Socio-Environmental and Economic Problems of Solar Panels Recycling

Development of technologies for processing waste equipment from solar power plants and regarding the use of organizational and economic methods in this area. Consideration of the issue of disposal of used modules. Moral wear and tear, mechanical damage.

Рубрика Экология и охрана природы
Вид статья
Язык английский
Дата добавления 03.12.2020
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Socio-Environmental and Economic Problems of Solar Panels Recycling

Olena I. Matsenko

Vladyslav S. Tereshchen

Vladyslav S. Piven

Andrii A. Panchenko

Evhenyi A. Perekhod

Annotation

The use of alternative energy sources, in particular solar energy, has gained rapid growth in recent years. This trend is prompting manufacturers of equipment for solar power plants to increase production volumes. At the same time, the question arises of the disposal of used modules, because each material has its service life. According to technical specifications, the average life of solar modules and batteries is 2530 years. Decommissioning may occur earlier than this time due to the following reasons - moral and physical deterioration, mechanical damage, replacement of obsolete equipment with new, modernization of solar power plants. Already in 2030, it will be necessary to replace the solar modules installed in 2000. Therefore, there are acute questions not only regarding the development of technologies for processing waste equipment from solar power plants but also organizational and economic methods. This article discusses the main problems that arise during the utilization and recycling of solar modules, analyzes the experience of countries in resolving these issues. After all, the use of renewable energy sources should minimize the negative impact on the environment from energy production at all stages - from the production of equipment for a power plant to the disposal and recycling of this equipment.

Keywords: solar panel, recycling, economic method, solar power, natural resource, economic problem, environment, renewable energy.

Социально-экологические и экономические проблемы утилизации солнечных панелей

Елена Игоревна Маценко *,

Владислав Сергеевич Терещенко**,

Владислав СергеевичПивень***,

Андрей Андреевич Панченко****,

Евгений Анатольевич Переход*****

* техник 1-й категории научно-исследовательской части кафедры экономики, предпринимательства и бизнес-администрирования Сумского государственного университета,

**магистрант факультета электроники и информационных технологий Сумского государственного университета,

*** студент Учебно-научного института финансов, экономики и менеджмента имени Олега Балацкого Сумского государственного университета,

****аспирант кафедры экономики, предпринимательства и бизнес-администрирования Сумского государственного университета,

***** аспирант кафедры экономики, предпринимательства и бизнес-администрирования Сумского государственного университета,

Использование альтернативных источников энергии, в частности солнечной энергии, растет быстрыми темпами в последние годы. Эта тенденция побуждает производителей оборудования для солнечных электростанций увеличивать объемы производства. В то же время возникает вопрос утилизации использованных модулей, поскольку каждый материал имеет свой срок службы. Согласно техническим характеристикам, средний срок службы солнечных модулей и панелей составляет 25-30 лет. Вывод из эксплуатации может произойти раньше этого времени по следующим причинам: моральный и физический износ, механические повреждения, замена устаревшего оборудования, модернизация солнечных электростанций. Уже в 2030 году необходимо будет заменить солнечные модули, установленные в 2000 году. Поэтому возникают острые вопросы не только относительно разработки технологий переработки отходов оборудования с солнечных электростанций, но и относительно использования организационно-экономических методов в этой сфере. В данной статье рассматриваются основные проблемы, возникающие при использовании и утилизации солнечных модулей, анализируется опыт других стран в решении этих проблем. При использовании возобновляемых источников энергии нужно минимизировать негативное воздействие на окружающую среду на всех этапах - от производства оборудования для электростанций до утилизации и переработки этого оборудования.

Ключевые слова: солнечная панель, утилизация, экономический метод, солнечная энергия, природный ресурс, экономическая проблема, окружающая среда, возобновляемая энергия.

Соціально-екологічні та економічні проблеми утилізації сонячних панелей economic solar disposal

Олена Ігорівна Маценко *,

Владислав Сергійович Терещенко**,

Владислав Сергійович Півень***,

Андрій Андрійович Панченко****,

Євгеній Анатолійович Переход*****

* технік 1-ї категорії науково-дослідної частини кафедри економіки, підприємництва та бізнес-адміністрування Сумського державного університету,

** магістрант факультету електроніки та інформаційних технологій Сумського державного університету,

*** студент Навчально-наукового інституту фінансів, економіки та менеджменту імені Олега Балацького Сумського державного університету

**** аспірант кафедри економіки, підприємництва та бізнес-адміністрування Сумського державного університету,

***** аспірант кафедри економіки, підприємництва та бізнес-адміністрування Сумського державного університету,

Використання альтернативних джерел енергії, зокрема сонячної енергії, зростає швидкими темпами в останні роки. Ця тенденція спонукає виробників обладнання для сонячних електростанцій збільшувати обсяги виробництва. У той же час виникає питання утилізації використаних модулів, оскільки кожен матеріал має свій термін служби. Згідно з технічними характеристиками, середній термін служби сонячних модулів і панелей становить 25-30 років. Виведення з експлуатації може відбутися раніше цього часу з наступних причин: моральний і фізичний знос, механічні пошкодження, заміна застарілого обладнання, модернізація сонячних електростанцій. Уже в 2030 році необхідно буде замінити сонячні модулі, встановлені у 2000 році. Тому виникають гострі питання не тільки щодо розробки й впровадження технологій переробки відходів обладнання з сонячних електростанцій, а й щодо використання організаційно-економічних методів в цій сфері. У даній статті розглядаються основні проблеми, що виникають при використанні й утилізації сонячних модулів, аналізується досвід інших країн у вирішенні цих проблем. При використанні відновлювальних джерел енергії потрібно мінімізувати негативний вплив на навколишнє середовище на всіх етапах - від виробництва обладнання для електростанцій до утилізації та переробки цього обладнання.

Ключові слова: сонячна панель, утилізація, економічний метод, сонячна енергія, природний ресурс, економічна проблема, навколишнє середовище, відновлювальна енергія.

Introduction

Since then, the problem of the exhaustibility of natural resources has arisen in society. The question arose from finding an alternative. However, not only the fullness of resources prompted the development of alternative energy sources. The costs of extracting nonrenewable resources are constantly growing due to their exhaustion. The development, extraction, and processing of natural resources lead to disastrous consequences for the environment and humans in particular. The use of alternative natural resources and energy sources was aimed at reducing the devastating consequences of the negative impact on the environment and contributing to new development. Therefore, a promising source of renewable energy is the energy of the sun. To obtain and use it, special equipment is used, which has its life cycle. Moreover, in the end, the next question arises - what to do with waste equipment.

Analysis of recent research and publications. Both foreign and domestic scientists, in particular M. Jacobson, M. Schellenberger, S. G. Artemyev, D. Mulvan, paid attention to the problem of disposal and recycling. Scientists have studied the environmental impact of e-waste, nuclear waste, and others. The issues of determining the economic damage from environmental pollution are the works of O.F. Balatsky, L.G. Melnyk, O.M. Matsenko and others [1; 2; 3; 4].

The purpose of the article is to study the socio-environmental and economic problems of the processing and disposal of solar panels and batteries, to analyze the experience of the leading countries in the production of solar energy, to propose economic methods for solving these issues.

Research results. Solar modules PV modules consist of the following components: glass, plastic, metals (aluminum, a small amount of copper, silver, tin, lead), and polymers.

The presence of hazardous materials in the end-of-life panels can result in significant pollution and health issues if released into the environment. To close the loop in the energy cycle, the next mission of the solar panel industry is the safe disposal or recycling of end-of-life products. In the waste management hierarchy, however, re-use or value-added recovery/repurposing is considered preferable to recycling.

Lead and tin, if leached into soil and groundwater it causes health and environmental concerns, while copper, silver, and silicon present a value opportunity if recovered efficiently. So, the landfill option should be fully replaced with recycling to prevent environmental pollution and retrieve the valuable materials present in the panel [5].

In 2016, a joint report was published by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) and the International Energy Agency (IEA) on the strategy for utilizing spent solar modules. According to the forecast presented in this report, by 2030 the global waste of PV modules (cumulative) will amount to 1.7-8 million tons, depending on whether it is a regular loss or early loss. By 2050, the waste volume of PV modules will amount to 60-78 million tons (Figure 1). In Figure 2 the accumulated waste of photovoltaic panels (million tons) in the context of the leading countries is shown.

In Ukraine, the number of private solar power plants in the IV quarter of 2019 amounted to almost 22,000 (Figure 3). Over time, the problem of recycling and disposal of solar modules will come on a large scale. In the absence of organizational and economic mechanisms for creating a recycling and recycling system, this can lead to significant environmental and economic losses.

Some countries are already actively working to solve this problem. The European Union was the first to introduce waste management rules for solar power plants - the modules must be disposed of in accordance with the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (WEEE) (2012/19 / EU). Since 2012, the provisions of the WEEE Directive have been incorporated into national legislation by EU member states, creating the first market in which the processing of solar modules is mandatory [6]

The Americans developed a technology for processing thin-film CdTe modules in the 2000s. It was first used by the photovoltaic company First Solar. Thanks to the developed technology, 95 % of semiconductor materials and 90 % of glass can be reused. All dismantled elements of PV modules are processed in a single cycle [7].

Figure 1. Global PV panel waste projection, 2016-2050 [8]

Figure 2. Cumulative waste volumes of the top five countries for of end-of-life PV panels in 2050 [8]

Figure 3. Dynamics of private solar power plants in Ukraine [9]

In 2018, Germany launched the Geltz Umwelt-Technologie solar battery recycling company, funded by the European ELSi project. German engineers have developed an energysaving pyrolysis process that allows the extraction of various valuable materials from solar panels with an efficiency of up to 95 % [10].

To solve this problem in Ukraine, it is necessary to improve the existing legislative framework for waste processing and disposal. The government should encourage citizens to comply with laws on the decommissioning, storage or recycling of solar panels so that they do not end up in landfills. Citizens now have the right to sue government agencies and corporations to enforce various environmental laws, including laws that protect people from toxic waste. Given the decentralized nature of solar energy production and the lack of technical knowledge at the local level, it is especially important that the whole society is involved in protecting itself from exposure to hazardous toxins.

Creating a favorable investment climate for the development of processing and recycling technologies, as well as for creating a secondary market for equipment for solar power plants.

The introduction of fees for the purchase of solar panels, as a guarantee that the cost of safe disposal, processing or storage of waste solar panels is included in the price of solar panels. The obvious solution would be to introduce a new fee for solar panels, which will go to the disposal and decommissioning fund. Then, funds will be distributed in future between local authorities to pay for the removal and disposal or long-term storage of solar panel waste. The advantage of this fund over producer responsibility is that it will ensure the safe decommissioning, disposal or storage of solar panels for a long time, even after manufacturers of solar panels go bankrupt.

Conclusions and prospects for further research

The analysis showed that the problem of disposal and recycling of solar modules exists and will eventually be large-scale. This issue will soon be faced by Ukraine, given the growth rate of solar power plants. The creation of economic and legal instruments to solve these problems will be one of the directions for the sustainable development of Ukraine.

Improving the existing legislative framework for waste processing and disposal, overcoming political misunderstandings, and fixing technical problems are important and urgent challenges, which need to be solved to provide strong opportunities for the development of the green energy sphere in Ukraine. Ukraine must introduce waste management rules for solar power plants and provide governmental support to promote solar panel recycling. Where the problems with solar panels recycling were identified, it is important to continue researching and provide recommendations to overcome possible barriers.

References

1. Balatskyi, O. F., & Melnyk, L. G. (1982). Teoreticheskie i prakticheskie voprosy opredeleniya ekonomicheskogo ushherba ot zagryazneniya okruzhayushhej sredy [Theoretical and practical issues of determining the economic damage from environmental pollution]. Kyev [in Russian].

2. Balatskyi, O. F., Melnyk, L. G., & Yarosh N. V. (1986). Ekologiya i ekonomika [Ecology and economics]. Kyev: Vyshcha shkola [in Russian].

3. Melnyk, L. G. (Eds.). (2009). Ustojchivoe razvitie: teoriya, metodologiya, praktika [Sustainable development: theory, methodology, practice]. Sumy: VTD "Universytetska knyga" [in Russian].

4. Matsenko, O. M., & Shapochka, Yu. M. (2011). Ekonomiko-pravovi aspekty vidshkoduvannia ekonomichnoho zbytku [Economic and legal aspects of economical economy]. Mekhanizm rehuluvannya economiky - Mechanism of economic regulation, 1, 242-248 URL http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/24558 [in Ukraine].

5. Shaibani, M. (2020). Solar panel recycling: Turning ticking time bombs into opportunities. pv magazine - Photovoltaics Markets and Technology: website. Retrieved from https://www.pv- magazine.com/2020/05/27/solar-panel-recycling-turning-ticking-time-bombs-into-opportunities/.

6. Nechaeva, E. (2019). Solnechnyi musor: utilizatsiya solnechnyh paneley [Solar Trash: Recycling Solar Panels]. LiveJournal. Retrieved from https://coal-liza.livejournal.com/53251.html [in Russian].

7. Est'li vtoraya zhizn' u solnechny'kh panelej? [Is there a second life for solar panels?] Retrieved from https://avenston.com/ru/articles/solar-second-life/ [in Russian].

8. Weckend, S., Wade, A., Heath, G. (2016). End-of-Life Management Solar PV Panels. IRENA and IEA PVPS. Retrieved from https://www.irena.org/publications/2016/Jun/End-of-life-management- Solar-Photovoltaic-Panels.

9. Terehov, A. (2020). V Ukraini vzhe 22 tysiachi domashnikh soniachnykh elektrostantsii [In Ukraine, there are already 22 thousand home-made electric power stations]. Dom.ria. Retrieved from https://dom.ria.com/news/v-ukraine-uzhe-22-tysyachi-domashnikh-solnechnykh-elektrostanczij- 249373.html [in Ukraine].

10. Ry'nok pererabotki solnechny'kh panelej dostignet $270 mln v blizhajshie 5 let [Solar panel processing market will reach $ 270 million in the next 5 years]. Retrieved from https://ecotechnica.com.ua/energy/solntse/4536-rynok-pererabotki-solnechnykh-panelej-dostignet- 270-mln-v-blizhajshie-5-let.html_[in Russian].

Література

1. Балацкий, О.Ф. Теоретические и практические вопросы определения экономического ущерба от загрязнения окружающей среды / О.Ф. Балацкий, Л.Г. Мельник - Киев, 1982. - 15 с.

2. Балацкий, О.Ф. Экология и экономика / О.Ф. Балацкий, Л.Г. Мельник, Н.В. Ярош. - К.: Вища школа, 1986. 184 с.

3. Устойчивое развитие: теория, методология, практика: учебник / Под ред. Л.Г. Мельника. - Сумы: Университетская книга, 2009. - 1230 с. URL: http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/44445.

4. Маценко, О.М. Економіко-правові аспекти відшкодування економічного збитку /

О.М. Маценко, Ю.М. Шапочка // Механізм регулювання економіки. - 2011. - N"1. - С. 242-248.

5. Shaibani, M. (2020). Solar panel recycling: Turning ticking time bombs into opportunities, pv magazine - Photovoltaics Markets and Technology: website, Retrieved from https://www.pv- magazine.com/2020/05/27/solar-panel-recycling-tuming-ticking-time-bombs-into-opportunities/.

6. Нечаева, Е. Солнечный мусор: утилизация солнечных. / Е. Нечаева // LiveJournal. Retrieved from https://coal-liza.livejournal.com/53251.html.

7. Есть ли вторая жизнь у солнечных панелей? [Is there a second life for solar panels?] Retrieved from https://avenston.com/ru/articles/solar-second-life/.

8. Weekend, S., Wade, A., Heath, G. (2016). End-of-Life Management Solar PV Panels. IRENA and IEA PVPS. Retrieved from https://www.irena.org/publications/2016/Jun/End-of-life-management-Solar- Photovoltaic-Panels.

9. Терехов, A. (2020, Березень 04). В Україні вже 22 тисячі домашніх сонячних електростанцій. Dom.ria, Взято з https://dom.ria.com/news/v-ukraine-uzhe-22-tysyachi-domashnikh-solnechnykh- elektrostanczij-249373.html.

10. Рынок переработки солнечных панелей достигнет $270 млн в ближайшие 5 лет (2019). Режим доступа https://ecotechnica.com.ua/energy/solntse/4536-rynok-pererabotki-solnechnykh-panelej- dostignet-270-mln-v-blizhajshie-5-let.html.

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