Determination of hazard of recreational water use in ukrainian part of the Siverskiy Donets river basin

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Determination of hazard of recreational water use in ukrainian part of the Siverskiy Donets river basin

O.V. Rybalova (PhD, Associate professor),

S.V. Belan (PhD, Associate professor),

Ye.O. Varyvoda (PhD, Associate professor),

А.А. Savichev (M.Sc.),

О.V. Kozlovska (M.Sc.)

National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine, Kharkiv

The hazard's level of recreational water use of Siverskiy Donets river basin based on the assessment of health risk for population of Kharkiv, Donetsk and Lugansk regions is determined in article. New approach for the determination of recreational water use hazard on the basis of integrated assessment of peoples' health risk taking into account present condition of surface waters and air is suggested. There is the list of rivers of Ukrainian part of Siverskiy Donets river basin that are priority for environmental protection measures implementation presented in the article.

Key words: environmental hazard, recreational water use, risk for peoples' health, surface waters, air, Siverskiy Donets river basin.

О.В. Рыбалова, С.В. Белан, Е.А. Варивода, А.А. Савичев, О.В. Козловская

ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ОПАСНОСТИ РЕКРЕАЦИОННОГО ВОДОПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ УКРАИНСКОЙ ЧАСТИ БАСЕЙНА р. СЕВЕРСКИЙ ДОНЕЦ

В статье определен уровень опасности рекреационного водопользования р. Северский Донец на основе оценки риска для здоровья населения Харьковской, Донецкой и Луганской областей. Предложен новый подход к определению опасности рекреационного водопользования на основе комплексной оценки риска для здоровья населения при современном состоянии поверхностных вод и атмосферного воздуха с учетом существующих баз данных украинской системы мониторинга. В работе определен список рек украинской части бассейна р. Северский Донец, которые являются приоритетными для осуществления природоохранных мероприятий.

Ключевые слова: экологическая опасность, рекреационное водопользование, риск для здоровья населения, поверхностные воды, атмосферный воздух, бассейн р. Северский Донец.

Introduction

The basin of the Siversky Donets River has transboundary importance as it is in the two countries: Russia and Ukraine. In Ukraine there are about 55 % of the basin of the Siversky Donets River in the territory of most industrialized region of Donetsk, Lugansk and Kharkiv regions where a high concentration of industrial enterprises that require high-quality water resources. Industrial production potential of Donetsk, Lugansk and Kharkiv regions is 32 % of the total capacity of Ukraine (and the volume of industrial production fuel industry even 55 % and steel industry - 42%), while water-resource potential is only 7,9 %. Despite the reduction of industrial pollution of the environment due to the decline in production, the environmental situation is still quite difficult. It is therefore urgent task is to prioritize the implementation of environmental measures in the basin of the Siversky Donets River with a view to improve the environment and create comfortable living conditions of the population, it is known that human health depends largely on the state of the environment.

According to the analysis of the health of the population of Ukraine, experts have noted a steady negative trend increase in the incidence and prevalence of disease, the absolute reduction in population due to increased mortality, in fact, predicted further growth of negative changes of these parameters, it becomes threatening national security [1]. Within the Ukrainian part of the basin of the Siversky Donets Basin is home to about 6 million city and over 1,7 million rural residents, and according to the results of a comprehensive assessment of the environmental situation in Ukraine is this industrial region are in the worst condition [2].

To determine the effects of pollution components of the natural environment on public health in many countries used methods for assessing risks to human health [3-5].

In the work [2] introduced a new method of assessing the ecological risk of violating the stability of natural ecosystems as an ecological indicator of environmental hazards and explored regions of Ukraine largest environmental risk degradation of air, soil degradation and land resources and violation of the stability of aquatic ecosystems. According to this method calculated the environmental performance of the current state of air, soil, surface water and the level of radioactive contamination in Ukraine and identifies regions of Ukraine with high environmental risk. The environmental risk violation of the stability of natural ecosystems Ukraine showed that the most dangerous condition of the industrial regions.

The purpose of this publication is to determine the environmental hazards of recreational water use Siversky Donets Basin for the evaluation of environmental risk degradation of surface waters Ukraine [6] it is this river is the most polluted and subsequent human pressure is dangerous for both the conservation of aquatic ecosystems and for the health of I water users.

Materials and discussion

In the work [6] proposed a procedure for determining the environmental hazards of recreational water use. The first stage is proposed to identify basins that require urgent implementation of environmental protection measures using the method of assessing the ecological risk of violating the sustainability of aquatic ecosystems [2]. In order to determine the most polluted rivers or sections of the second phase assesses the potential risk to public health by the method presented in the work [7]. The third stage of determining environmental hazard assessment of recreational water use provides carcinogenic risk to public health and hazard index for the American method [3]. In the work [6] first adapted the American method of risk assessment for public health in the Ukrainian system of monitoring surface water, but the only way of getting considered contaminants when bathing through ingestion and only for adults.

It should be noted that the impact of pollutants on human health must be considered separately for adults and children. It is known that separate the effect of one factor or a particular pollutant on human health is extremely difficult because there are many lifelong negative factors of the disease (socio-economic and professional conditions, plant life, etc.), so it figures increase morbidity consider one of the indicators of the environment.

According to Russia's methodology for assessing the risk to public health [8] in defining environmental hazards recreational use discusses three ways that pollutants in the human body: inhalation, oral and dermal. We consider it necessary to determine the dangers of recreational water use to consider the risk to public health by air pollution, that provide a comprehensive assessment of environmental hazards.

According to international practice [3, 8] is calculated separately and is not carcinogenic risk to public health.

To assess the cancer risk for each pollutant calculated risk indicators:

CR=SF LADI, (1)

CR - the probability to become ill a cancer with measurable value (usually expressed in units of 1:1000000);

SF - the probability of obtaining of cancer when receiving a single dose of LADI, 1/mh/kh day;

LADI - lifetime average daily dose, mg/(kg day).

The carcinogenic risk considered acceptable for values of 10^-4-10^-6, and at this level usually set hygiene standards for the population. Calculation results are estimates of carcinogenic risk to public health, Donetsk and Kharkiv regions at the present level of air pollution and surface water have shown that it is acceptable. Determination of cancer risk for adults and children Lugansk region at the present level of air pollution has shown the need for immediate implementation of measures to reduce the emission of formaldehyde from industrial plants, for in all localities there is a great danger of an increase in cancer incidence due to high concentrations of this pollutant.

Evaluation is not carcinogenic risk to public health is based on the calculation of the danger to individual substances as follows:

danger recreational water use

or (2)

HQi - the factor of danger to the likely pollutant without a measurable quantity;

RfD_i - the reference (safe) dose for the likely pollutants, mg/kg;

Ci - the probable pollutant concentration, mg/m³;

RfCi - the reference (safe) concentration probable pollutant mg/m³.

Unfortunately, the American system of monitoring of air and surface water are very different from Ukrainian, and for most pollutants are absent as the reference dose and reference concentration In order to adapt American methods of estimation are not carcinogenic risk to public health in the work [6] proposed in those where there is no information on the reference concentration use the following formula:

, (3)

C_mcp - the maximum-acceptable concentration probable pollutant mg/m³.

The characterization of the risk of not carcinogenic effects by the combined effects of chemicals is carried out by calculating hazard index formula [8]:

(4)

HI - the index of the dangers without measurable value.

If the hazard index greater than 1, the likelihood of harmful effects increases with the increase in HI.

In the works [4,8] to determine the combined effect of environment (air, soil, drinking water, surface water, and food) is proposed to integrate the dose effect. But hazard index for chronic inhalation exposure are the reference concentration of pollutants (RfC), that is, the summation of doses in integrated effect is only possible to determine cancer risk. For a comprehensive evaluation of environmental hazard of recreational water use, taking into account the state of the air does not propose to define carcinogenic risk to public health as follows:

, (5)

НІ_a - the index of danger at the present state of the air, without a measurable quantity;

НІ_r - the index of danger at the present state of surface waters with measurable value.

Defining hazard index recreational water use in the combined effects of chemicals should be carried out as follows:

(6)

HQі^і - the inhalation hazard ratio for probable pollutant without a measurable quantity;

HQі^о - the oral factor for probable hazard pollutant without a measurable quantity;

HQі^d - the epidermal factor ratio for probable pollutant without a measurable quantity;

With the presented method in this article is given a comprehensive risk assessment of the recreational water use the Ukrainian part of the Basin of the Siversky Donets River based on the state of air for adults and children in Kharkiv, Donetsk and Lugansk regions.

Results

Assessment of the carcinogenic risk to public health in recreational water Siversky Donets river in the Kharkiv region within showed that it is acceptable, but not the evaluation of carcinogenic risk (hazard index) showed an increased risk a water of the Siversky Donets river, particularly river Uda in the following ranges: the village Khoroshevo (HI=48,6) and Eskhar (HI=46,8) (Figure 1).

Figure 1 - Ranging of monitoring stations according to quality state of the Siverskiy Donets River in Kharkiv region based on hazard index

The results of integrated assessment of the index of danger of recreational water use in the Siverskiy Donets river basin taking into account the present state of the air in Lugansk region are represented in Table 1.

Table 1 - Determination of the index of danger of recreational water use in the Siverskiy Donets river basin taking into account the present state of the air in Lugansk region

As the data in Table 1 the index of danger at the present state of the air and surface water of the adult population of Lugansk region is much lower than for children, but for all monitoring stations than 1, indicate the danger of increasing morbidity.

Figure 2 - Hazard of children diseases growth under recreational water use of the Siverskiy Donets River taking into account air pollution in Donetsk region

According to the American approach to risk assessment for human health hazard indices calculation is carried out taking into account the critical organs and systems are affected by the test substances. Hazard index calculation showed that the recreational use of the Siversky Donets River in the Kharkiv region within the greatest likelihood of diseases of liver, kidney, blood and cardiovascular system [9]. In the Donetsk and Lugansk regions are threatened increase in the incidence of respiratory, blood, endocrine system, and so on (Figure 2).

Analysis of complex calculations recreational water hazard index showed the greatest increase in the likelihood of respiratory diseases, due to air pollution. But on the impact of polluted surface water in recreation is necessary to conduct detailed research to determine the actual impact of certain pollutants into the likelihood of additional types of disease population, it is known that during recreational water illnesses are the most common acute intestinal disease, Salmonella infections, dysentery, viral hepatitis and leptospirosis.

A crucial step in assessing the risk to public health is to analyze the causes of pollution of the environment with the purpose of making management decisions to ensure the environmental sustainability of natural ecosystems and safe living conditions of the population.

Conclusion

In the article first introduced the technique of integrated risk assessment of recreational water use the Ukrainian part of the Basin of the Siversky Donets river, given the current state of the air in Kharkiv, Donetsk and Lugansk regions. The necessity to assess the health risks of adults and children, considering different ways of exposure (inhalation, oral and dermal). In this work a comprehensive risk assessment of recreational water use Ukrainian part of the Siversky Donets Basin and observation posts explored quality of surface water with the aim of prioritizing the implementation of environmental protection measures. It is shown that the American approach to the assessment of risk to public health needs to be improved based on detailed studies of the impact of certain pollutants into the likelihood of additional cases of infectious morbidity.

Presented in the work an approach to determining the level of danger of recreational water use based on a comprehensive risk assessment for public health to determine the feasibility and priority of implementing environmental and sanitary measures in today's financial state and the state of demographic crisis, especially in the industrial regions of Ukraine are extremely important.

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