abstract

Huizhou architecture is one of the most important schools of ancient Chinese architecture and is a model of a harmonious combination of human and natural landscape. The characteristic features of architecture are tile, brick - decorated with carvings, wood carvings. The buildings are tall with deep wells and halls. Decoration of the roof ridge with a sculpted image of a horse's head. As a traditional architectural genre, Huizhou architecture has always maintained a unique artistic style, whimsical, concise and rich. The architecture of Huizhou is the embodiment of the life philosophy of Huizhou people, which reflects their desire for life, their architectural concept is convenient and natural. This concept of architectural design is very attractive for modern people. In a fast-moving life, city dwellers hope to find a quiet, natural and comfortable place to live. The article examines the impact of the concept of architectural design of Huizhou on modern architecture.

Keywords: architecture, China, Huizhou, “horse's head”, patio, finishing materials, stone and wood carving.

Аннотация

Сюй До, Е. Б. Рябкова ЦУС, Чанчунь, Китай; ТОГУ, Хабаровск, Россия

АРХИТЕКТУРА ХУЭЙЧЖОУ

Архитектура Хуэйчжоу - одна из важнейших архитектурных школ Древнего Китая. Она представляет собой модель гармоничного сочетания человеческого и природного ландшафта. Характерные черты данной архитектуры - черепица, кирпич, украшенный резьбой, и резьба по дереву. Здания высокие, с глубокими колодцами и залами. Конек крыши украшен скульптурным изображением головы лошади. Как традиционный архитектурный жанр, архитектура Хуэйчжоу всегда поддерживала уникальный художественный стиль, причудливый, лаконичный и богатый. Архитектура Хуэйчжоу - воплощение жизненной философии людей Хуэйчжоу, которое отражает их стремление к жизни, их архитектурная концепция удобна и естественна. Эта концепция архитектурного дизайна очень привлекательна для современных людей. В стремительном потоке жизни городские жители надеются найти тихое, естественное и комфортное место. Статья рассматривает вопросы влияния концепции архитектурного дизайна Хуэйчжоу на современную архитектуру.

Ключевые слова: архитектура, Китай, Хуэйчжоу, «голова лошади», внутренний дворик, отделочные материалы, резьба по камню и дереву.

Formation of Huizhou architecture

The process of building Huizhou architecture was influenced by Huizhou's unique historical and geographic environment and humanistic concepts. Originally it was a settlement of the ancient people of Yue, which was adapted to the mountain life. The large- scale migration from the Central regions not only changed the population and structure of Huizhou, but also brought the advanced culture of Zhongyuan. Typical in the architecture of the building remains the "hall above", formed in the early period of Huizhou. “Hall at the top” has an open form and is intended for recreation of people. To solve the problem of ventilation and lighting of the building, courtyards use wells. The environment is a closed and unobstructed Huizhou "patio". Houses in the structure of the mountain forest are subject to fires, in order to avoid the spread of fire, a fire wall topped with a sculpture of a horse's head is created (Fig. 1). The early architecture of Huizhou site was the result of a mixture of Aboriginal culture and culture brought necks with him

After the second half of the Ming dynasty, Huizhou merchants and merchants began to willingly invest in architecture. They repaired the temple, built a house, built gardens, built arches, bridges and pavilions, which brought great changes to the rural landscape of Huizhou. Due to the characteristics of Jia and Haoru, Huizhou merchants with high cultural quality made their own view on the layout, structure, interior decoration of buildings, which gradually began to form a unique architectural environment of the area.

Fig. 1 Horse head wall

Features of Huizhou architecture

The appearance of residential buildings in Huizhou has its own characteristics: The gables at both ends of the house are raised above the roof. To avoid the difference in height between the gables and the roof, a form of gradual fall in the direction of the eaves is used, which not only saves materials, but also makes the gables more and more diverse. Originally, this was done to prevent fires, so it was called the “wall of fire”.

Almost every house has a patio. In terms of architecture, this makes the house sufficient for lighting, air circulation and humidity. The living room is open onto the patio and thus can be combined into one space. While in the hall, you can see the morning sun, the night star and see the sky. Some families also set up a rock aquarium in the courtyard, plant goldfish in a pond and grow bonsai, turning the patio into a courtyard into a unique place in the house.

The appearance of residential buildings is symmetrical. The shape of the courtyard and layout can be divided into 4 types. The concave house, commonly known as the three- storey one, is the first type. Usually these are two rooms on either side of the hall. Corridors on both sides of the courtyard are two-story volumes. Stairs are located behind the bright room or gallery on both sides. Living room - made in 2 levels. The homes of ordinary people are mostly houses for three families, in fact they are two-story or three-story houses. The main part of the house is in the middle on two sides - the bedroom, between the main room and the living room there is a patio. The type H house is actually a combination of two concave houses: the front and rear courtyard, the gallery on both sides and the main house in the middle. The E-type house is also three-in-one, with a patio between the first and second entrances and between the second and third entrances. Multistage house style looks layered.

Fig. 2 Horse head wall

Internal architecture design of Huipai

The ancient buildings of Huaipai are made of brick, wood and stone. The framework in these buildings is mainly made of wood and great attention was paid to its decoration. The middle part of the beam is slightly curved, which is why people call it “winter melon beam”. The two ends carved have the form of a flat round (Ming dynasty) or round (Qing dynasty). The middle part is often carved with different patterns, and it looks great. The material used for the column is also quite large, and the upper part is a bit thinner. The pillars of the Ming dynasty are usually spindly. Liang Tuo, the claw of the column, the arm of the fork, hegemony, the bird (for the Ming dynasty, the arch of Dintou), oblique and other large patterns of carving, the lines of the legs. The ingenious combination and decoration of the details of the frame of the beams combine the technology of crafts and artistic techniques, creating an excellent environment for the combination of beads. The frame of the beam, as a rule, is not painted and not painted with Tung oil, which is extremely simple and elegant. Corners, patios, railings, wall coverings and leaking windows are cut into stone strips and stone slabs with blue, red sandstone or granite and are often combined with the natural texture of the stone itself, forming a pattern. For the fire wall uses small bricks from which lay out the "horse's head."

Huizhou's architecture also makes extensive use of brick, wood and stone carvings, demonstrating an excellent level of decorative and applied arts. Most of the brick carvings are embedded in the door hood, window sill and wall; on large bricks, bright figures, insect fish, flowers and birds, eight god's treasures and geometric patterns are engraved. There are many types of drawings in which traditional opera, folk tales, myths and legends are read, and life scenes such as fishing, rural work, reading, banquet, tea, travel, music and dancing. Various techniques, such as wire engraving, bas-relief, high relief openwork, round and hollow carving. Its performance and methods vary depending on the different parts of the building. This woodcarving is unpainted, but the high-quality color of the wood and the natural texture make the carving details more vivid.

Stone carving is mainly exhibited in courtyards, temples, arches, towers, bridges and residential courtyards, gates, railings, pools, flower beds, facade windows, walls, foundation, drum stone, stone lion and so on. The content is mainly symbolized by the auspicious dragon wind, crane, tiger, lion, elephant, god sculpture and landscape sculptures, character stories, and so on.

Cultural Heritage of Huizhou Architecture

architecture huizhou design huipai

Huizhou culture is the result of the birth and development of traditional culture. In order to maintain the purity of the line, strengthen the clan's cohesion and resist the invasion of foreigners, the ancient houses of the ancient Huizhou villages are often occupied by family members and blood ties, and different families are not allowed to live together. Even in the same village, the clan halls and the houses of all ethnic groups are clearly defined. In accordance with the order in the house, everything is subject to respect for men, women and children.

The motto of traditional Chinese culture: "Heaven and man are one." Huizhou architecture follows this motto. "Heaven" is both natural and human. Huizhou is a hilly area with streams and ponds throughout the city, houses built of stone and water. White wall, green tile, horse head wall, green water, green hills and blue sky, nature is fully integrated into the architecture.

When designing urban drawings, it is first necessary to understand the landscape. The basis of the general plan is that the mountain, the landscape is the skeleton of the plan, the roads are the blood of the village, and the building becomes a “cell” attached to the bloodstream - the stream and its tributaries. Such an approach only pushes one thought, there is nothing in the design that could interfere with or be unaccounted for in the drawing design. It is necessary to strive for natural harmony between man and nature.

Artistic style of Huizhou architecture

The style of architectural art of Huizhou can be summarized as follows: natural simplicity, solitude and elegance. Unpretentious, self-sufficient, natural, harmonious with nature, not dependent on time, not fashionable and natural. Adhere to the ancient system, keep the traditions, promote Confucianism, save the Tao, free, follow the rules of the clan, worship Feng Shui and follow the simplicity and truth.

The mountains, rivers, and thickets of mountain water are objective reflections of Huizhou architecture and the natural environment. They are the main condition for obtaining natural wealth. The Huizhou mountain road is dangerous, the creek is winding, therefore, although the winding path is quiet, it is rich in bright colors, but solitary and solitary. This is an important reason for the hidden features of Huizhou architecture.

The Huizhou architecture on modern architecture.

The architecture of Huizhou appeared in the ancient Chinese region of Huizhou. Because of the backward movement in ancient China, the Huizhou landscape dominated the mountains, thereby forming a unique culture that gradually influenced the structure and style of buildings. Thanks to a brilliant plan and a flexible layout, the landscape is integrated with the building. Using some elements, such as a horse head wall and small blue tiles, buildings take on a colorful look. Modern architecture pursues simplicity and practicality. Compared to traditional architecture, there are big differences between building materials and architectural styles. With the development of time, people have created new requirements for architecture. The application of elements of Huizhou architecture to modern architecture has given a new direction to the development of modern architecture.

The value of Huizhou architecture inheritance

Spiritual Wealth: As a typical architectural genre of traditional residential buildings in China, Huizhou architecture brought great spiritual wealth to China. This is not only a place where people live and work, but also a cultural heritage belonging to the hearts of people. At present, many of the architectural structures of Huizhou have become famous tourist attractions. Because of this, we can get acquainted with the ancient cultural traditions of China in the form and decoration of buildings.

Unique aesthetics: people have always had a fixed and deep impression about the form of traditional residential buildings. Modern buildings are very different from Hui- zhou architecture in terms of the exterior of the building, interior decoration and color. The sense of art is more intense. The architecture of Huizhou mainly reflects the cultural characteristics of Huizhou and has a unique aesthetic. When the various sculptures in the dwellings bring us visual delight, they also embody the refined skills of the art of carving, and its original layout embodies the traditional aesthetics of China and the aesthetics of Huizhou architecture.

Huizhou architecture has a high value of scientific research. It can reflect the history and cultural process, and its structural layout, building materials, decorative design and much more. - all this provides materials for modern scientific research. The Huizhou architecture is also very practical: it provides a lot of space for acquaintance and study of modern architectural design in China, which provides a new direction for the development of architectural design in China.

Fig. 3 The value of the study and practical significance

References

1. "Sentimental Huizhou Architecture - Academic Papers"

2. "Huizhou Culture Book"

3. "Huizhou Architecture "

4. "Chinese Huizhou Architecture"

5. Pan Guxi. Chinese Architectural History. China. China Architecture & Building Press.2010. P323 P428

6. Luo Xiaowei. History of Foreign Modern Architecture. China. China Architecture & Building Press. P57-P61

7. Yang Linping. A Probe into the Architectural Features of the Xiguan Big House. Guangdong Architecture & Decoration. 2008,(2).P83

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