Historical and geographical basis of transformations of the planning structure of Chernihiv

Анотація

Вікторія Запотоцька, канд. геогр. наук

Київський національний університет імені Тараса Шевченка, Київ, Україна

Юлія Голуб, асп.

Київський національний університет імені Тараса Шевченка, Київ, Україна

Історико-географічні засади трансформацій планувальної структури міста Чернігова

Проаналізовано трансформацію планувальної структури міста Чернігова, починаючи з Х ст. Розглянуто особливості розвитку й забудови міста в XVII-XX ст. Окреслено основні причини, що зумовили перепланування, реконструкцію, розширення міста, здійснення заходів щодо благоустрою території в окремі періоди розвитку Чернігова. Представлено основні ознаки сучасної функціонально-планувальної структури міста. Проаналізовано небезпеки, пов'язані зі зміною зовнішнього вигляду міського простору, та наголошено на пріоритетних напрямах подальшої оптимізації планувальної структури Чернігова.

Зростання чисельності населення, поглиблення їхнього впливу на навколишнє середовище та науково-технічна революція зумовили появу нових складних завдань, пов'язаних із поступальним розвитком міст. Серед них: прискорення темпів урбанізації, забруднення навколишнього середовища, зміни в структурі економіки міста, ускладнення інфраструктури, збільшення ресурсів і витрат на задоволення потреб населення, значна кількість потенційних загроз тощо. Актуальність і соціально-економічна цінність дослідження міських територій сприяла інтеграції багатьох наукових дисциплін стосовно створення містобудівних концепцій оптимізації простору для життєдіяльності населення.

Метою статті є історико-географічний аналіз трансформації планувальної структури Чернігова. Для досягнення мети було виділено такі завдання: розглянути трансформації планувальної структури Чернігова, починаючи з X ст.; розкрити особливості розвитку та забудови міста в XVII-XX ст.; окреслити основні причини, що зумовили перепланування, перебудову, розширення Чернігова в різні періоди розвитку; з'ясувати основні ознаки сучасної функціонально-планувальної структури міста.

Ключові слова: планувальна структура, міські трансформації, благоустрій території, міський простір.

Main part

Each city has its own planning structure, which depends on the time of origin, reasons and functional purpose. Some cities were built as citadels, others served as administrative and cultural centers and did not have military bastions. Ancient Ukrainian cities arose gradually and were located on picturesque sites, often near rivers. They were important political, cultural and religious centers and were fortified by ramparts. The planning structure of these cities was quite simple, it combined the main functional zones: a cubit, a shopping area, city posts and residential quarters. Modern cities have a more complex planning organization that has developed over a long period of time and reflects their characteristics. The planning structure of modern Chernihiv was formed throughout the entire period of the city's existence and development. Those characteristics that were laid down in the formation of the urban space earlier determined its current features and emphasize the historical value of Chernihiv today. The city continues to change. The ongoing transformations should be aimed at creating a comfortable and safe space for the life of the population.

Foreign and Ukrainian scientists and practitioners were engaged in the study of the planning structure of the cities. Among the foreign scientists who paid attention to the research of the given question, the following should be highlighted: Christopher Alexander (Alexander

Christopher, Sara Ishikawa, Murray Silverstein, 1977), W. Boerefijn (Boerefijn, 2000), K. Lynch (Lynch, 1984), H. Fairman (Fairman, 1949), G. Hack (Hack, 2008) and others. Features of functional zoning, problems of the formation and development of cities, spatial organization, planning and improvement of urban areas were also studied by Ukrainian specialists. These are O. Bezlyubchenko (Bezlyubchenko, 2008), M. Habrel (Habrel, 2004), M. Dyomin (Dyomin, Synhayivska, 2015), N. Isachenko (Isachenko, 2013), O. Zavalnyi (Zavalnyi, 2021), A. Pandas (Pandas, 2015), A. Pleshkanovska (Pleshkanovska, 2005), I. Rusanova (Rusanova, 2014).

O. Bondar (Bondar, 2014), A. Karnabida (Karnabida, 1980), Yu. Sitii (Sitii, 2010) were engaged in the study of the planning structure of Chernihiv at different times, but there are not enough materials on its transformations.

Chernihiv is one of the oldest cities of our country. Research and finds indicate that at the beginning of the first millennium, people lived on the territory of modern Chernihiv. From the 7th to the 9th century, the settlement occupied the southwestern part of Val. By the 10th century, it had turned into a small city with a second ring of fortifications and spread over the entire territory of Dytynets. Subsequently, it acted as the administrative center of the city, was one of the four constituent parts of Chernihiv. Dytynets has three entrance gates: Kyiv, Vodyana and Pohorila, and the total length of the fortifications was about 2 kilometers. Adjacent to it was Okolny grad, which was surrounded by a wooden wall and a deep rivulet. Its area was 50 hectares. Tretyak is the western and southwestern part of the city, which stretched from Dytynets and Okolnyi Grad to the Yeletsky Monastery. It was considered a trade and craft position. Later, it went beyond the borders and formed the Suburbs (Sokolov, 2007).

According to the historical data, in the 11th century, the Spassky Cathedral was built within Dytynets, and in the next century, the Borysohlib Cathedral, with a brick terem and gate. In the 12th century, the princely court was moved to the northeastern part of the city. The St. Michael's and Annunciation churches, a flour mill, a gate with an over-gate church are being built there. Thus, another architectural complex emerges. During the Mongol invasion and Lithuanian offensives, the Dytynets building was destroyed. The border location of the city and repeated destruction did not make it possible to fully restore the fortifications and buildings of the modern historical center. Only in the 16th and 17th centuries, when Chernihiv was part of the Muscovite state and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, fortifications were carried out. By the 19th century, the buildings of the Chernihiv collegium, the regimental office, the magistrate's office, and others were built. The planning structure of Dytynets was preserved from the times of Kyivan Rus until the general reconstruction of the city at the beginning of the 19th century, however, the buildings changed due to fires and offensives (Ofitsiynyy veb-portal Chernihivskoyi miskoyi rady).

The study of the main urban planning processes and topography of Chernihiv is complicated by the fact that its territory was re-planned many times in the 17th-18th centuries and reconstructed in the 19th-20th centuries. Literary sources make it possible to consider the architectural and planning structure of Chernihiv and its changes in the late medieval and early modern periods only superficially.

After the Mongol invasion in the first half of the 13th century and until the beginning of the 14th century, the city was characterized by stagnation in development, it gradually declined. During the next two centuries, Chernihiv was small in size: its area was about 20 hectares. The life of the population at that time was raging around the Upper Castle, which covers the territory of modern Val (Bondar, 2014).

In the 14th-16th centuries, Chernihiv served as a border fortress. Such a role did not contribute to the development of urban planning and the expansion of urban development. According to O. Bondar (Bondar, 2014), the city was located within the borders of Dytynets. The researcher made such conclusions on the basis of archaeological materials of the 15th century, which were found only on that territory. He assumed that several freeholds and individual estates were formed around Chernihiv.

A. Karnabed was one of the first who study the planning structure of Chernihiv in the XV XVIII centuries (Karnabida, 1980). He connected its changes with historical periods. In his works, the researcher divided Dytynets and the city into two parts, studying each of them separately. A. Karnabed paid special attention to the period from 1503 to 1618. Then Chernihiv was part of Muscovy and began to develop actively again. According to the researcher, it was in the 16th century that the fortification of the Upper Castle was built: «a castle-fortress was built on the ancient Dytynets cape protruding towards the river, and an underground passage to the river was arranged» (Karnabida, 1980). After this construction, the planning structure of the territory of Val also changed. The street from the Northern Gate to the castle becomes the main one. Administrative buildings, barracks, and an artillery yard were located along it. A. Karnabed believes that it was at that time that Soldatska Slobidka appeared - one of the districts of the then Chernihiv. The construction of the Upper Castle and fortifications changed the purpose of Dytynets: it became a «temporary shelter for the garrison» (Karnabida, 1980). In the 16th century, there were three main streets on the territory of Chernihiv: one was in the direction of Kyiv and Ljubech, the second - to the north (modern Honcha Street), the third - led to Novhorod-Siverskyi.

In 1610, the city was burned down during the attack of S. Hornostay, and people did not settled in Chernihiv for about 10 years. During the Polish rule until 1648, no major changes in urban planning took place. A. Karnabed noted that «there were no significant changes in the architectural and planning structure of the city at that time, with the exception of the remodeling of the buildings of the Yeletsky and Borysohlib monasteries» (Karnabida, 1980). That period is considered relatively calm, because there were no military attacks, and there are no mentions of large fires. The authorities of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth generally contributed to the settlement of the city and the gradual restoration of construction. Chernihiv then became the political and administrative center of the Chernihiv Voivodeship (Sytyy YU, 2010).

In the second half of the 17th century, fortifications were built around Chernihiv. The philanthropist and colonel of Chernihiv V. Dunin-Borkovsky contributed to this construction. The territory surrounded by the fortification began to be called the New City («old» city - Fortress). A. Shafonskyi described the defense structures and fortifications of that time and noted: «The old fortification, consisting of an earthen rampart that has collapsed, now begins from the triumphal Catherine Gate, goes west straight to the Eletsky Monastery, turns left here and continues past that monastery along the outskirts of Tretyak, leaving the monastery to the right down the hill to the suburb of Podol, and this is where the story ends. From this place, it went to the left along the mountain where the Ekaterynskaya Church stands, and passed to the present castle or citadel, continued to the left, past the Strizhen River, leaving it to the right, and ended again where the above-mentioned triumphal gate now stands, or where it passes Gnoevaya dam» (Shafonskyy, 1851).

The architectural and planning structure of Chernihiv at the beginning of the 18th century is illustrated by the «Abris Chernihiv» of 1706 (Fig. 1). Behind him, the territory of the city was surrounded by wooden walls with towers, dry ditches and mud pits. Its constituent parts were: Upper Castle - a fortress that included the promontory part of Dytynets above the Desna floodplain; The first Cherkasy castle is the former Dytynets; The second castle of Cherkassy; Tertyak; Pyatnytskyi and Yeletskyi monasteries; Trinity Cathedral. There were four towers on the western side, one of them was a passage, on later plans it was called «Kyivska». The wall on the northern side ran along the old rampart and had two towers - the northwestern one, which is depicted in particular detail in the «Chernihiv Outline» and the northeastern one. The eastern side of the fortifications included as many as five towers, all of them were passageways (Shafonskyy, 1851).

planning city replanning reconstruction

Fig. 1. «Abris of Chernihiv» 1706 (Chernihiv Region Encyclopedic guide, 1990)

The city began to grow significantly in the middle of the 18th century, especially in the western direction. At this time, the population mastered the banks of the Stryzhen River, and the townspeople began to build territories behind the city fortifications. New building blocks began to take shape between Stryzhen and Forstadt, as well as north of the Pyatnytsky Monastery. At the end of the century, the territory north of Tretyak was developed, and a city cemetery with the Church of the Resurrection was formed. Now this is the area of the Central Market and the Holy Resurrection Cathedral. Until the 19th century, the formation of the planning framework and development of Chernigov took place in a «free» way, taking into account natural demographic processes. The townspeople chose for settlement the territories that were the most favorable for this, i.e. near the fortifications and near sources of drinking water (Bondar, 2014).

The end of the 18th-beginning of the 19th century was marked by a new urban planning policy on the part of the empire. New settlements were to be built according to a previously developed and approved project. An important feature of such cities was a clear planning structure and neighborhood development. Large streets were supposed to cross perpendicularly to each other (Pylyavskyy, 1984). Chernihiv was no exception. In 1786, a city replanning project was developed (Fig. 2) (Bondar, 2014). Behind it, Chernihiv had the shape of a rectangle with sides of 1,900 and 2,800 m, which stretched along the Desna and the road to Kyiv (southern part) and Glukhiv (eastern part). The area was about 600 hectares. The project envisaged the destruction of the ancient network of streets, and the formation of new ones tied to architectural and cultural objects. The streets were laid tangentially to the temples, and several small squares were planned to be placed near them. By the beginning of the 19th century, four quarters of Chernihiv were built (today it is the area between Myru Avenue, Remisnycha Street and Peremohy Avenue).

Fig. 2. Chernihiv reconstruction project according to the plan of P. Rumyantsev-Zadunayskyi in 1786

The formation of the planning structure was influenced by the rural district, which was located at a distance of 1.52 kilometers from the main fortifications. Thus, in the 17th century, the villages of Masany, Pivtsi, Koty, Bobrovytsia and Polubotky appear, the first four will later become part of modern Chernihiv. The development of the suburban territory in the 17th and 18th centuries was associated with the construction of mills, the formation of paddocks and arable land to the north and west of the city, as well as hayfields and meadows on the eastern side (Horobets, 2014).

By the 19th century, the city had already «outgrown» the boundaries of the fortifications and began to expand in various directions. The new districts created were sufficiently spacious with a low density of buildings. Their development took place unevenly, which was influenced by the social stratification of the townspeople. The suburbs were built up with houses of representatives of the Cossack nobility, who had the material resources and ambitions to expand their estates. The rapid development, the acceleration of construction and the growth of the population of Chernihiv have led to the emergence of certain problems: water supply, ensuring a normal sanitary and hygienic situation, and the occurrence of fire-hazardous situations.

The planning structure of modern Chernihiv was determined by the plans that were developed in 1803, 1806, 1834 and 1861. According to the first plan, the streets of the city were to be wide and straight. The main technique in the spatial planning of the city was the axial - central perspective of the streets (before that it was lateral). They were built taking into account historical and cultural buildings. An important task for designers of the 19th century was the formation of administrative-public and cultural-commercial ensembles, because industry and trade began to develop intensively in the city. Chernihiv continued to grow: in the direction of the Trinity-Illinsky Monastery, along the roads to Kyiv, Moscow and St. Petersburg. The floodplain of the Desna River from the southern part remained undeveloped. Similar features were also characteristic of later plans (Pyrih, 2009).

Chernihiv became one of the leading administrative and cultural centers of Left-Bank Ukraine. This required the implementation of measures to improve the improvement of the urban area. First of all, it concerned the organization of water supply, improvement of lighting and provision of medical care. Fires and floods, which caused material damage, remained problematic issues for the city authorities and citizens. The lack of water supply and sewerage in Chernihiv made life difficult for people and hindered the development of the city. Water for public consumption was delivered by water carriers, often it was water from Stryzhen, which was contaminated with sewage and did not meet sanitary and hygienic requirements. This situation led to outbreaks of epidemics: in 1821 - dysentery epidemic, in 1831, 1847-1848 - cholera. To improve the situation and solve problems, a complex of hospital facilities was built on the northern outskirts (Pyrih, 2009). Measures to improve the improvement of the territory of Chernihiv made it stand out from the positive side against the background of most cities of Ukraine.

From the middle of the 19th century, Chernihiv began to be called a garden city. Almost every house had minigardens, trees were planted on the streets. In addition, the city had about a hundred large private gardens. The townspeople openly admired the beauty of Chernihiv, its historical complexes and, of course, Desna.

From the beginning of the 20th century, the appearance of Chernihiv began to change. It, like other cities of Ukraine, was influenced by world trends in architecture and urban planning. This led to the appearance of new stone and wooden buildings in the Art Nouveau style. Wooden houses made in this style are a particularly rare phenomenon in architecture. Two of them have been preserved in Chernihiv to this day. The first is a residential building at the address of Street Kotsyubynskogo, 39. This is a one-story wooden building on a stone foundation, which has a tower that serves as the second floor. The window covering is interesting, reminiscent of a female silhouette. The windows of the facade are decorated with blue wooden decor, which has common features with the second house, which is located on the Street Rynkova, 7 This is the Ratskevitsa estate, which currently houses the Chernihiv Regional Chamber of Commerce and Industry. At that time, the Zemstvo building, the modern philharmonic hall, the fire station, and the Hlebov building also appeared (Lepyavko, 2010).

The pre-Soviet period was characterized by the predominance of single-story buildings and the absence of bright architectural complexes (except for monasteries and churches) in Chernihiv. Only on the street Two-story brick houses were located on the highway. Wooden buildings were lavishly decorated with carved doors, windows, and shutters. In addition, the facades were painted in different colors, which further emphasized the uniqueness and sophistication of such buildings. It was wooden architecture that made the city special, created an atmosphere of dimension, and also became a symbol of that period (Lepyavko, 2010).

With the advent of Bilshovyk power in Chernihiv in 1920, socialist sentiments spread. One of the directions was the redistribution of housing among the townspeople. Housing was taken from them, houses were divided into apartments. In addition, the existing enterprises, of which there were only a few, were nationalized. Almost immediately, the Soviet authorities adopted a new development plan for Chernihiv. The main idea of this document was based on already existing ideas of the garden city. It was planned to further expand the territories with green areas and gardens, to create new parks, and to plant trees along the streets. The authorities saw it as reasonable to turn Chernihiv into a resort town and develop its tourist potential. Since the 19th century, the city has become attractive for guests, the network of hotels and restaurants has expanded. Their quality of service and price of services corresponded to the norms of the time and created an atmosphere of hospitality and coziness (Ostryanko, 2012).

In the 1920s, the Soviet government engaged in ideological propaganda among the population and began to fight against the church. As a result, monuments to Lenin and Frunze began to be erected, Orthodox shrines and monuments were looted and taken to Russia, church bells were melted down into metal. However, the buildings of the temples remained intact, they housed warehouses and other premises used for the needs of the authorities.

The first city-planning document of the Soviet era was the 1922 «Project of the Rounding of Quarters of Chernihiv». It was developed to regulate the standards of housing provision of the population and its uniform maintenance. Subsequently, the «Planning scheme of Chernihiv for the period 1924-1954» was presented. On the one hand, it correctly determined the further development of the city and the directions of urban planning, on the other hand, it did not take into account the specific situation in Chernihiv, which was caused by the insufficient pace of construction and inappropriate techniques in planning.

In 1935-1937, the «Project of Socialist Reconstruction of Chernihiv» was developed. Its need is connected with the acceleration of the growth of the city, the construction of industrial facilities and residential areas. This project provided for the development of Chernihiv within the existing limits, and the population should be up to 140,000 people. The micro-zoning principle was applied for the first time. In the Soviet era, the microdistrict was considered as a complete, but not separate unit of the urban space, which should be subordinated to the general organization of the city. Such construction created conditions for the even placement of service facilities. Together with the landscaping system, they played the role of a planning basis for the composition of residential areas (Mysak, 2015). The project included the idea of increasing the density of the building and increasing its floor space. Special attention was paid to the historical part, where it was planned to reconstruct the buildings and reduce the flow of transit traffic. An industrial district began to form in the west of the city along the railway. Before the war, several new buildings appeared, mainly in the central part of Chernihiv. This is a regional youth center (former cinema named after M. Shchors), a department store, etc. Most of them will be destroyed during the war of 1941-1943.

Artillery shelling and bombing from airplanes during the Second World War led to great destruction of the territory of Chernihiv. The city center, which was formed over centuries, was destroyed by German troops. After the end of the war, Chernihiv was recognized as one of the most affected cities of the Soviet Union, about 75% of the total area was destroyed. It was included in the list of the most important historical cities of the USSR, which prompted rapid reconstruction and preservation of surviving monuments. The center of Chernihiv and the entire city infrastructure had to be rebuilt practically from scratch. For this, a city development plan was developed.

The main task of the post-war plan of 1946 (in addition to the reconstruction of buildings) was the preservation of historical objects and the increase of the area of green areas. It was then that the Alley of Heroes (now Art Avenue) and its continuation beyond Red Square, stretching through the city center, were created. Urban planning protection of architectural heritage has been introduced, and the integral territory of the Chernihiv reserve has been defined. Dytynets was turned into a park, and a park named after B. Khmelnytskyi. An important achievement was the rescue of historical temples and complexes that were severely damaged. Among them: Catherine and Pyatnytsky churches, Borysohlib Cathedral and Chernihiv Collegium. In general, the demolition of the rubble of damaged buildings and their reconstruction ended only at the end of the 1960s.

The acceleration of housing construction and the development of industrial production made it necessary to revise the General Plan in 1958. He planned to concentrate the construction of new residential buildings within the historical boundaries of Chernihiv for the period 1959-1965. Subsequently, the question arose of revising and improving the plan due to the scale of construction and the formation of industrial districts. The worsted and cloth plant and the «Khimvolokno» plant appeared, which were among the largest producers in Europe in the field of textile and chemical industry, respectively. In the 1950s, the Chernihiv Military Aviation School was established, where fighter pilots were trained. In the 1960s, an auto parts factory and a radio equipment factory were built. The emergence of powerful industrial enterprises accelerated the growth of Chernihiv's population. At the end of the 1980s, more than 300,000 people lived in the city (Lepyavko S., 2010).

The declaration of independence and socio-economic changes in the country and regions, in particular, did not lead to significant changes in the territorial development of Chernihiv, as was planned in the 1980s. The city did not begin to expand to the left bank of the Desna, and the floodplain area near Liskovytsa was not allowed to be built with high-rise buildings. Although the construction still took place: they created 3-4-story cottages made of white brick, which somewhat changed the panorama from the Boldyn Mountains (Historical and architectural., 2018).

There remained the question of a harmonious combination of the new building with the historical center, which is extremely important not only from an architectural point of view, but also because of the creation of a comfortable space for the residents of the city to relax. Since the 1990s, high-rise buildings have been displacing manor houses in the districts north of the historic center (Myru Avenue, Peremohy Avenue, Pyrohova Street, Kyivska Street, Pyatnytska Street, Chornovola Street, Bohuna Street, Samostrova Street and etc.). Such processes contributed to the rational use of the agricultural zone within the city, which is provided with the necessary infrastructure and communications. In addition, the buildings in the mentioned areas were old and had a low value level (Right there, 2018).

In the northern part of Chernihiv, where the village of Masany was until 1973, a modern microdistrict was formed. Its construction began in the late 1980s, but most of the high-rise buildings were built in the 1990s and 2000s. Masany is located far from the historical center (a distance of about 9 km), so the building does not interfere with its scenic opening. Today, the neighborhood continues to grow: new residential complexes and cottagetype houses are appearing. One of the obstacles to the formation of a comfortable urban space for the residents of Masany is a nearby landfill. It has been operating for more than 60 years and is rebooted.

The functional and planning structure of the territory of Chernihiv is determined by its compact location on the right bank of the Desna River. Railway and the Stryzhen River divide the city into three different functional districts: Western, Central, and Eastern. The central axis of the Western district is the Bilous River, and a large part of the territory is covered with green areas and forest massif. The central district was formed along Myru Avenue, which stretches from Val to the north through the entire city to the E-95 highway. Most of the objects of historical and natural value are located there, as well as administrative, commercial, cultural and entertainment centers. The eastern district was formed by the combination of axes - Shevchenko, Lukyanenko and 1st Travnya streets. In the south, it adjoins the Desna floodplain and includes the forest tract «Kordivka» (Right there, 2018).

Most of the buildings were destroyed during the Second World War. However, in the 1950s, they were restored, taking into account the characteristic features and elements of past historical periods. Such reconstruction ensured the preservation of the planning structure of the quarters where important residential and public buildings are located. And the attempts of the Soviet authorities in the 1960s to carry out micro-zoning of the historical center turned out to be unsuccessful (Right there, 2018).

We can single out three complexes that had and are now of the greatest importance for this part of Chernihiv:

• Dytynets with Catherine's Church;

• The territory around Yeletsky monastery;

• Boldyny mountains.

Discussion and conclusions

During the long history of development in Chernihiv, a unique series of planning and architectural complexes was formed, which determine the nature of the development of the city's territory. These are historical monuments erected in the XI century, in the XIX quarters with low-rise buildings, quarters that were somewhat reconstructed, and where multi-story and single-story manor buildings are now located, as well as neighborhoods with 5 - and 9-story apartment buildings, built during the 1960s-1980s. The presence of a large number of historical monuments, temple complexes, architectural ensembles that harmoniously interact with the urban landscape is a special valuable feature of Chernihiv. Another feature is the historical urban planning system that has survived to this day. For the historical part of Chernihiv, there is currently a danger of selective development. New high-rise buildings can lead to the loss of the former landscape, where the natural environment and low-rise historical monuments and buildings are harmoniously combined. The priority directions of further development and optimization of the city structure are the preservation of the dominant role of valuable historical buildings and complexes and their decisive role in the creation of new construction objects.

References

1. Christopher, A., Ishikawa, S., Silverstein, M. (2017). Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction. Oxford University Press [in English].

2. Bezlyubchenko, O., Zavalny, O., Chernonosova, T., Beketov, O. (2011). Planning and improvement of cities: education manual. for students of all forms of higher education and students of second higher education by field of study 0921. (6.060101) - Construction. KHNUUE [in Ukrainian]. [Безлюбченко, О., Завальний, О., Черноносова Т. (2011) Планування і благоустрій міст: навч. посіб. для студ. усіх форм навчання та слухачів другої вищої освіти за напрямом підготівки 0921 (6.060101) - «Будівництво». ХНАМГ].

3. Boerefijn, W. (2000). Geometry and medieval town planning: a contribution to the discussion. Urban Morphology, 4, 25-28, 26-27 [in English].

4. Bondar, O. (2014). Church topography and necropolis of Chernihiv in the 17th-18th centuries. Proceedings of the Center for Historical Studies: Collection of Scientific Works. Vol. 25. pp. 274-281 [in Ukrainian]. [Бондар, О. (2014) Церковна топографія та некрополі Чернігова у ХVІІ-ХVІІІ ст. Праці Центру пам'яткознавства: Зб. наук. пр. Вип. 25. С. 274-281].

5. Bondar, O. (2014). Chernihiv: a city and fortress in the 14th-18th centuries. Publisher Oleg Filyuk. [in Ukrainian]. [Бондар, О. (2014). Чернігів: місто і фортеця у XIV-XVIII ст. Видавець Олег Філюк].

6. Chernihiv region. Encyclopedic reference book, (1990). Edited by A. Kudrytsy. Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia. [in Ukrainian] [Чернігівщина. Енциклопедичний довідник(1990). За ред. A. Кудрицього. Укр. рад. енцикл.].

7. Domin, M., Synhayivska, O. (2015) Urban planning information systems. Urban cadastre. Primary elements of the structure of urban planning and territorial planning objects. Phoenix. Boerefijn, «Geometry and medieval town planning. A contribution to the discussion», Urban Morphology 4 (2000), pp. 25-28 [in Ukrainian]. [Дьомін, М., Сингаївська, О. (2015). Містобудівні інформаційні системи. Містобудівний кадастр. Первинні елементи структури об'єктів містобудування та територіального планування. Фенікс. Boerefijn, «Geometry and medieval town planning. A contribution to the discussion», Urban Morphology 4 (2000). C. 25-28].

8. Fairman (1949). Town Planning in Pharaonic Egypt, Town Planning Review [in English].

9. Habrel, M. (2004). Spatial organization of urban planning systems. A.S.S. Publishing House [in Ukrainian]. [Габрель, М. (2004). Просторова організація містобудівних систем. Видавничий дім А.С.С.].

10. Hack, Gary, Birch, Eugenie L., Sedway, Paul H. (2008). Local Planning: Contemporary Principles and Practice [in English].

11. Horobets, S. (2014). The foundation and origin of the names of the villages of the Chernihiv district. Chernihiv: Publisher Lozovyy V.M. [in Ukrainian]. [Горобець, С. (2014) Заснування і походження назв сіл Чернігівського району. Видавець Лозовий В.М.].

12. Historical and architectural reference plan of the city of Chernihiv with definition of boundaries and regimes of use of zones of protection of monuments and historical areas/Enterprise of the association of citizens «Institute of Cultural Heritage» of the All-Ukrainian Council for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Ukraine in accordance with contract No. 2 dated 10.19.2018. (2018) [in Ukrainian] [Історико-архітектурний опорний план м. Чернігова з визначенням меж і режимів використання зон охорони пам'яток та історичних ареалів / Підприємство об'єднання громадян «Інститут культурної спадщини» Всеукраїнської Ради з охорони культурної спадщини України згідно з договором №2 від 19.10.2018.]

13. Isachenko, N. (2013). Peculiarities of town planning zoning. Bulletin of the Lviv National Agrarian University. Sir: Economy of agriculture. No. 20 (2). P. 133-141. Retrieved from: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/Vlnau_econ_2013_ 20 (2) 27 [in Ukrainian]. [Ісаченко Н. (2013). Особливості містобудівного

14. зонування. Вісник Львівського національного аграрного університету. Сер.: Економіка АПК. №20 (2). С. 133-141. http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/ Vlnau_econ_2013_20 (2)__27]

15. Karnabida, A. (1970). The study of ancient Chernihiv. A. Carnabida. Ukrainian Historical Journal.1970. No. 1. P. 157-158 [in Ukrainian] [Карна - біда А. (1970) Вивчення стародавнього Чернігова. Український історичний журнал. №1. С. 157-158.]

16. Karnabida, A. (1980). Chernihiv: architectural and historical essay. 2nd edition. 1980 [in Ukrainian] [Карнабіда А. (1980). Чернігів: архітектурно - історичний нарис. 2-е вид.]

17. Lepyavko, S. (2010). Chernihiv is a European city; International the «Revival» fund [etc.]. Publisher Lozovyy V.M. 2010. p. 55 [in Ukrainian]. [Ле - п'явко С. (2010). Чернігів - європейське місто. Вид. Лозовий В.М.]

18. Lynch, K. (1984). Site Planning. Revised Edition, MIT Press [in English]

19. Mysak, N. (2015). Origin and transformation of microdistrict principles. Modern problems of architecture and urban planning. 2015. Issue 38. pp. 256-269. Retrieved from http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/Spam_2015_38_37 [in Ukrainian] [Мисак Н. (2015) Походження і трансформація принципів мікрорайонування. Сучасні проблеми архітектури та містобудування. Вип. 38. С. 256-269. http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/Spam_2015_38_37.]

20. Ostryanko, A., Askerova, L. (2012). Chernihiv in the 19th - at the beginning of the 20th century: formation of the urban environment. Local history.2012. No. 3. P. 5-19 [In Ukrainian] [Острянко, А., Аскерова, Л. (2012). Чернігів у ХІХ - на початку ХХ ст.: формування міського середовища. Краєзнавство. №3. С. 5-19].

21. Official web portal of the Chernihiv City Council (2023). Retrieved from: https://chernigiv-rada.gov.ua [In Ukrainian]. [Офіційний вебпортал Чернігівської міської ради.https://chernigiv-rada.gov.ua]

22. Zavalnyi, O., Pankeyeva, A., Chernonosova, T., Moroz, N. (2021). Formation of the urban environment of a large city. - Urban planning and territorial planning, No. 78. P. 236-240 [in Ukrainian]. [Завальний, О., Пан - кеєва, А., Черноносова, Т., Мороз, Н. (2021). Формування міського середовища великого міста. Містобудування та територіальне планування. Вип. 78. С. 236-240].

23. Pandas, A. (2015) Functional zoning as a tool for regulating the spatial potential of a large city. Economy: realities of time. №1. S. 43-48. Retrieved from: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/econrch_2015_1_9 [in Ukrainian] [Пандас, А. (2015) Функціональне зонування як інструмент регулювання просторового потенціалу великого міста. Економіка: реалії часу. №1. С. 43-48. http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/econrch_2015_1_9]

24. Pylyavskyi, V., Tyts, A., Ushakova, Yu. (1984). History of Russian architecture. L.: Stroyizdat, 1984. [in Ukrainian] [Пилявський, В., Тиц, А., Ушакова, Ю. (1984)/ Історія російської архітектури. Стройвидав].

25. Pyrih, P., Lyubych, O. (2009). Socio-economic and administrative - political situation of Chernihiv in the first half of the 19th century. Severyan Chronicle. No. 5. P. 32-51 [in Ukrainian] [Пиріг, П., Любич, О. (2009) Соціально-економічне й адміністративно-політичне становище Чернігова в першій половині ХІХ століття. Сіверянськийлітопис. №5. С. 32-51].

26. Pleshkanovska, A. (2005). Functional and planning optimization of the use of urban territories: monograph. Logos [in Ukrainian]. [Плешкановська, А. (2005). Функціонально-планувальна оптимізація використання міських територій: монографія. Вид. Логос, 2005].

27. Rusanova, I., Senkovska, Ya. (2014). Modern trends of the functional and planning organization of urban territories. Experience and prospects of the development of Ukrainian cities. 2014. Issue 27. pp. 116-125. Retrieved from: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/dprmu_2014_27_13 [in Ukrainian] [Русанова, І., Сеньковська, Я. (2014). Сучасні тенденції функціонально-планувальної організації міських територій. Досвід та перспективи розвитку міст України. Вип. 27. С. 116-125. http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/dprmu_ 2014_27_13]

28. Sytyi, Yu. (2010). Development of the north-western outskirts of Chernihiv suburb. Archeology and ancient history of Ukraine. 2010. Issue 4. P. 241-251. Retrieved from: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/arhdiu_2010_4_28 [in Ukrainian] [Ситий Ю. (2010) Забудова північно-західної околиці Чернігівського Передгороддя. Археологія і давня історія України. Вип. 4. С. 241-251. http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/arhdiu_2010_4_28]

29. Shafonskyi, A. (1851). Chernihiv governorship topographical description with a brief geographical and historical description of Little Russia, from parts of which that governorship was compiled. With four geographical maps. University printing house [in Ukrainian] [Шафонський, А. (1851) Чернігівського намісництва топографічний опис з коротким географічним та історичним описом Малої Росії, з частин якої воно складено. Із чотирма географічними картами. Університетська друкарня].

30. Sokolov, O. (2007). Chernihiv yesterday, today, tomorrow. Chernihiv in the medieval and early modern history of Central-Eastern Europe: coll. of science pr., dedicate 1100th anniversary of the first chronicle. mentions of Chernihiv. [edited by: O.B. Kovalenko (responsible editor) and others]. Desnyan. Pravda. P. 10-20 [in Ukrainian] [Соколов, О. (2007) Чернігів учора, сьогодні, завтра. Чернігів у середньовічній та ранньомодерній історії Центрально-Східної Європи: зб. наук. пр., присвяч. 1100-літтю першої літопис. згадки про Чернігів; [редкол.: О.Б. Коваленко (відп. ред.) та ін.]. Деснян. правда. С. 10-20.]

Размещено на Allbest.ru