Comprehensive development and archtectural and artistic design of Ivano-Frankivsk during "developed socialism"

All works related to landscaping, urban greening, exterior decoration of the city of Ivano- Frankivsk were coordinated and controlled by the city's architectural and artistic Council, which included architects, artists, sculptors, specialists in landscaping and landscaping. Its members performed individual projects on a voluntary basis and participated in their implementation. The art Council paid attention to the combination of architecture and decorative and monumental art in practice. An example of this combination of monumental painting with architecture can serve as a residential building of the regional consumer union on Halytska Street, cafe “Yunist” (The Youth). In these works, many initiatives were shown by artists M. Figol, A. Balyuk, and others Рідного міста зростання. Прикарпатська правда. 1965. 30 листопада. Попиченко Л. “Як у рідному домі”. Прикарпатська правда. 1975. 20 липня..

Next to the development of microdistricts in the city of Ivano-Frankivsk, there was also the construction of individual objects on vacant plots. The placement of such objects and their architectural and planning solutions required special attention in order not to disrupt the overall architectural ensemble of the old capital part of the city center (a combination of “old and new”). This task was handled by the Ivano-Frankivsk branch of Dipromisto. Each such building, integrated into the existing development, even nowadays differs in the characteristic features of urban planning of the Soviet time, despite the individual use of standard sections, which were a kind of experiment, the search for the best planning and aesthetic solutions for housing and public buildings. For example, an eight-storey building of an intercity telephone exchange, a 73 -apartment residential building with a store “Kooperator” (The Cooperator) on Halytska Street, a 36-apartment building on Shevchenko Street, residential inserts on Valy (the Ramparts) and many others built into the ancient city, violated the architectural integrity and remind of the times of totalitarianism.

The family of “skyscrapers” in Ivano-Frankivsk in 1975 was supplemented with a nine-storey dormitory of the V. Stefanyk National Pedagogical Institute on Chkalov Street for 894 students. This type of dormitory was built in the city for the first time. The structure was developed by the Dipromisto branch on the basis of a project carried out the student design and estimate bureau of the Lviv Polytechnic Institute (chief architect S. Valevsky). The architectural and planning solution is based on a corridor scheme with a two-way location of premises. On eight floors, residential cells are designed, each of them consists of two rooms for three people each, a living room, a bathroom, and a sanitary unit.

Cabinets were built into the wall. Living rooms had a windowsill refrigerator cabinets for storing food. On all residential floors there were rooms for classes, kitchens, recreation areas wit h spacious loggias. On the first floor there were rooms for cultural work and a buffet. In the courtyard there was a sports town with volleyball and basketball courts and a tennis court^{19, 20}.

In 1977 “the last brick” was invested in the most “vital point” of the city - a twelve-storey building (171 apartments) on the embankment of the name. Stefanik. Two semi-detached houses built by “Prykarpatbud” trust, which was accounted for almost half of residential space area in Ivano - Frankivsk. The largest scale of construction was carried out in the microdistrict at the end of Gagarin Street. The work was carried out on the construction of two nine-storey houses - a dormitory for 1286 people and a 144-apartment building. In addition, a large-panel house was under construction. Work continued on the design of the facade of the neighborhood: nine-storey, ceramic-tiled houses, along with shops and a block of consumer services, created a single whole composition Листування з міськкомами, райкомами партії, обласними організаціями з питань організаційно-партійної, ідеологічної роботи, промисловості, будівництва об'єктів промислового й соціально-культурного призначення. 21 січня 1980 р. - 5 лютого 1981 р. ДАІФО. Ф. П-1. Оп. 1. Спр. 4617. Арк. 104, 125..

In the second half of the 70s of the XX century, the practice of “unified national economic complex” was introduced in urban planning. Instructor of the construction Department of the Ivano - Frankivsk regional Committee of the Communist party of Ukraine D. Akhmetenko described the situation as follows: “The city of Ivano-Frankivsk is being built up by 26 enterprises and organizations. And everyone has their own “policy”. Some save on “social culture”, others are only concerned about expanding the territories of enterprises. This does not take into account the fact that their sanitary protection zone is significantly expanded and a significant part of the prospective residential area falls into it. The reconstruction of the locomotive repair plant is being carried out in gross vio - lation... The company is located in the center of the city, in an area of dense old buildings, and allocate funds for its expansion - in any case, this is not a well-thought action. As for new enterprises- developers, they sometimes shift from proportional participation in the development of the industrial center. For example, more than 55% of capital investment has already been spent on the construction of industrial facilities at the Avtolyvmash plant, while only 15% has been spent on housing. What to does this discrepancy lead? It, firstly, hinders the comprehensive development of the city and, secondly, creates difficulties for the enterprises themselves in hiring permanent staff. Incomplete provision of housing and children's institutions causes staff turnover” Дем'янчук С. “Курс на романтику”. Прикарпатська правда. 1976. 13 червня..

In the development of Ivano-Frankivsk, other mistakes inherent in the command and administrative system took place. The city's Executive Committee, city architecture, and the regional Department for construction and architecture did not always follow a clear and principled line on these issues. As a result, ten microdistricts were built up in the city at the same time. This practice led to an irrational use of the capacity of construction organizations, the dispersion of material and labor resources. Of course, in Ivano-Frankivsk and other cities, a lot has been done and done for its development, and some successful decisions. These include, for example, the creation of the Hryplyn industrial hub in the regional center. On the other hand, master plans were not always developed in such a way as to properly take into account the future development of the city. Industrial zones that occupied 40 % of urban land were not planned in detail.

Thus, the development of Ivano-Frankivsk was determined by the specifics of economic and political development in the historical past. The central part of the city according to the new “Soviet approaches” had “many disadvantages”: extremely dense location of buildings in the Central district, blocks fineness; most of the city's territory with all utilities was occupied by “low-value” single-storey buildings. It was economically advantageous to reconstruct these old areas - to demolish the “low- value” housing stock (the houses were occasionally in an emergency state), using the existing utilities, rather than to take the development out of the city. Reconstruction of these areas was carried out with the calculation of reducing the density of buildings, creating green areas. As a result of the reconst - ruction of the old historical part of the city, irreparable damage was caused. Under the old part of the city there was a large and very extensive system of underground passages.

With the commissioning of new construction projects, there was a question of their landscaping and urban greening. Collectives of enterprises and organizations, all residents did not stand aside at all, but took part in this nationwide campaign as much as possible. Of course, the impro - vement of landscaping and exterior design of cities and towns in the region depended on the Executive committees of local Councils of workers' deputies. These bodies were designed to do everything possible to make each locality beautiful, so that a person who first visited a particular Carpathian village or city would remember its streets and houses. In the “fight for cleanliness” in every city, in every village, all the inhabitants were included. The architecture of cities and towns has acquired new features. Green zones and recreation centers were created around the cities. However, a typical feature of the Soviet reality (the norm of life) was the catastrophic pollution of reservoirs, disregard for the rules and requirements of sanitation on the part of public utilities, managers of enterprises and collective farms.

References

architectural artistic design ivano-frankivsk

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14. Vasiuta, S. (2000). Soviet ecocide in Ukraine: historical sources and difficulties of overcoming. Ternopil: Aston (in Ukrainian).