The calculation of the hazard categories of production

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The Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Almaty University of Power Engineering and Telecommunications

Department of OC &EP

CGW №2

By discipline: Ecology and sustainable development

Theme: “The calculation of the hazard categories of production”.

Done: student of the group EE-15-1

Sharipov H.

Checked: Begimbetova A.S.

Almaty 2015

INTRODUCTION

Currently, a sharp aggravation of the problem of environmental pollution becomes a real threat of a global ecological disaster of any society and humanity. The areas of ecological disaster has already covered more than half the territory of the CIS and Kazakhstan, sharp environmental discomfort feels the population of many cities of the country, especially the Southern and Eastern regions. All this with great urgency puts on the agenda the problems of the real protection of the environment and human labour in the Earth's biosphere.

Today, the consumption of natural and energy resources, water and air pollution in the long term becomes comparable with some components of the natural circulation of substances and the rate of consumption of fossil fuels today is many times greater than the rate of natural synthesis. In turn, the environment on a global scale begins to affect energy, forcing them to consider the possibility of consumption of a particular type of fuel and energy resources and seek new resources. atmosphere emission energy gas

This calculation-graphic work will be considered one of the main issues in the field of environmental protection is the emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere. For example, enterprises in the composition, which includes: fur. the workshop, welding workshop, electroplating workshop, garage and boiler room, will be presented to the calculation of the hazard categories of the production departments and the enterprise as a whole.



TASK:

The company posted the following workshops and production facilities:

Boiler, electroplating, machine shop, welding shop and garage. To determine the hazard category of production. The original data are shown in table 1.

Table 1 - Initial data for

workshop	The name of the machine	Quantity
Mechanical	Circular grinding	200
	Grinding	40
	Turning	50
	Time	1300
Welding	Brand electrodes	АНО-4
	Mass consumption. Mat s, kg/year	350
Galvanical	The total area of the baths in the process of degreasing, m2
	a) an organic solvent	100
	b) electrochemical	60
	Time	4000
Garage	Mileage, km
	a)trucks with gasoline engine	17000
	b) buses with petrol engine	19000
	C) diesel buses	13000
	g) service of the automobile	28000
Boiler	The consumption of natural fuel	55
	Brand fuel	КСШ
	The ratio of air purification ZU	64
	View of the furnace: With motionless lattice	mine
	КNO2	0,17



SOLUTION:

1. Mechanical workshop

The composition and quantity of the projected atmospheric emissions determined by calculation on the basis of the analysis workflow.

In the machining of metals are dust, mist and vapors of oils and lubricating fluids, various gaseous substances. The gross emission of harmful substances is determined on the basis of standard hours of operation of the machinery. Calculation of emissions during mechanical processing is performed according to formula (1) (tonnes/year):

M = 3600 x q x Т x 10^-6 , (1)

Where q is the specific emission of dust (g/s);

T - the time machine (hours).

Calculate dust emissions for cylindrical grinding machines, given the time T=1300 hours diameter 150mm:

M = 3600 x 0,117 x 1300 x 10⁶x200 = 109.512 (t/year)

Emissions for grinding machines 100 mm diameter:

M = 3600 x 0,040 x 1300 x 10⁶ x40= 7.488 (t/year)

Emissions for lathes medium size power equipment 0,65-14 kW cooling the coolant:

M = 3600 x 0,004 x 1300 x 10⁶ x50= 0,936(t/year)



2. Shops and areas of welding and cutting metals

The calculation of the emissions is calculated by the formula (2) (tonnes/year):

Mi = qi x m x 10⁶, (2)

where qi is the specific release of harmful substances (g/kg);

m is the mass of a consumable material(kg/d).

Calculate for electrode ANO-4 emissions welding aerosols:

Mi = 6 x 350 x 10⁶ = 0.021 (t/year)

Manganese and oxides:

Mi = 0.69x 350 x 10⁶ = 241.5(t/year)

3. Galvanic shop

When calculating the amount of harmful substances released during the electroplating process, adopted specific index q, related to the surface area of galvanic baths. The number of pollutants (tons/year), the exhaust from the unit of equipment is determined by the formula (3):

(3)

Where F is the surface area of the bath (m2);

K_y- coefficient shelter baths: in the presence of surface active substances (ПАВ);

K_y=0,5, in the absence of a surfactant K_y=1.

T - time;

K3 - load factor baths

As job says nothing about PVA, therefore , as the load factor will take .

Calculate the amount of contaminated substances in degreasing with organic solvents:

For bensol

M = 10⁶ x 2970 x 4000 x 100 x 0.5 x 0.8 = 475.2 (t/g);

For sulfuric acid

M = 10⁶ x 25.2 x 4000 x 60 x 0.5 x 0.8 = 2.41 (t/g);

4. Emissions from road transport enterprises

The mass ejected during the billing period i-harmful substances in the presence of a group of vehicles with different internal combustion engines (gasoline, diesel, natural gas) is determined by the formula (4) (t/g):

Mi = qi x ф x n x R x 10⁶, (4)

Where qi is the specific release of i-harmful substances by car (g/km);

ф-mileage car for an accounting period (km);

n is the influence coefficient of the average age of the Park on the emissions of the vehicle;

R - factor impact technical impact of the car.

Calculate emissions for buses with petrol engine oxides of carbon (CO):

M=51,5 x 1.32 x 19000 x 1.69 x 10^-6 =2.182(t/year);

hydrocarbon(CH):



M=9.6 x 19000 x 1,32 x 1.69 x 10^-6= 0,406(t/year);

oxides of nitrogen( ):

M=6.4 x 19000 x 1,32 x 1.69 x 10^-6= 0.271(t/year);

Calculate emissions for diesel buses oxides of carbon (CO):

M=15,0 x 13000 x 1.27mm x 1.80 x 10^-6 = 0,445 (t/year);

hydrocarbon(CH):

M=6.4 x 13000 x 1.27mm x 1.80 x 10^-6 = 0,190 (t/year);

oxides of nitrogen( ):

M=8.5 x 13000 x 1.27mm x 1.80 x 10^-6 = 0,252 (t/year);

Calculate emissions for service and special cars oxides of carbon (CO):

M=16.5 x 28000 x 1,28 x 1.63 x 10^-6 = 0.963 (t/year);

hydrocarbon(CH):

M=1.6 x 28000 x 1,28 x 1.63 x 10^-6 = 0.093 (t/year);

oxides of nitrogen( ):

M=2.23 x 28000 x 1,28 x 1.63 x 10^-6 = 0.130 (t/year);



5. Calculation of emissions from fuel combustion in boilers

The method is designed to calculate emissions from gaseous products of combustion when burning solid fuel, fuel oil and gas in furnaces operating industrial and utility boilers and household generators.

Solid particles. Calculation of particulate emissions furnace ash and unburned fuel (tonnes/year g/s) emitted into the atmosphere with the flue gases of the boiler per unit time of the combustion of solid fuels and fuel oil, is performed according to the formula (5):

PTV = B x A^r x X х (1-з), (5)

Where In the consumption of natural fuel (tonnes/year g/s);

Ar - ash fuel working weight (%);

з - fraction of solid particles picked up by the ash collector;

X = Aun/(100 - Gong);

Aung - fraction of ash fuel ash;

Gong - the carbon content in fly ash (%)

PTV = 55 x 32.6 x 0,0023 x (1-0.64) = 1.48 (t/year).

The sulfur oxides. Calculation of emissions of sulfur oxides in terms of SO2 (t/year t/h, g/s) emitted into the atmosphere with the flue gases of kotloagregata per unit of time, is performed by the formula(6):

ПSO2 = 0,02 x B x Sr x (1-зSO2) x (1-з'SO2), (6)

Where Sr is the sulfur content in the fuel on the mass of workers (%);

зSO2 - share sulfur oxides associated with fly ash fuel.

For other coal - 0,1;

з'SO2 - proportion of sulfur oxides, which may be captured by ash

ПSO2 = 0,02 x 55 x 0,81 x (1-0,1) x (1 - 0) = 0,8 (t/year)

The rough estimation of carbon dioxide emission (t/y, g/s) can be performed according to the formula (7):

JI = 0.001 x B x Qir x CSR x (1-q4/100), (7)

Where KCO is the number of carbon monoxide per unit of heat released during combustion of the fuel (kg/GJ)

For brown coal:

JI = 0.001 x 55 x 18.55x1.9 x (1-10/100) = 1.744 (t/year)

Oxides of nitrogen. The amount of nitrogen oxides (in terms of NO2) emitted per unit time (t/y, g/s), is calculated according to the formula (8):

ПNO2 = 0.001 x B x Qir x KNO2 x (1 - в), (8)

Where Qir - heat of combustion of natural fuel (MJ/kg);

KNO2 is a parameter describing the amount of nitrogen oxides formed on 1 GJ of heat (kg/GJ);

в - coefficient depending on the degree of reduction of emissions of nitrogen oxides result from the application of technical solutions

ПNO2 = 0.001 x 55 x 18.55 x 106 x 0,17 x (1 - 0.5) = 0.086(t/year).



6. The calculation of the hazard categories of the enterprise is calculated by the formula:

КОП = ³(1.10)

Where Mi is the mass fibrosa-th substance, t/year;

ПДК - average daily MPC of the i-th substance, mg/m2;

n - quantity of pollutants emitted by the plant;

i is a constant to match the harmful substances with harmful sulfur dioxide.

The physical meaning of the CPC is that it shows the need of an enterprise in the amount of air required for dilution of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere to sanitary and hygienic criteria given hazard class substances.

The CPC value is calculated under the condition that Mi/MAC > 1. When Mi/MPC < 1 CPC is not calculated and is equal to zero.

КОП=(109.512/0.5)+(7.488/0.5)+(0.936/0.5)^0.9+(0.0021/0.5)+(24.15/0.001)^1.3+(475.2/0.1)^1.3+(2.41/0.05)+(2.182/3)^0.9+(0.406/1.5)^0.9+(0.271/0.04)^1.3+(0.445/3)^0.9+(0.190/1.5)^0.9+(0.252/0.04)^1.3+(0.963/3)^0.9+(0.093/1.5)^0.9+(0.130/0.04)^1.3+(1.48/0.5)+(0.8/0.04)+(1.744/3)^0.9+(0.086/0.04)^1.3=898.53



CONCLUSION

As can be seen from the above results, the search for ways and practical implementation of measures to reduce emissions of pollutants is a very important task in the development of energy and to existing facilities for energy production. One of the most pressing tasks of the coming years protecting the atmosphere from emissions of stationary installations is the development and wide implementation of methods to reduce emissions of nitrogen and sulphur oxides from flue gases of the power plant. For example, Ekibastuz GRES uses a special burner and combustion regimes that reduce the formation of nitrogen oxides by 50%.

On the final table it can be concluded that the largest contribution to the total hazard category of the enterprise makes the electroplating shop. This is due to the fact that this shop is the most emissions of hazardous substances, with the degreasing process, in which the amount of harmful substances emitted from the surface of the electroplating bath is large enough. Also significant is the contribution of a machine shop with a huge dust emissions and aerosol substances. Here you can observe the increase of the specific allocation of dust when increasing the diameter of the grinding wheel grinding and grinding machines and power lathes. The amount of dust generated would be greatly reduced if the working time of the company slightly reduced. The rest of the plant does not represent a great danger, because they belong to the fourth category of risk. But, in essence, the physical meaning of the CPC is that it shows the need of an enterprise in the amount of air required to dilute harmful substances into the atmosphere.

So you need to look for solutions to reduce emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere. They, of course, exist, but require improvement and development of new ways of trapping and suppression of sulfur oxides, hydrogen, carbon and hydrocarbon, and particulate matter.



LIST OF REFERENCES

1. Guidelines for settlement and graphic work. Ecology - Almaty: AIPET, 2002.

2. Dukenbaev M. K., Borisov, C. N., Arestova Century Century Energy and the environment - Almaty: AIPET, 1992.

3. Skalkin F. C., A. Kanaev, A., Kopp, I. H. Energy and the environment - Leningrad: Energoizdat, 1981.

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