Eco-system approach for assessing agrarian sustainability in Bulgaria

Researching the levels of sustainability in agriculture in Bulgaria. Analysis of the reference values for assessing the economic, social and environmental sustainability of agro-ecosystems in the region. Improving farm management and agricultural policy.

Рубрика Экология и охрана природы
Вид статья
Язык английский
Дата добавления 25.09.2020
Размер файла 2,0 M

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The agricultural production in this ecosystem has satisfying levels of many economic and social indicators: profit/production costs (0,43), labour productivity (0,27), land productivity (0,3), sales growth in last 3 years (0,33), investments growth in last 5 years (0,43), payment of hired labour/average income in the region (0,3), manager's age (0,41), participation in education programs in last 3 years (0,33), share of employed with special agricultural education/qualification (0,45) and number of participations in professional organizations and initiatives (0,33). This agro-ecosystem has satisfying ecological sustainability in relation to the implementation of organic production principles (0,33).

Moreover, according several social and ecological indicators the agriculture in Sashtinska Sredna Gora is with unsatisfying sustainability: public position of the farmer, manager or owner (0,17), participation in local initiatives (0,17), compliance to norms of the nitrate fertilization (0,17), compliance to norms of the potassium fertilization (0,12), compliance to norms of the phosphorus fertilization (0,12). This agro-ecosystem is socially and ecologically unsustainable in relation to the presence of a family member, ready to take the farm; share of hired workers, members of trade unions and presence of protected species on the farm territory.

The other mountain agro-ecosystem Western Rila mountain has high economic sustainability in relation to the share of direct payments in the net income (0,87), share of own capital in the total (1), land productivity (1) and livestock productivity (1) (fig. 8).

The social sustainability is strong regarding the indicators: number of family members working in the farm (0,86), share of unoccupied permanent work positions in the total number of employed (1) and share of unoccupied seasonal work positions in the total number of employed (1).The agriculture in Western Rils mountain is ecologically sustainable for the respecting of practices for landscape maintenance (1), degree of pollution of underground waters with nitrates (0,83), level of consumption of electricity (0,87), protection of natural biodiversity (1) and variation of yields of main crops for 5 years (0,83). This agro-ecosystem has satisfying economic sustainability in relation to profit/production costs (0,43), share of sold output in the total output (0,41) and investments growth in last 5 years (0,37).

The level of social sustainability is satisfying for the net farm income/average income in the region (0,4), presence of a family member, ready to take the farm (0,33), degree of participation of women in the farm management (0,33) and number of participation in professional organizations and initiatives (0,33).

The agricultural sustainability is unsatisfying regarding the economic indicators labour productivity (0,22) and sales growth in the last 3 years (0,2); and social indicators degree of compliance to normative labour conditions (0,15) and share of employed with special agricultural education/ qualification (0,2). Furthermore, some social indicators in this agro-ecosystem have unsustainability levels: payment of hired labour/average income in the region, manager's age, participation in education programs in the last 3 years, share of hired workers, members in trade unions, public positions of the farmer, manager or owner, participation in local initiatives.

The agro-ecosystem Western Rila mountain has satisfying ecological sustainability for: soil erosion (0,46), share of arable land in the total agricultural land (0,42), presence of protected species on the farm territory (0,33) and respecting the norms for animal welfare (0,33). The ecological sustainability of the ecosystem is unsatisfying for: compliance to norms of nitrate fertilization (0,25), number of cultural species (0,23), compliance to norms of potassium fertilization (0,08) and compliance to norms of phosphorus fertilization (0,08). This ecosystem is ecologically unsustainable in relation to the principles of organic production.

Finally, we compare the integral agrarian sustainability based on the assessment of sustainability of agroecosystems with the results of previous studies assessing agrarian sustainability with the aggregate sectoral (statistical, etc.) data in Bulgaria (Bachev et al., 2017).

According to the precious study based on aggregate data using the same methodological approach the integral sustainability index of the Bulgarian agriculture is 0,58 which correspond to a Good sustainability.

That study has found out that the Economic sustainability of the Bulgarian agriculture is Good (index of sustainability 0,7), while the Social and the Environmental sustainability are also as Good but with a lower index (for both of them is 0,53) close to satisfactory level. Therefore, integral assessment results based on the micro agro-ecosystems (farm) data are similar with the results based on aggregated sectoral (statistical, etc.) data. It means that both approaches are reliable and could be simultaneously used for assessing agrarian sustainability at various level - sector, subsector, region, agro-ecosystem, and farm.

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Abstract

Eco-system approach for assessing agrarian sustainability in Bulgaria. H. Bachev, Doctor of Sciences (Economics), Professor Institute of Agricultural Economics, Sofia, Bulgaria, G./ Kharlamova, PhD in Economics, Associate Professor. H. Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine

Ecosystem approach has been increasingly incorporated in the management and evaluation of sustainability levels in general and in agriculture in particular. Despite enormous progress in the theory and practice of this new area, still there is no consensus on how to assess the sustainability of agro-ecosystems due to diverse understandings, approaches, methods, employed data, etc.

In Bulgaria there are practically no in-depth studies on sustainability level of diverse agro-eco-systems.

This articles assesses the sustainability level of agro-ecosystems of different type in Bulgaria.

A holistic hierarchical framework for assessing integral, economic, social and ecological sustainability of agro-ecosystems is suggested including 17 principles, 35 criteria, and 46 indicators and reference values. Assessment is made on overall and aspects sustainability of large (agro)ecosystems in four geographic regions, and particular main and specific types of agro-ecosystems of the country.

The assessment is based on firsthand information collected though in-depth interviews with the managers of "typical" farms in the respective ago-ecosystems. The study has found out that there is a considerable differentiation in the level of integral sustainability in agricultural ecosystems of different types.

There are also substantial variations in the levels of economic, social and ecological sustainability of agroecosystems of different type, and the critical indicators enhancing or deterring overall and particular sustainability of individual agro-ecosystems.

Results of the integral agrarian sustainability level based on the micro agro-ecosystem (farm) data, are similar to the previous assessment based on the aggregate sectoral (statistical, etc.) data.

Having in mind the importance of holistic assessments of this kind for improving agrarian sustainability, farm management and agrarian policies, they are to be expended and their precision and representation increased.

Key words: agro-ecosystem, sustainability, assessment, economic, social, ecological, Bulgaria.

Анотація

Екосистемний підхід до оцінки аграрної сталості в Болгарії. Х. Башев, д-р екон. наук, проф. Інститут аграрної економіки, Софія, Болгарія,Г. Харламова, канд. екон. наук, доц. Київський національний університет імені Тараса Шевченка, Київ, Україна

Екосистемний підхід усе більше залучається до управління та оцінки рівнів сталості загалом, і в сільському господарстві зокрема.

Незважаючи на значний прогрес у теорії та практиці цієї нової галузі, досі немає консенсусу щодо того, як оцінити сталість агроекосистем, зважаючи на різноманітні розуміння, підходи, методи, використані дані тощо.

У Болгарії практично немає ґрунтовних досліджень рівня сталості різних агроекосистем. У даній статті оцінюється рівень сталості агроекосистем різного типу в Болгарії. Запропоновано цілісну ієрархічну структуру, включаючи 17 принципів, 35 критеріїв, 46 показників та контрольних значень, для оцінки інтегральної, економічної, соціальної та екологічної сталості агроекосистем.

Оцінюється загальна сталость і її аспекти щодо великих (агро) екосистем в чотирьох географічних регіонах, а також в конкретних основних і специфічних типах агроекосистем країни.

Оцінка заснована на інформації з перших рук, зібраної в ході докладних інтерв'ю з керівниками "типових"ферм відповідних екосистем. Дослідження показало, що існує значна диференціація рівня інтегральної сталості в сільськогосподарських екосистемах різних типів.

Існують також істотні відмінності в рівнях економічної, соціальної та екологічної сталості агроекосистем різного типу, а також критичні показники, що підвищують або стримують загальну і особливу сталість окремих агроекосистем.

Результати інтегрального рівня аграрної стійкості, засновані на даних мікроагроекосистем (ферм), подібні до попередньої оцінки на основі сукупних галузевих (статистичних та інших) даних.

Беручи до уваги важливість цілісних оцінок такого роду для покращення аграрної сталості, управління фермерськими господарствами та аграрної політики, вони повинні використовуватися у повному обсязі, а їх точність та репрезантив- ність має бути покращана.

Ключові слова: агроекосистема, сталість, оцінка, економічна, соціальна, екологічна, Болгарія.

Аннотация

Экосистемный подход к оценке аграрной устойчивости в Болгарии. Х. Башев, д-р экон. наук, проф. Институт аграрной экономики, София, Болгария, Г. Харламова, канд. экон. наук, доц. Киевский национальный университет имени Тараса Шевченко, Киев, Украина

Экосистемный подход все больше вовлекается в управления и оценивание уровней устойчивости в целом и в сельском хозяйстве в частности. Несмотря на значительный прогресс в теории и практике этой новой области, до сих пор нет консенсуса относительно того, как оценить устойчивость агро-экосистем, несмотря на различные понимания, подходы, методы, использованные данные и тому подобное.

В Болгарии практически нет фундаментальных исследований уровня устойчивости различных агроэкосистем. В данной статье оценивается уровень устойчивости агроэкосистем различного типа в Болгарии. Предложена целостная иерархическая структура, включая 17 принципов, 35 критериев, 46 показателей и контрольных значений для оценки интегральной, экономической, социальной и экологической устойчивости агро-экосистем.

Оценивается общая устойчивость и ее аспекты относительно крупных (агро) экосистем в четырех географических регионах, а также в конкретных основных и специфических типах агро-экосистем страны.

Оценка основана на информации из первых рук, собранной в ходе подробных интервью с руководителями "типичных"ферм соответствующих экосистем. Исследование показало, что существует значительная дифференциация уровня интегральной устойчивости в сельскохозяйственных экосистемах различных типов.

Существуют также существенные различия в уровнях экономической, социальной и экологической устойчивости агроэкосистем разного типа, а также критические показатели, повышающие или сдерживают общую и особенную устойчивость отдельных агроэкосистем.

Результаты интегрального уровня аграрной устойчивости, основанные на данных микроагроекосистем (ферм), подобные предварительной оценки на основе совокупных отраслевых (статистических и других) данных. Принимая во внимание важность целостных оценок такого рода для улучшения аграрной устойчивости, управления фермерскими хозяйствами и аграрной политики, они должны использоваться в полном объеме, а их точность и репрезантивнисть должны быть улучшены.

Ключевые слова: агроэкосистема, устойчивость, оценка, экономическая, социальная, экологическая, Болгария.

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