Contemprory methods for the harmonization of the elements of architectural enviroment

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FEFU, Vladivostok

Contemprory methods for the harmonization of the elements of architectural enviroment

E.N. Abramovskaya, Cristiano Mattia Ferme

Russia

Abstract

Today, in modern cities of the metropolis, the problem of the relationship between architecture and the environment is very acute, with the development of historical and new cities and the accompanying huge industrial construction, its rapid pace and progressive number, inevitably entails an alarming fact of destruction of the environment, and not its preservation. This article gives the formulation of recommendations and proposals for comprehensive measures of architectural and artistic formation of the city environment and areas of mass residential development, conducted by private and public investment sectors, as well as some practical recommendations, the main directions for the formation of a holistic, aesthetic environment

Keywords: urban surrounding, design of the architectural environment, art objects in the urban environment, harmonization of the architectural environment, improvement of the environment, coloristic of the building facade.

Аннотация

Е. Н. Абрамовская, Криштиану Маттиа Ферме

ДВФУ, Владивосток, Россия

СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ МЕТОДЫ ГАРМОНИЗАЦИИ ФРАГМЕНТОВ АРХИТЕКТУРНОЙ СРЕДЫ

На сегодняшний день в современных городах-мегаполисах проблема взаимоотношений архитектуры и среды стоит очень остро. С развитием исторических и современных городов и сопутствующее этому громадное промышленное строительство. его бурный темп и прогрессирующее количество неминуемо влекут за собой тревожный факт уничтожения среды, а не ее сохранение. В данной статье даются формулировка рекомендаций и предложения по комплексным мерам архитектурно-художественного формирования среды города и районов массовой жилой застройки, проводимых частными и государственными инвестиционными секторами, а также даны некоторые практические рекомендации основных направлений для формирования целостной эстетической среды.

Ключевые слова: среда города, дизайн архитектурной среды, арт-объекты в городской среде, гармонизация архитектурной среды, благоустройство среды, колористика фасада здания.

As history-based and new-built cities have been advanced and expended in the huge industrial construction process, the rate of industrial development affects the environment to a great extent and is the reason of environment destruction, instead of safekeeping. Nowadays, the problem of relations between architecture and environment is acute in modern cities, especially in megapolicies. The prevalence of typical construction, e.g. common and identical buildings, rambling spreading of lightning, advertising signs, creates a monotony, negative psycho-emotional impact on citizens. Most cities continue to change their images, this is indicated by the trend of rapidly subordinating of architecture to construction industry. But favorable environment for human existence is turned out to be pushed aside in its key positions.

At present the trend of modern urban architecture is a huge form of glass and concrete, in which grey or too bright color harmony is dominated that destructively create “visual aggressive surroundings”, i.e. homogeneous visual environment that consists of identical, equally spaced visual elements or it is without visual units [7, p. 57-60]. Every urban location creates a certain visual form in a human imagination. Social consciousness forms this image, has influence on it inevitably. In turn, the city, as a habitat, along with all its features has impacted on the formation of residents' personality. In a particular way, the esthetic taste of an each individual is created due to the peculiarities of the surrounding in which he/her grew and was brought up. That is why the urban environment is important to be balanced and harmonious, both in color and in other aspects.

This article discusses a set of effective transformational measures for the humanization of the architectural environment conducted by the private and public investment sectors, This one used in the city of Milan in Italy is taken as an example for informational purposes. The analysis of the existing situation in the city of Vladivostok in Russia has been carried out. Some practical recommendations about the main directions in architectural environment have been formulated to achieve harmonious surroundings inhabited and harmonized by citizens, because the city needs it.

The objective:

To analyze and propose methods for enhancing of humanistic features of architectural and spatial urban environment (using the architectural environments of Vladivostok and Milan as examples).

The object:

The residential architecture

The subject:

The formulation of recommendations and proposals for comprehensive measures to enrich the architectural environment.

The city, aspects of the problem.

One of the difficult problems in a modern city is the problem of meaningful and esthetic understanding of the architectural and spatial environment. On this occasion, there are many discussions among specialists in the field of sociology and architecture about emotional facelessness, emptiness of new and old districts of modern cities. Due to art, the sphere of human life activity acquires bright emotional content, in which works of architecture, monumental painting and sculpture create a harmonious environment of the city, shaping the esthetic taste among citizens, “appropriation of the environment” [2, p.21]. A modern city in all its meanings is a city of contrasts, it combines beautiful central squares, architectural ensembles, historical and architectural monuments with monotony, homeliness and dullness of residential areas, that fact brings on randomness and spontaneity of the buildings of both the city center and its periphery, for a vivid example there are many cities in Russia that passed through several historical stages in their development, and their significance and the architectural and artistic styles changed. The esthetic and functional diversity of historical cities during their long formation was brightly expressed. Such contrasts were reflected in the buildings of cities like Paris, Venice, where luxurious buildings were side by side with gloomy houses. Beautiful buildings of the cities of Kaluga, Yaroslavl were with a lack of improvement. [2, p.13]

The main objective of the organization of the urban environment in modern conditions is to create a harmonious environment for work and rest, to overcome the negative aspects through the formation of new public areas, functionally new architectural buildings, with the involvement of various forms of visual art and design, both in the design of buildings facade and in-spaces [6, p.385]. In European countries town planning specialists have a great practical experience in the field of esthetic and social understanding of arrays of the modern industrial buildings. The city environment is improved in a variety of ways: works of monumental painting, small sculptural monuments, decorative inlays of vertical gardening, visual information, advertising and other means. So, colour painting of old houses serves as a reason for experimenting in the field of painting possibilities. A lot of finishing, decorative facing, local building materials can be used to correct the buildings. Also the certain ways of colouristics focus on the creating of a harmonious environment, such as: stylistic unity; the uniqueness of each place, fragment of urban buildings; unity in the diversity, for example, in the interaction of semantic fragments of the city with each other (historical houses and new

buildings in the city). In Vladivostok city, there are examples of artistic improvement of the environment, where the city authorities, partially or with the participation of investors, are constantly working out and realizing projects to refine the visual environment of the city. Over the past 3 years, 12 thousand square meters of walls were painted by different local and foreign artists. It undoubtedly becomes a certain tradition and brings positive stable emotions to the citizens; also it is a platform for the work of modern painters (Picture 1). There is a transformation of urban space through the broadcast of new images and modeling of the urban environment in order to overcoming the dominance of advertising and others [3, p.65]. An equally important role is assigned to powerful colouring methods, plastics of the ground surface and systems of various types of lighting, such as facades of buildings, structures, works of monumental art, landscaping of parks, squares and pedestrian zones in order to enhance their decorative and artistic qualities, esthetic expressiveness. [5, p.1].

Fig 1 - Wall paintings of building facades in Vladivostok, art works of the community "33+1"

Some methods and tools to humanize the environment: recommendations

Landscape improvement

Considering the heterogeneity of citywide needs for having a rest and going in for sports, the green space of the city should be given a bright figurative characteristic (compositions of flowers and shrubs), in alleys, squares, parks, greenery works are continued as a part of the long-term target city program "Keeping and development of green areas of Vladivostok city" [4, p.1].

At the same time, the plastics of the ground area is active used in the retaining walls, that method psychologically demarcates the extensive courtyard spaces within and facilitates the cultivation of grass and plants.

Architectural and colouring methods.

Colouring of the residential building facades of the typical planning among houses (111-83) in remote areas of the city should be made intensive; large supergraphic spots are used, which are designed for a huge surface and contrast. Also it is necessary to introduce elements to the human scale, which facilitate the "appropriation" of the environment. Main colour details are wall balcony railings, window areas, which help to strengthen individualization of the building image.

It needs to apply new lining materials in the design of facades; this method significantly changes the appearance of high-rise buildings, as well as residential complex buildings.

Ecological factors. Alternative energy sources are used.

Milan, the experience of humanizing of the environment

Nowadays, the world experience of humanization of the object-spatial environment is of interest to researchers in the field of architecture and design. Milan in Italy can be taken for an example. After the devastating effects of World War II, the city experienced powerful forces of industrialization and urban expansion. the french writer Anri Stendal recalled: “as one of the most beautiful European cities, turned gray and polluted, has an indefinite face.” In the late 1970s (with the decadence of the industrial development) a new era arose, the Renaissance was reviving, that pushed the city to become one of the most important centers of opera, industrial design, interior and furniture design, luxury and fashion, to be in the spotlight in Europe and in the world. The last decades had made it necessary to revise the gloomy status of the city seriously and to make some important updates to the layout and district renovations, which began to improve social and urban living conditions within its boundaries.

State and private authorities, fashion and interior designers, entrepreneurs make a great contribution to the process of improving of the quality and esthetic image of Milan. At present, intensive rebuilding of many undeveloped and industrial areas is in progress. And many Italian and international architects and designers (such as Daniel Libeskind, Zaha Hadid, “Citterio”, Cesar Pelli, Architectonika, Renzo Piano, Stefano Boeri and others) contribute to the renewal of the city, lead the discussion solving topical issues about increasing city attractiveness. Some of them invests into the process of the turning abandoned buildings or other residential extensions into new sights of the city like Armani and Bulgari hotels, important expositions of the Prada center, the cinema from Dolce & Gabbana. architectural artistic investment aesthetic

Besides old buildings, ground transport, squares, parks and gardens are also reconstructed and decorated due to the public and governmental investment project.

For the last few years, there is a great interest in using ECO - compatible energy for providing of buildings in Milan. It progresses as an useful resource in contrast with other fuels - traditional coal and oil based heating. Construction in compliance with all energy efficient technologies becomes a reason to rise the value of the property, at the same time there are tax breaks and tax deductions. The regulation of new construction is being tightened by law in order to obtain various kinds of permits, whatever it is - an apartment, repair works or the construction of new buildings. There are cleaning pro- gramms for recycling of building materials, which must be divided into components, for reuse or recycling; it needs to allow to use them again, and to take care of the environment of the city.

50% of the consumed room energy must be from "green" or "renewable" sources, such as photovoltaic or solar panel systems.

Fig 2- The project of the Italian architect Stephano Boeri “Bosco Verticale” (Vertical Forest). "Green Wall" By architect Francesco Bellini

Thus, greens are more often used to make cool the facades of buildings, in extreme hot summer weather. In turn, micro-biotic processes through planting sites by flowers, trees, grass are a part of development of the surrounding in periods of windy and cold winters. Landscape design has become a serious source of improved thermal and air quality for citizens

The using of vertical gardens is the topic element of the ecological policy among the local territory in Milan. It has been shown since the 2008 - as the result of the implementation of the Green Wall project - the buildings with vertical gardening can be viewed along Corso di Porta Ticinese Street (number 93) in Milan. The project is sponsored by Enel and the Territory Development Department. The new, more ambitious example of vertical gardening is the plant wall on the territory of the Fiordaliso center in Rozzano area. Today it is the largest massive vertical garden in the world and entered the Guinness Book of Records. It covers a surface of 1,263 meters with a total of 44,000 plants. The garden was created in 2010 and designed by the architect Francesco Bollani, who remarked: “It took us a year to grow plants in a greenhouse and 90 days to build a facade.” The originality of the project lies in the skillful combination and change of evergreen, resistant and flowering plants, it allows the viewer to watch the natural metamorphosis of the seasons from bright chromatic colours in mixtures to more restrained ones. (Picture 2).

In addition, the city administration introduced a fee to enter the city, the purpose of it was to improve the welfare of the city. Thereby the traffic volume of emissions of industrial and transport pollution is reduced by about 50%. Also a special bicycle rental program implemented a dedicated hire of ways up to 185 km (140 km. for the last two decades). In view of the fact that the city council has tightened legislation on the use of private cars and private vehicles; it became more difficult to drive a car in the city, sanctions were imposed on illegal parking. Now there are noticeable changes of the main traffic arteries and streets and their transformation into pedestrian, protected areas.

For the last 20 years, the public transport situation has improved by the following:

two new underground subway lines were added, and the third one is under construction (5 subway lines in total);

other 6 metro lines are provided;

an underground passage to 14 railway lines is built that prevents the train from passing through the city;

city buses and trams have a large number of trips per day;

268 bicycle rental stations were created;

it has allowed the implementation of electric cars selling using a single system for bicycles;

it gives motivation for 5 car rent operators to provide cars for rent to move around the city .

A great variety of positive seasonal events are organized in Milan, such as organizing leisure activities, “Star Milano” and “Milan Color Run Marathon” holi festivals and others, in order to allow citizens and tourists to participate in the life of the city, to be identical with the environment.

In conclusion, it is necessary to note that as the result of the changed conditions in the general economic and social development process of cities, the urban transformation is the relevant topic among specialists today. Here, various aspects of the formation of the spatial environment are considered as a single indissoluble combination of the nature elements and human activities. This topic should be resolved at a high scientific, technical, architectural and artistic level, in conjunction with the organization of various activities aimed at improving the esthetic quality of the environment. And it is conducted by the integrated methods of ecology, videoecology, landscape design, architectural composition, urban planning. Thus, a conscious, thoughtful approach to the formation of a new, full-fledged environment is the most important issue for creating the conditions for a healthy comfortable life for people.

References

1. Adamchik G.A. Prospects of the use of vertical gardening in Vladivostok city. Far Eastern Federal University. Issues of the Engineering School FEFU 2013. № 3 (16) - 109 p.

2. Bazazyants S.B. Artist, space, environment. - M .: Soviet artist, 1983. - 21p., 13 p.

3. Gorohovskaya L.G. Walking around the city: “public art” in the urban area of Vladivostok. Far Eastern Federal University. Issues of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences 2014. No. - 65 p.

4. Resolution of the Administration of Vladivostok dated by September the 30, 2010 No. 1177 (ed. of February 28, 2011) “On approval of the long-term target program “Keeping and Development of Green Planting in Vladivostok City” for 2011-2015 years”

5. Resolution of the head of the Vladivostok city of 07.08.2012 N 2841 about introducing changes to the decree of the head of the city of Vladivostok of April 13, 2009 N 334 "On approval of the provision on the organization of street lighting, current keeping, maintenance and operation of street lighting facilities on the territory of Vladivostok city"

6. Terehovich M.L. "The Artist and the City".- M .: Soviet artist, 1988.-s

7. Filin, V.A. The colour environment of the city as an ecological factor / V.A.Filin// City Colouristics: materials of the international seminar. - M., 1990. - V. 1.- P. 57 - 60.

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