Environmental safety issue in the water supply and wastewater sphere of Ukraine

Размещено на http://www.allbest.ru/

National Academy for Public Administration under the President of Ukraine

ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY ISSUE IN THE WATER SUPPLY AND WASTEWATER SPHERE OF UKRAINE

Krylova Iryna

Candidate of Law, Doctoral student

Kyiv

Анотація

Крилова Ірина Кандидат юридичних наук, докторант Національна академія державного управління При Президентові України, Київ, Україна

ПИТАННЯ ЕКОЛОГІЧНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ У СФЕРІ ВОДОПОСТАЧАННЯ ТА ВОДОВІДВЕДЕННЯ УКРАЇНИ

У даній статті з'ясоване питання екологічної безпеки у сфері водопостачання та водовідведення України. Розглянуто поняття екологічної безпеки, визначене в національному законодавстві, а також політичні, економічні, технічні, організаційні та державно-правові заходи забезпечення екологічної безпеки в країні. Автор наводить визначення поняття екологічна безпека у сфері водопостачання та водовідведення та аналізує її складові. В статті визначено правові основи безпечного водокористування та безпечного водопостачання та вимоги до їх реалізації. Аналізуються методи забезпечення екологічної безпеки у сфері водопостачання та водовідведення як контроль і моніторинг. Наведено проблеми забезпечення екологічної безпеки на державному рівні України та на рівні підприємств водопостачання та водовідведення. Запропоновано застосування комплексних інституцій і заходів державної політики у сфері водопостачання та водовідведення в частині забезпечення екологічної безпеки, затвердження стратегії розвитку сфери водопостачання та водовідведення із короткостроковими та довгостроковими заходами.

Ключові слова: водопостачання, водовідведення, екологічна безпека, державне регулювання, публічне адміністрування, якість питного водопостачання, безпечне водопостачання.

Annotation

environmental safety wastewater water

This article clarifies the issue of environmental security in the sphere of water supply and wastewater of Ukraine. The concept of ecological safety, defined in the national legislation, as well as political, economic, technical, organizational and state-legal measures to ensure environmental safety in the country are considered. The author outlines the concept of environmental safety in the field of water supply and wastewater and analyzes its components. The article defines the legal bases of safe water use and safe water supply and requirements for their implementation. The methods of ensuring environmental safety in the field of water supply and wastewater as control and monitoring are analyzed. The problems of ensuring environmental safety at the state level of Ukraine and at the level of water supply and wastewater enterprises are presented. The application of complex institutions and measures of state policy in the field of water supply and wastewater system in the part of providing environmental safety, approval of the strategy of development of the water supply and wastewater system with short-term and long-term measures is proposed.

Key words: water supply, wastewater, ecological safety, public administration, state regulation, quality of drinking water supply, safe water supply.

Problem statement

The state guarantees the population of Ukraine with high quality and safe for human health with drinking water. State guarantees are directly related to the ecological status of water resources as sources of water supply. Ukraine is among the least secured with its own water resources in Europe and is one of the regions with a significant anthropogenic pressure on water sources and a shortage of fresh water. According to the annual National Report on the Quality of Drinking Water in Ukraine (2017), a situation has arisen that virtually all surface and, in some regions, groundwater, do not meet the requirements of sanitary legislation for water supply sources in terms of pollution. At the same time, existing sewage treatment facilities, purification and disinfection technologies for drinking water are not able to clear it to safety levels. Ukraine's drinking water supply is provided by surface water by almost 80%. At the same time, the majority of river basins according to the hygienic classification of water bodies according to the degree of pollution can be attributed to "polluted" and "very polluted", but the composition of treatment facilities and water treatment technology have not actually changed [12]. Monitoring of the quality of water in surface water bodies suggests that their ecological status is practically not improved [12]. The highest percentage of deviations in sanitary-chemical indicators is observed in Luhansk, Zaporozhye, Donetsk, Odesa and Dnipropetrovsk regions, which far exceeds the national average; according to bacteriological indicators - in Mykolaiv, Zaporozhye, Luhansk, Ternopil, Rivne, Donetsk regions and Kyiv. The high level of anthropogenic pressure on reservoirs and the use of outdated drinking water preparation technologies that are designed to bring natural water to drinking water quality only when the source water meets the 1st class of surface water sources do not allow to provide the population with high quality and safe for health man with drinking water. Application in the technology of preparation of potable water of chlorine, ineffective coagulants, the absence of sorption filters with activated charcoal, etc., leads to the receipt of a significant amount of inorganic and organic pollutants into drinking water, the joint action of which on the human body, especially in conditions of radiation load, causes a real threat to health nation In addition, drinking water from surface water is potentially dangerous in viral terms, as the technology of its preparation does not guarantee the removal of viruses [12]. The main sources that form stable high levels of water pollution are untreated or insufficiently cleaned wastewater from water supply and wastewater enterprises, industrial enterprises of mining and metallurgical complexes [12]. Thus, the relevance of the research topic is due to an increase in practical and scientific interest in understanding and ensuring environmental safety in the water supply and wastewater sector as part of the state policy, especially in the context of environmental protection reform to implement the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU.

Analysis of recent research and publications

Issues of environmental safety, including in the field of water supply and wastewater, were addressed by such researchers as Vergun O.M. (2014) [5], Goncharuk V.V. (2008) [7], Krysinska D.O. (2012) [9], Khilko M.I. (2017) [20], Horuzhii V.P., Vasilyuk A.V., Nedashkovsky I.P. (2018) [21], Belan S.V., Rybalova O.V., Kozlovska O.V. (2013) [1], Lichenko I. (2017) [10], Vasilenko S.L., Dym- chenko O.V. (2009) [2; 2], Yakushev D.V. (2016) [22] and others. However, this issue does not lose relevance in the part of the study of environmental safety in the water supply and wastewater sector, as part of the state policy.

Identification of previously unsolved parts of the general problem that the article is devoted to. Ensuring environmental safety in the water supply and wastewater sector is part of the state policy in the field and should be accompanied by appropriate mechanisms for implementation. Environmental safety in the sphere of water supply and wastewater should be part of the strategy of development of the water supply and wastewater sector and implemented not only at the level of central bodies of executive power, but also with the direct active position of local self-government bodies, which in most cases are owners of water supply and wastewater facilities and should provide community members with high-quality water and wastewater services.

Formulating the goals of the article (statement of the task)

The purpose of the paper is to clarify the issue of environmental security in the water supply and wastewater sector of Ukraine.

Presenting main material

In Ukraine, the legal, economic and social bases of the organization of environmental protection are determined by the Law of Ukraine "On Environmental Protection" (1991, July 25), as well as land, water, forest law, mineral legislation, air protection, the protection and use of plant and animal life and other special legislation [16]. According to this Law, environmental safety is the state of the environment, which prevents the deterioration of the ecological situation and the emergence of danger to human health. Environmental security is guaranteed to Ukrainian citizens by implementing a wide range of interrelated political, economic, technical, organizational, state-legal and other measures [16].

Political measures of ecological safety are implemented through state environmental policy, which envisages a complex of measures aimed at environmental protection. Environmental protection, rational use of natural resources, provision of ecological safety of human life is an integral condition of sustainable economic and social development of Ukraine. To this end, Ukraine carries out on its territory an environmental policy aimed at preserving the environmentally safe living and inanimate nature, protecting the life and health of the population from the negative impact caused by pollution of the environment, achieving harmonious interaction of society and nature, protection, rational use and reproduction of natural resources [16].

Achievement of the goals of environmental policy is carried out with the help of administrative and economic levers. But the imperative nature of administrative leverage, the use of averaged indicators exclude the possibility of an individualized approach to business entities and interference with their activities, which in most cases is prohibited by law. With the help of economic levers, the impact is carried out by operating economic categories [11]. Economic measures for the protection of the environment presuppose: the interconnection of all managerial, scientific and technical and economic activities of enterprises, institutions and organizations with rational use of natural resources and the effectiveness of environmental protection measures based on economic levers; determination of funding sources for environmental protection measures; establishment of limits on the use of natural resources, discharges of pollutants into the environment; establishment of ecological tax rates; provision of enterprises, institutions and organizations, as well as citizens, tax, credit and other privileges in the implementation of their low-waste, energy and resource-saving technologies and non-tradi- tional types of energy, other effective measures for the protection of the environment; compensation in the established order of losses caused by violation of the legislation on environmental protection [16]. In Ukraine, financing of environmental protection measures is carried out at the expense of the State Budget of Ukraine, the budget of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and local budgets, funds of enterprises, institutions and organizations, funds of environmental protection, voluntary contributions and other funds.

Technical measures of ecological safety include modernization and technical re-equipment of fixed assets of enterprises, structures and objects. During the design, placement, construction, commissioning of new and reconstruction of existing enterprises, buildings and other objects, improvement of existing and introduction of new technological processes and equipment, as well as in the process of exploitation of these objects, the ecological safety of people, the rational use of natural resources, observance of norms of harmful influences on the natural environment. In this case, the capture, disposal, disposal of harmful substances and wastes or their complete elimination, fulfillment of other requirements concerning the protection of the environment and human health should be envisaged.

Enterprises, institutions and organizations whose activity is related to the harmful influence on the environment, regardless of the time they are put into operation, must be equipped with facilities, equipment and devices for the treatment of emissions and discharges or their disposal, reduction of the influence of harmful factors, as well as devices for monitoring the quantity and composition of pollutants and the characteristics of harmful factors. Projects of economic and other activities should have materials assessing its impact on the environment and human health. The assessment is carried out taking into account the requirements of the legislation on environmental protection, the environmental capacity of the territory, the state of the environment in the place where the site is located, environmental projections, prospects for socio-economic development of the region, capacity and types of cumulative effects of harmful factors and to the environment. It is prohibited to put into operation the enterprises, buildings and other objects, which do not fully meet all environmental requirements and implement the measures provided for in the projects for construction and reconstruction (expansion and technical re-equipment) [16].

State-legal measures of environmental safety are divided into several types depending on the direction of action: organizational-preventive, regulatory-promotional, regulatory-executive, security, restoration and enforcement. They form a kind of legal mechanism, which should be understood as a system of state-legal tools aimed at regulating activities capable of increasing the level of environmental safety, preventing the deterioration of the environmental situation and the emergence of danger to the population and natural systems, the localization of manifestations of environmental danger [8, p.126].

Organizational and preventive measures are aimed at identifying territories, zones, objects and activities of environmentally hazardous for the environment and human health, as well as taking certain measures to prevent the emergence of environmental hazards. These include: accountants; registration expert evaluation; informational and forecasting (in addition, there may be an environmental audit, environmental insurance, etc.). Accounting and installation measures include the identification, inventory, classification of hazardous zones, objects, territories and sources. Registration - certification of environmentally hazardous objects, certification, confirmation of conformity, licensing, registration of environmentally hazardous sources. In the case of release of environmentally hazardous products, it is subject to certification. Environmental certification can be considered as a system of verification and technical testing of products, activities and facilities to determine compliance with established regulatory documents, and includes further technical supervision of certified products. In the process of certification, a certificate of conformity is issued, confirming the conformity of the product with the Ukrainian standard [8, p.126]. Regulatory and promotional measures are a system of legal norms and regulations aimed at regulating relations, ensuring compliance with priorities, standards, standards, limits and other requirements in the field of environmental safety. Regulatory-executive measures consist in the implementation of certain functions in the field of environmental safety by the specially authorized bodies. Security and restoration

measures are aimed at localization of manifestations of ecological danger, implementation of liquidation work, determination of the legal regime of territories in accordance with the level of environmental risk, establishment of the status of persons who have suffered from the consequences of environmental hazards. Enforcement measures are aimed at preventing environmental violations in the field of ensuring environmental safety, protecting human rights in a safe environment for life and health and related other environmental rights, as well as the use of the perpetrators of state legal coercion in case of violation requirements and norms of environmental safety [8, p.127].

Thus, ecological safety in the field of water supply and wastewater provides such a state of production of water and wastewater services, which prevents the deterioration of the environmental state of the environment and water resources and the emergence of danger to human health. Environmental safety in the water supply and wastewater system envisages ecological safety of water use and safe water supply.

According to the Water Code of Ukraine (1995, June 6), special water use, which is carried out for household needs, is paid and is carried out on the basis of a permit for special water use, issued by the territorial authorities of the central executive authority, which implements the state policy in the field of water sector development. The permission for special water use sets the limit for water intake (the maximum amount of water drawn from water bodies), the limit for water use (the maximum amount of water use) and the limit for the discharge of pollutants (the maximum amount of discharges of pollutants in surface water bodies). In the case of low volatility, these limits may be reduced by the authority that issued the permit without adjusting the permission for special water use. The discharge of sewage into water bodies is allowed only subject to the presence of norms of maximum permissible concentrations and established norms for the maximum allowable discharge of pollutants [ 6].

In the field of use and protection of water and reproduction of water resources, the following norms are established: 1) environmental safety standards for water use; 2) ecological standard of water quality of the arrays of surface and groundwater; 3) the norms of the maximum allowable discharge of pollutants; 4) sectoral technological norms for the formation of substances discharged into water bodies; 5) technological norms of water use. Other legislation in the field of water use and protection and water reproduction may be established by the legislation of Ukraine [6]. Environmental safety standards for water use that provide safe water conditions and are established for assessing the use of water from water objects for the needs of the population and sectors of the economy: maximum permissible concentrations of substances in water bodies, whose water is used to meet drinking, household and other needs of the population; maximum permissible concentrations of substances in water bodies whose water is used for the needs of the fish industry; permissible concentrations of radioactive substances in water bodies, whose water is used to meet drinking, household, and other needs of the population. Environmental water safety standards are developed and approved by: the central executive body, which ensures the formation of state policy in the field of health care - for water objects whose water is used to meet drinking, household, and other needs of the population; the central executive body, which ensures the formation of a state policy in the fisheries sector, - for water objects whose water is used for the needs of the fish industry. Environmental safety standards for water use are introduced in agreement with the central executive body, which ensures the formation of state policy in the field of environmental protection [ 6].

Water objects, which are sources of drinking water supply, should be drawn up in accordance with the order of the passports established by law. The list of water quality indicators in the passport of the source of drinking water supply should correspond to the list, which is defined by the state standard for drinking water. In addition, sources and objects of centralized drinking water supply, regardless of their type, form of ownership and subordination to protect and preserve the natural properties of water in the areas of its fence, prevention of pollution, clogging and premature depletion of water objects, as well as ensuring production safety, supply and consumption of drinking water are subject to sanitary protection [17].

To meet drinking and household needs of the population of Ukraine, water is used, the qualitative characteristics of which correspond to the established state standards, norms of environmental safety of water use and sanitary norms. In case of non-conformity of the qualitative characteristics of these waters to established standards, norms of ecological safety of water use and sanitary norms of their use is terminated by a decision of the central executive body implementing the state policy in the sphere of sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population [6].

During the implementation of special water use to meet the drinking and household needs of the population in the order of centralized water supply enterprises, institutions and organizations in charge of drinking and household water supply, carry out the collection of water directly from water objects in accordance with approved in accordance with the established procedure of projects water intake structures, norms of water quality and permits for special water use. These enterprises, institutions and organizations are obliged to continuously monitor the water quality in water facilities, maintain a sanitary protection zone for water in a proper condition, and inform the central executive body that implements state policy in the sphere of sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population, the central body executive authority that implements state policy on state supervision (control) in the field of environmental protection, rational use, reproduction and protection natural resources, central executive authority, implementing state policy in the field of water sector development, and local councils on deviations from established standards and water quality standards. At centralized water intakes of groundwater within their fields and in adjacent areas, water users should equip a local network of observation wells [6]. When using water for drinking and household needs of the population in the order of non-centralized water supply, legal entities and individuals carry out its collection directly from surface or underground water objects in order of general and special water use. Periodic control of the quality of water used for non-centralized water supply of the population is carried out by the central executive body, which implements state policy in the sphere of sanitary and epidemiological wellbeing of the population, at the expense of water users [6].

The system of standards in the sphere of drinking water and drinking water supplies includes national standards, international and regional standards that determine the methods of research (testing) of safety and quality of drinking water. The specified national standards are developed, approved, reviewed and changed in accordance with the requirements of the Law of Ukraine "On Standardization" (2014, June 5). In particular, the hygienic requirements for the quality of drinking water of various types: water supply, packaging, filling stations (tanks, kiosks), pump rooms, wells, and also used in food establishments for the production of products, are established by the State Sanitary Norms and the Rules "Hygienic Requirements for Drinking Water, intended for human consumption" (DSANPiN 2.2.4-171-10), approved by the order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine No. 400 (2010, May 12). National Standard DSTU 7525: 2014 "Drinking Water. Requirements and methods of quality control "is valid from 2015, contains norms of quality of drinking water and sets requirements for methods of its control in centralized and non-centralized water supply [14; 13]. Safety indicators and separate indicators of drinking water quality are approved by the central executive body, which forms and ensures implementation of the state policy in the field of health, which also approves a list of reference methods for measuring the content (levels) of pollutants, residues of pesticides of drinking water [17].

In the sphere of drinking water and drinking water supply the following standards are set: norms of drinking water supply; ecological norms of quality of water sources of drinking water supply; technological norms of drinking water use; technical conditions in the field of drinking water and drinking water supply. The ecological standard of water quality in sources of drinking water supply is established taking into account the requirements of state hygienic and anti-epidemic rules and norms and hygiene norms by the central executive body, which ensures the formation of state policy in the field of environmental safety. In order to assess and ensure the rational use of water, current and future technological standards for the use of drinking water are established in accordance with the law. The technological norms of drinking water use are developed by each drinking water supply company, they agree with the oblast, Kyiv and Sevastopol city state administrations, and the executive authority of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea on environmental protection issues and approved by the local self-government bodies [17].

One of the methods for ensuring environmental safety in the water supply and sewage system is monitoring and monitoring. Control in the field of drinking water and drinking water is carried out in order to determine the conformity of drinking water quality with state standards. Control is subject to water intended to meet drinking and household needs at all stages of its production and bringing to consumers, as well as objects of centralized drinking water supply, including wastewater treatment plants, pumping stations, water supply networks, points for the pouring of drinking water (including mobile), other objects of non-centralized drinking water supply [17]. The legislator identified the following types of control in the field of water supply and wastewater: state, production and public control. According to Art. 43 of the Law of Ukraine "On Drinking Water, Drinking Water Supply and WasteWater" (2012, Jenuary 10), state control in the sphere of drinking water and drinking water is divided into three types: 1) state control of water quality in sources of drinking water supply (carried out by authorized central bodies of executive power in accordance with their powers defined by law); 2) state control over the technical state of centralized drinking water supply (carried out by the Council of Ministers of the ARC, regional, Kyiv and Sevastopol City State Administrations); state control over the safety and quality of drinking water (carried out by local self-government bodies and executive authorities in accordance with the powers established by law).

State control in the field of wastewater (provision of sanitary protection) is divided into types: 1) control compliance with the norms and rules governing the discharge of waste water into water facilities, and the implementation of protective measures to ensure the water quality of the passport of the water object (carried out by the central an executive body that implements state policy in the field of environmental safety); 2) control of the certification of sources of drinking water supply, control of water quality indicators in the control areas of the water facility in the water intake areas, taking into account the requirements of state standards, sanitary norms and rules for sources of drinking water supply and drinking water (carried out by the central executive body, implementing the state policy in the field of water management development); control of the provision of sanitary protection (carried out by legal entities and individuals whose activity affects the status of sources and objects of drinking water supply and wastewater, through the implementation of own funds means of water protection from pollution, clogging and exhaustion and ensuring the safety of production and supply of drinking water). In addition, local governments exercise control and determine the mechanism for monitoring discharge of wastewater 17]. Along with monitoring, monitoring and accounting are carried out. According to Art. 39 of the Law of Ukraine "On Drinking Water, Drinking Water Supply and WasteWater " (2012, Jenuary 10), state monitoring in the field of drinking water and drinking water supply is conducted for the purpose of collecting, processing, storing and analyzing information on the quality of drinking water, the status of objects of centralized drinking water supply, forecasting its changes, and the development of scientifically substantiated recommendations for making relevant decisions in this area is conducted by state monitoring.

Depending on the subject of the state monitoring in the field of drinking water and drinking water supply is divided into types: 1) regarding the quality status of water objects in the water intakes for centralized drinking water supply by radiological and chemical indicators (carried out by the central executive authority, which implements the state policy in the field of water management development); 2) compliance with the sanitary norms of chemical, bacteriological, radiological indicators of water objects intended for drinking water supply and drinking water supply systems (central executive authority implementing public health policy); 3) regarding the quality of drinking water after water treatment facilities according to chemical and bacteriological indicators, as well as the technical state of objects of centralized drinking water supply (central executive authority, which implements state policy in the sphere of housing and communal services); 4) on prediction of changes in the qualitative and quantitative state of surface and underground sources of centralized drinking water supply at water intake areas (central executive authority implementing state policy in the field of environmental safety). At present, there are no regulatory documents on the monitoring mechanism, indicators, indicators, etc. [17]. Such a situation essentially blocks the implementation of the Law of Ukraine "On Strategic Environmental Assessment" (2018, March 20) which regulates relations in the field of environmental impact assessment, including for public health, implementation of state planning documents and applies to state planning documents related to agriculture, forestry, fisheries, energy, industry, transport, waste management, water resources utilization, environmental protection, telecommunications, tourism, urban development or land management (schemes) and implementation of which will include the implementation of activities (or which contain activities and objects) for which the legislation provides for the implementation of an environmental impact assessment procedure or which requires assessment, taking into account the likely consequences for the territories and natural-reserve fund and ecological network, except for the creation or expansion of territories and objects of the nature reserve fund [18]. The law stipulates that any water basins, any settlements that take water from surface sources, have to undergo a strategic environmental assessment when considering master plans, projects for the modernization and rehabilitation of water supply and wastewater facilities, which should analyze security issues and environmental impact. One of the measures to implement the strategic environmental assessment is monitoring the consequences of the implementation of the state planning document for the environment, including for public health (monitoring of water supply sources).

In the presence of a system of normative and technical acts regulating environmental safety in the water supply and wastewater system, the process of bringing national environmental standards to European ones is slow and accompanied by a number of unresolved issues. The root causes of environmental problems of Ukraine at the state level are defined: the subordination of environmental priorities to economic feasibility; failure to take into account environmental consequences in legislative and regulatory acts, in particular, in decisions of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine and other bodies of executive power; the predominance of resource and energy-intensive industries in the structure of the economy with mostly negative environmental impacts, which is greatly increased due to unregulated legislation in the transition to market conditions; physical and moral depreciation of fixed assets in all branches of the national economy; Ineffective system of public administration in the field of environmental protection and regulation of the use of natural resources, in particular inconsistency of actions of central and local executive authorities and local self-government bodies, unsatisfactory state of the system of state monitoring of the natural environment; low level of understanding in society of the priorities of environmental protection and the benefits of sustainable (sustainable) development, the imperfection of the system of environmental education and education; unsatisfactory level of compliance with environmental legislation and environmental rights and obligations of citizens; unsatisfactory control over observance of environmental legislation and failure to ensure inevitability of liability for its violation; insufficient financing from the state and local budgets of environmental protection measures, financing of such measures by the residual principle [15]. Implementation of the ecosystem approach to sectoral policy and improvement of the integrated environmental management system, integration of environmental policy with other policies, mandatory consideration of the environmental component when developing and approving state planning documents and in the decision-making process on economic activities that can have a significant impact on environment, in particular environmental modernization of industrial enterprises by reducing the environmental tax rate or in the form of a fixed annual amount to compensation (refund), coupled with improved environmental performance of products is the way to the modern system of environmental policy, implemented in the countries - EU member states [15].

The practical problems of ensuring environmental safety in the water supply and wastewater system faced by water supply and wastewater companies include the following: contamination of water supply sources; a shortage of financial resources necessary for the proper operation and maintenance of water supply and wastewater systems, introduction of the latest technologies, modernization, etc.; unsatisfactory technical condition of buildings, equipment (significant depreciation of fixed assets (more than 60%), outdated technologies of water purification and wastewater treatment, imperfection of the structure of management of the industry and regulatory framework to ensure its reliable and efficient functioning. The quality of drinking water and drinking water supply directly are influenced by many factors: environmental indicators in the places of the collection of water, the status of systems for the collection, purification and preparation of drinking water, the technology and efficiency of these systems, the safety of the material of the pipes for transportation and supply of drinking water to consumers, their external and internal coverage, as well as the state of the pipes in operation, environmental indicators in the system of water distribution and in the internal water supply system. All of these factors should be taken into account when forming the state policy in the field of water supply and wastewater.

Conclusions

Environmental security in the sphere of water supply and wastewater can not be ensured without the use of integrated institutions and measures of state policy and approval of the strategy of development of the water supply and wastewater sector with short-term and long-term measures. In the same reform of the water supply and wastewater sector, bringing it in line with European standards (in terms of environmental safety and environmental protection) requires significant financial investments in the modernization and / or construction of new water supply and wastewater facilities, replacement of technologies; institutional changes in terms of clearly defining the powers of local self-government bodies in the management and regulation of water supply and wastewater facilities; improvement of the normative base in the field of water supply and wastewater.

Список використаної літератури

1. Бєлан С.В., Рибалова О.В., Козловська О.В. Визначення екологічної небезпеки водокористування басейну р. Сіверський Донець у Харківській області // Вісник ХНАДУ. 2013. вип. 60. С. 128-132.

2. Василенко С.Л. Екологічна безпека систем водопостачання міст: методологія вивчення та управління: Дис... д-ра наук: 21.06.01. Харків: Український науково-дослідний інститут екологічних проблем, 2007.

3. Василенко С.Л., Димченко О.В. Систематизація методологічних принципів економічної та екологічної безпеки водопостачання // Науково-технічний збірник «Комунальне господарство міст». 2009. №78. С. 9-17.

4. Веклич O.O. Аналіз ефективності вітчизняного економічного механізму природокористування щодо ідеї сталого розвитку // Матеріали 2-х конференцій та рекомендації до проекту Національної стратегії: «Економічні реформи України в контексті переходу до сталого розвитку». Інститут сталого розвитку. К.: Інтелсфера, 2001. С. 95.

5. Вергун О. М. Аналіз актуальних чинників погіршення якості джерел питного водопостачання в контексті екологічної безпеки України // Екологічна безпека та природокористування. 2014. Вип. 15. С. 22-30

6. Водний кодекс України від 06.06.1995 №213/95-ВР. База даних: «Законодавство України». URL: %D0%B2%D1%80

7. Гончарук В.В. Новая концепция обеспечения населения качественной питьевой водой // Химия и технология воды. 2008. Т. 30, № 3. С. 239-252.

8. Екологічне право України: підручник за ред. А. П. Гетьмана та М. В. Шульги. Х.: Право, 2009. 328 с.

9. Крисінська Д.О. До проблеми вдосконалення вітчизняної нормативно-правової бази в галузі питного водопостачання як одного з основних чинників підвищення екологічної безпеки питної води // Наукові праці Чорноморського державного університету імені Петра Могили. Серія: Техногенна безпека. 2012. Т. 203, Вип. 191. С. 56-61.

10. Ліченко І. Екологічна безпека як об'єкт адміністративно-правового забезпечення у нових соціально-політичних умовах, 2017. URL: http://ena.lp.edu.ua:8080/bitstream/ntb/43381/2/2017n86 5_Lychenko_I-Environmental_safety_as_398-404.pdf

11. Малиш H.A. Екологічна складова економічної політики в Україні. URL: http://academy.gov.ua/ej/ej9/doc pdf/Malysh NA.pdf.

12. Національна доповідь про якість питної води та стан питного водопостачання в Україні у 2017 році. Проект. База даних «Мінрегіон України». URL: http://www.minregion. gov.ua/napryamki-diyalnosti/zhkh/teplo-vodopostachannya-ta-vodovidvedennya/natsionalna-dopovid/proekt-natsionalnoyi-dopovidi-pro-yakist-pitnoyi-vodi-ta-stan-pitnogo-vodopostachannva-v-ukravini-u-2016-rotsi/

13. Національний стандарт ДСТУ 7525:2014 «Вода питна. Вимоги та методи контролювання якості». URL: http://iccwc.org.ua/docs/- dstu 7525 2014.pdf (дата звернення: 28.02.2019).

14. Про затвердження Державних санітарних норм та правил «Гігієнічні вимоги до води питної, призначеної для споживання людиною» (ДСанПіН 2.2.4-171-10): Наказ МОЗ України від 12.05.2010 № 400. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z0452-10 (дата звернення: 28.02.2019).

15. Про Основні засади (стратегію) державної екологічної політики України на період до 2030 року: Закон України від 28.02.2019 № 2697-VII1. База даних: «Законодавство України». URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2697-19

16. Про охорону навколишнього природного середовища: Закон України від 25.06.1991 № 1264-XII. База даних: «Законодавство України». URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1264-12

17. Про питну воду, питне водопостачання та во- довідведення: Закон від 10.01.2012 р. № 2918-Ш. База даних «Законодавство України». URL: http://zakon3.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2918-14 (дата звернення: 01.02.2019).

18. Про стратегічну екологічну оцінку: Закон України від 20.03.2018 № 2354-VIII. База даних «Законодавство України». URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2354-19

19. Рой І.О., Плящук Л.Д. Оцінка екологічної безпеки систем централізованого питного водопостачання в Україні // Journal of Engineering Sciences, №. 1, вип. 1. 2014. С. 7-14. URL: http://jes.sumdu.edu.ua/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/JES 2014 01 E 02 print.pdf

20. Хилько М.І. Екологічна безпека України: Навчальний посібник / М. І. Хилько. К., 2017. 267 с.

21. Хоружий В.П., Василюк А.В., Недашковсь- кий І.П. Аналіз стану поверхневих джерел в басейні річок Дніпро і Дністер та шляхи вирішення проблеми забезпечення населення доброякісною водою // Вісник Одеської державної академії будівництва та архітектури. 2018. вип.№70. С. 138-144.

22. Якушев Д.В. Сучасні тенденції державної екологічної політики в Україні в контексті концепції сталого розвитку // Державне управління та місцеве самоврядування. 2016. вип.4 (31). С. 92-97.

References

1. Belan S.V., Rybalova O.V. & Kozlovskaya O.V. (2013). Determination of the ecological danger of water use in the basin of the Seversky Donets River in the Kharkiv region. Vestnik KhNADU, 60, 128-132. [in Ukrainian].

2. Vasilenko S.L. (2007). Environmental safety of water supply systems in cities: methodology of study and management. Doctor's thesis. - Kharkiv: Ukrainian Research Institute of Environmental Problems. [in Ukrainian].

3. Vasilenko S.L. & Dimchenko O.V. (2009). Systematization of methodological principles of economic and ecological safety of water supply. Scientific and technical collection "Urban management of cities", 78, 9-17. [in Ukrainian].

4. Veklych O.O. (2001). Analysis of the effectiveness of the national economic mechanism of nature use in relation to the idea of sustainable development // Materials of 2 conferences and recommendations for the draft National Strategy: "Ukraine's Economic Reforms in the Context of the Transition to Sustainable Development" (pp.9599) - K.: Intelsfera. [in Ukrainian].

5. Vergun O.M. (2014). Analysis of the actual factors of deterioration of the quality of drinking water supply sources in the context of ecological safety of Ukraine. Ecological safety and nature management, 15, 22-30. [in Ukrainian].

6. Water Code of Ukraine. (1995, June 6). Retrieved from: http://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/213/95- %D0%B2%D1%80. [in Ukrainian].

7. Goncharuk V.V. (2008). A new concept of providing population with quality drinking water. Chemistry and water technology, 3, 239-252. [in Ukrainian].

8. Hetman A.P. & Shulga M.V. (2009). Environmental Law of Ukraine: Textbook. - X.: Law. [in Ukrainian].

9. Krysinskaya D.O. (2012). The problem of improving the domestic regulatory framework in the field of drinking water supply as one of the main factors for increasing the ecological safety of drinking water. Scientific Papers of the Black Sea State University named after Petro Mohyla. Series: Technological safety, 203, 56-61. [in Ukrainian].

10. Lychenko I. (2017). Ecological security as an object of administrative and legal provision in new socio-political conditions. Retrieved from: http://ena.lp.edu.ua:8080/bit-stream/ntb/43381/2/2017n865 Lvchenko I- Environ mental safety as 398-404.pdf [in Ukrainian].

11. Malish H.A. Environmental component of economic policy in Ukraine. Retrieved from: http://acad- emv.gov.ua/ei/ei9/doc pdf/Malvsh NA.pdf. [in Ukrainian].

12. National report on the quality of drinking water and drinking water supply in Ukraine in 2017 (2018). Retrieved from: http://www.minregion.gov.ua/naprvamki- divalnosti/zhkh/teplo-vodopostachannva-ta-vodo- vidvedennva/natsionalna-dopovid/proekt-natsionalnovi-dopovidi-pro-vakist-pitnovi-vodi-ta-stan-pitnogo-vodopostachannva-v-ukravini-u-2017-rotsi / [in Ukrainian],

13. National Standard DSTU 7525: 2014 "Drinking Water, Requirements and methods of quality control" (2014, October 23). Retrieved from: http://ic-cwc.org.ua/docs/-dstu 7525 2014.pdf [in Ukrainian].

14. Order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine On approval of the State sanitary norms and rules "Hygienic requirements for drinking water intended for human consumption" (DSANPiN 2.2.4-171-10) № 400 (2010, May 12). Retrieved from: https://za-kon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z0452-10 [in Ukrainian].

15. Law of Ukraine On the Basic Principles (Strategies) of the State Environmental Policy of Ukraine for the period up to 2030 № 2697-VIII. (2019, February 28). Retrieved from: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2697- 19 [in Ukrainian].

16. Law of Ukraine On Environmental Protection № 1264-XII. (1991, July 25). Retrieved from: https://za- kon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1264-12. [in Ukrainian].

17. Law of Ukraine On Drinking water, Water supply and Wastewater № 2918-III. (2012, January 10). Retrieved from: http://zakon3.rada. gov.ua/laws/-show/2918-[in Ukrainian].

18. Law of Ukraine On strategic environmental assessment № 2354-VIII. (2018, March 20). Retrieved from: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2354-19. [in Ukrainian].

19. Roy I.O.& Plyaschuk L.D. (2014). Assessment of ecological safety of centralized drinking water supply systems in Ukraine. Journal of Engineering Sciences, 1,714. Retrieved from: http://jes.sumdu.edu.ua/wp-con-tent/uploads/-2014/11/JES 2014 01 E 02 print.pdf. [in Ukrainian].

20. Khilko M.I. (2017). Ecological Safety of Ukraine: Textbook. - K. [in Ukrainian].

21. Khoruzhii V.P., Vasilyuk A.V. & Nedashkovsky P. (2018). Analysis of the state of surface sources in the Dnipro River basin and the Dniester River and ways of solving the problem of providing population with benign water. Bulletin of the Odessa State Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture, 70, 138-144. [in Ukrainian].

22. Yakushev D.V. (2016). Modern tendencies of the state ecological policy in Ukraine in the context of the concept of sustainable development. Public administration and local self-government, 4 (31), 92-97. [in Ukrainian].

Размещено на Allbest.ru