Climate change and health in the Russian Far East

- improving the health of the indigenous and alien population,

- the growth of the economy of the strategically important northern territories of Russia,

- development of a new type of activity in the Arctic territories - Arctic tourism,

- development of the national culture of the indigenous population.

Sustainable development and climate change

Economic Prospects

In recent years, at the government level to improve the current socio-economic situation programs are being developed to improve the quality of life, ensure security and sustainable development of Pacific Russia.

In 2013, the Russian President declared the development of Siberia and the Far East as the top priority for the country's development in the XXI century.

By order of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 24, 2020 N 2464- r, the National Program for the Socio-Economic Development of the Far East for the period until 2024 and for the future until 2035 was approved. The main goals of the program are to accelerate the development of the regional economy, improve the demographic situation, and stop the migration outflow. The program provides for improving the quality of life in the Far East to a level above the national average, including the development of human capital, human resources and the formation of a comfortable living environment, the development of the health care system, education and culture.

Sustainable development and green economy

The economy of the RFE regions is mainly of a resource-based nature. Over 30% of Russia's natural resource potential is concentrated on the territories and the sea shelf of the RFE, which, along with its geographical location, makes the region promising in terms of economic development and advancement of international relations. These factors indicate great opportunities and prospects for the successful development of the Far Eastern regions, which will inevitably increase the technogenic impact on the natural environment and lead to the exacerbation of existing and the emergence of new environmental and medical problems. Due to the vast territories and, consequently, various climatic conditions in the region, including seasonal and permanent frost, etc. natural ecosystems of the Far East are much less resistant to anthropogenic impacts, compared to the European part of Russia. Global climate change can only exacerbate existing environmental and economic imbalances in the future [1, 2].

This means that the rational, efficient use of natural resources, without which sustainable development is impossible, ought to be improved. Far Eastern regions with preserved natural resources and natural ecosystems, with their human resources, industrial, economic and scientific potential, can become a good testing ground for the implementation of a green economy. This requires sufficient economic support for environmental management both at the regional level and at the level of individual industries [3].

The successful development of the Far Eastern territories on the principles of a green economy and their implementation depend on the active position of state and regional authorities, the development of tax benefits and other preferences for a green business, and most importantly, on strict control and adoption of effective sanctions provided for by legislation.

This requires sufficient economic support for environmental management both at the regional level and at the level of certain types of industries, and strengthening environmental protection. This is one of the main factors in preventing and eliminating the risk of the occurrence and development of environmental problems, ensuring the sustainable development of industrial and natural relations. For realization of green economy principles, the following measures should be implemented:

1) targeted investment in this sector, with consideration of the existing regional and industrial problems;

2) the structure of investments in environmental protection and rational nature management should be determined by the current and predicted estimates;

3) the use of funds (from all sources) for environmental protection should be monitored by the relevant authorities and reporting should be available to both interested parties and the public;

4) it is necessary to make changes and additions to environmental legislation (significantly increase the number of fines for violation or non-compliance with environmental laws, late payment of fines; toughen penalties for environmental offenses, false environmental information, etc.);

5) when forming a package of documents for starting any production, an environmental review should be mandatory for any type of activity, and for productions of I and II hazard classes, a public environmental review must be added as well;

6) it is necessary to increase the level of medical care for the population, especially those living in extreme territories, and medical institutions should have the adequate number of medical personnel, especially narrow specialists and modern diagnostic and medical equipment;

7) annual medical examination of the population, taking into account professional, age and national characteristics;

8) to predict possible changes in indicators of public health and the development of prenosological conditions that lead to diseases, constant monitoring of the processes of adaptation and maladaptation of the population under the influence of changing environmental factors using modern express methods and hardware-instrument complexes is required [1-3].

Food and nutrition security and agriculture

The geographical location and soil and climatic conditions of the Southern part of RFE made it possible to grow a wide range of agricultural crops in this territory: soybeans, spring crops, fodder crops, corn, potatoes, rice, as well as vegetables and fruit, although for many cultures there was a northern distribution border located. The development of dairy and beef cattle breeding, pig and poultry farming is quite promising in the region, as well as horse breeding and reindeer husbandry in the northern regions. In addition, there is development of mariculture in the coastal areas of the seas of the southern Far East [17].

Climate warming could present new opportunities for agriculture, and new lands may become suitable for crops and profitable agricultural technologies. At the same time, climate warming and agricultural practices can increase water consumption, erosion and degradation of soil, agroecological risks associated with the emergence of new weeds, pests and pathogens. Agriculture will not only be altered by climate changes, but will also significantly increase its impact on the regional climate through increasing greenhouse gas emissions.

The problem of food self-sufficiency is characteristic of RFE for 1.5 centuries of its existence. During the period of industrial development of the RFE in the 1960-1985s, the crop area of agricultural land crops in the region was approaching 3 million hectares. During the crisis of 1990-2005, a significant part of the cultivated land was withdrawn from circulation and only in 2005 began to return to the agricultural sector turnover. To date, in main agricultural arable land are used in the Far Eastern Federal District area (Amur Region, Khabarovsk Territory, Primorsky Territory) of 2.5 million ha. This is about 2% of the arable land of the Russian Federation and 10% of Northeast China. That means that it is a resource of regional scale. That is important in its modern form for the Russian Federation and Northeast Asia (NEA). If it is socio-economic necessary, the natural and technological conditions of the south of the RFE allow increasing the area of arable land: a) up to 3 million hectares - through the reclamation of land that has been abandoned, b) up to 4-4.5 million hectares - through the new land melioration development. The realism of the option, which is based on the “new” development, is largely determined by the trends of climate change.

Agricultural land area used in RFE does not allow achieving food self-sufficiency in the region (except for potatoes, soybeans, some vegetables). The latter is maintained at an acceptable social level, mainly due to the import of products from other Russian regions (Siberia), adjacent provinces of China and other suppliers. In the strategic planning of actions to strengthen the RFE food base, along with other factors, it is necessary to take into account the options (trends) of climate change in the NEA region, namely:

- the impact of climate change will differ depending on geographic location,

- in the RFE, the agroecological significance of climatic changes will be maximum in the forest area (Prikhankaiskaya lowland, south of the Zeya-Bureya plain), where in spring and early summer aridization is likely to increase,

- in Northeast Asia, the agroecological significance of climate change will be maximum in the western part of Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces in the steppe zone, where aridization is likely to increase,

- in the structure of changes, the most agroecologically significant may be the instability of climatic parameters, rather than general trends.

The most reliable sources to date reveal that climate change will increase production risk as measured by yield variability of the main crops in Russia. In south of the Far East the evidence varies with some crops showing increased production risk and others showing reduced risk. There are strong links between risk management policies adaptation and government responses to protect farmers from climate change risks will affect their strategies. For example, support for insurance schemes and for ex post payments may reduce the incentive to diversify farm production away from more climate sensitive crops and farm practices. In this sense, these government-supported instruments can potentially crowd out appropriate adaptation strategies by farmers.

Predicted scenarios of agricultural development in a changing climate are necessary to provide strategies and decision-making tools to improve agriculture, food security and, at the same time, reduce the negative impact of agriculture on the environment [11, 17].

Conclusions and Recommendations

Natural and socio-economic potential of the Far East is significant and can be converted not only into the acceleration of its own development, but also the sustainable economic growth of the Russian Federation as a whole.

The prospects for the development of the Far Eastern region outlined by the Government of the Russian Federation will inevitably increase the technogenic impact on the natural environment, which in the context of global climate change will lead to an aggravation of existing problems in environmental management and health care, and the emergence of new environmental challenges.

To control the situation, it is necessary to form a regional system of medical-geographical monitoring - tracking the state of health of various population groups and the state of climate and the environment in various systems of division (zoning) of the territory. It is important to identify in advance various forms of the impact of climate change on public health.

To develop an effective management system for the medico-geographical situation, it is necessary on the basis of scientific research to develop a model of the medical-geographical effect of various variants of climate change on the health of various population groups living in different regions of Eurasia. The formation of appropriate spatial databases is essential.

The application of the scientific and experimental base should be aimed at development of measures related to improving the quality of life of the population, as well as improving methods for predicting and preventing disaster emergencies of a natural and man-made nature in a changing climate:

1. The formation of evidence-based activities aimed at improving the quality of life of the population of the Far East, which will reduce the impact of global changes:

1.1 Development of measures to ensure the availability of comfortable housing, high-quality and safe goods and services, improving the quality of housing and public utilities.

1.2 Diversification of agricultural production, aimed at sustainable development of the industry for providing the population with high-quality food.

1.3 A comprehensive medical and geographical assessment of the state of health and development of recommendations for reducing the incidence of the population, creating conditions for a healthy lifestyle, stimulating fertility and reducing mortality, development of personalized and environmental medicine.

1.4 Development of effective measures to maintain environmental quality (pollution reduction, resource conservation, environmentally friendly energy sources, etc.).

1.5 Development of measures to ensure the preservation and development of the cultural and spiritual heritage of indigenous peoples, balancing the interests of indigenous people and labor migrants taking into account their ethnic, linguistic, cultural and religious differences, developing the education system as a factor in the socio-cultural adaptation of the population of the north-eastern territories of the Russian Federation.

2 Development of measures aimed at improving methods for predicting and preventing disaster emergencies of a natural and man-made nature in a changing climate:

2.1 Assessment of the current state of the environment and the risks of natural and man-made disasters.

2.2 Improving the methods for predicting and preventing natural and man-made emergencies resulting from natural processes (changing permafrost boundaries, seismotectonic and volcanic activity, tsunamis, etc.) and economic activity.

2.3 Improving the safety of vehicle operation and the safety of the transport of passengers and goods, ensuring transport accessibility of medical care.

2.4 Assessment and forecasting of biological safety in the RFE, implementation of breakthrough directions in the fight against respiratory and infectious diseases.

2.5 Studies of the dynamics of living systems, development of measures to improve the system of state environmental monitoring.

2.6 Development of new types of technologies in the field of environmental management, eliminating the possibility of destruction and degradation of the natural environment, including from destructive fires.

2.7 Development of measures for the rehabilitation of territories and water areas affected by natural disasters and man-caused environmental impacts.

Bibliography

1. Baklanov P.Ya. The Far Eastern region of Russia: Problems and preconditions of sustainable development. Vladivostok: Dalnauka. 2001. P. 1-144. (In Russian).

2. Baklanov P.Ya., Moshkov A.V., Romanov M.T. Pacific Russia: Main Factors and Directions of Long-Term Development // Problems of Geography. 2016. Vol. 141. P. 595-618. (In Russian).

3. Baklanov P.Ya., Romanov M.T., Moshkov A.V., Stepanko N.G., Lozovskaya S.A., Tkachenko G.G., Kornienko O.S., Churzina A.A., Pogorelov A.R. On National Security and the Social - Economic, Ecological Position in the Far Eastern Region // Journal of Advance Research in Dynamical & Control Systems. 2018. Vol. 10, 02 - Special Issue. P 1187-1195. (In Russian).

4. Bartalev S.A., Stytsenko F.V., Egorov V.A. et al. Satellite-based assessment of Russian forests fire mortality // Lesovedenie. 2015. N 2. P. 83-94. (In Russian).

5. Bogatov V.V., Besprozvannykh V.V., Prozorova L.A. Harmful Parasitoses on the Russian Southern Far East under Climatic and Demographic Changes // Doklady Biological Sciences. 2019. Vol. 487. P. 108-111.

6. Bogatov V.V., Fedorovskiy A.S. Freshwater ecosystems of the southern region of the Russian far east are undergoing extreme environmental change // Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems. 2016. Vol. 417, (34), P 1-10.

7. Bogatov VV., Fedorovskiy A.S. Basics of River Hydrology and Hydrobiology. Vladivostok: Dalnauka. 2017. P. 1-384. (In Russian).

8. Bogatov VV, Prozorova L.A., Chernova E.N., Lysenko E.V., Ngo Q., Tran T., Hoang S. Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Soft Tissues of Bivalve Mollusks from Natural Lakes in Eastern Sikhote Alin (Russia) and the Mekong Delta (Vietnam) // Doklady Earth Sciences. 2019. Vol. 484. Pt 1. P. 76-78.

9. Bogatov V, Sirotsky S., Yuriev D. The ecosystem of the Amur River. In: Ecosystems of the world. Vol. 22. River and stream ecosystems / ed. by C.E. Cushing, K.W. Cummins, G.W. Minshall // Amsterdam-Lausanne-New York- Oxford-Shannon-Tokyo: Elsevier. 1995. P. 601-613.

10. Bolotin E.I., Fedorova S.Yu. Spatial-temporal organization of the infectious morbidity of the population of the south of the Russian Far East. Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2008. P. 1-223. (In Russian).

11. Chaika A.K., Klykov A.G. Priority directions in the development of agro-industrial complex in the Far East of Russia // Vestnik of the Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2016. N 2 (186). P. 24-30. (In Russian).

12. Dudarev A.A., Gorbanev S.A., Fridman K.B. Partnership of the Northwest Public Health Research Center in the international projects in the field of Arctic environmental health // Gigiena i Sanitaria (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal). 2017. N 96 (7). P. 601-606. (In Russian).

13. Egorova A.I., Davydova V.Ya. Analysis of the mental state of specialists working in the Arctic // Russian Journal of Education and Psychology. 2018. Vol. 9, N 10. P. 20-36. (In Russian).

14. Forestry complex of the Russian Far East: an analytical review / ed. A.S. Sheingauz // Vladivostok; Khabarovsk: FEB RAS, 2005. P. 1-160. (In Russian).

15. Izerina E.V., Lozovskaya S.A. Morbidism in pollinosis of the population of Vladivostok // Geosystems of North-East Asia: the peculiarities of their spatialtemporal structures, zoning of land and waters. Collection of Scientific Articles // Vladivostok: PGI FEB RAS, 2019. P. 386-388. (In Russian).

16. Kharuk V.I., Ponomarev E.I. Fires and burns of the Siberian taiga // Science First Hand. 2020. N 2 (87). P. 56-71. (In Russian).

17. Klykov A.G., Kim I.V., Potenko T.A. Food security and the role of agricultural science in sustainable agricultural development in the Far East // Vestnik of the Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2018. N 3 (199). P. 5-11. (In Russian).

18. Kosolapov A.B., Lozovskaya S.A., Izergina E.V., Tsitsiashvili G.Sh., Veremchuk L.V., Vitkina T.I., Minee- va E.E., Sidletskaya K.A., Golohvast K.S. Methodological approaches to assessing the health of the population of the regions of the Russian Far East // Health. Medical Ecology. 2019. Nauka. N 3 (79). P. 14-22.

19. Legendre M., Bartoli J., Shmakova L., Jeudy S. et al. Thirty-thousand year old distant relative of giant icosahe- dral DNA viruses with a pandoravirus morphology // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2014. Vol. 111 (11). P. 4274-4279.

20. Lozovskaya S.A., Kosolapov A.B., Pogorelov A.R. The Health of the Population of the Regions of the Eastern Arctic of Russia. // Scientific Research of the SCO Countries: Synergy and Integration. Beijing. 2019. P. 70-77. (In Russian).

21. Lozovskaya S.A., Tsitsiashvili G.Sh., Stepanko N.G., Bolotin E.I., Izergina E.V., Pogorelov A.R. Factor temporary forecast of socially significant morbidity in Primorsky Krai // Regional Problems. 2018. Vol. 21, N 3 (1). 2008. P. 17-21.

22. Lozovskaya S.A., Pogorelov A.R., Tsitsiashvili G.Sh., Radchenkova T.V., Izergina E.V., Veremchuk, L.V., Mineeva E.E., Vitkina T.I. , Gvozdenko T.A., Sidletskaya K.A., Golokhvast K.S. Regional special features of the formation of respiratory diseases in the conditions of the south of the Russian Far East (Primorsky Territory) // Health. Medical Ecology. Nauka. 2018. N 3. P. 77-84. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1488042. (In Russian).

23. Noskov A.K., Vishnyakov V.A., Chesnokova M.V. Current issues of anti-epidemic readiness of a Russian Federation region for emergency situations associated with infectious diseases dangerous for humans. Report 1. Concepts, terms, definitions // Irkutsk Antiplague Research Institute of Siberia and Far East. Bulletin VSNTS SB RAMS. 2013. N 2 (90), pt 2. P. 202-205. (In Russian).

24. Report on Climate Features on the Territory of the Russian Federation in 2019 // Moscow: Roshydromet. 2020. P. 1-97. (In Russian).

25. Semiletov I.P., Shakhova N.E., SergienkoVI., Lobkovsky L.I. et al. Permafrost degradation and imbalance in the carbon cycle in the seas of the Eastern Arctic (Greenhouse gas flows, extreme ascidification, georiski) // Comprehensive Research of the Natural Environment of the Arctic and Antarctic. Abstracts of the international scientific conference. St. Petersburg: Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute. 2020. P. 81-84.

26. Shakhova N., Semiletov I., Salyuk A., Yusupov V., Kosmach D., Gustafsson O. Extensive methane venting to the atmosphere from sediments of the East Siberian Arctic Shelf // Science. 2010. Vol. 327, N 5970. P. 1246-1250.

27. Solonin Yu.G., Bojko E.R. Medical and Physiological Problems of the Arctic // Syktyvkar: Institute of Physiology, Komi Scientific Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2017. P. 3-40. (In Russian).

28. Stepanko N.A., Lozovskaya S.A. Ecological aspect of the tourism development in the Chukotka Autonomous Region // Arctic: History and Modernity: Works of the Annual International Scientific Conference. St. Petersburg: Politich-Press. 2019. P. 181-193. (In Russian).

29. Stepanko N.G., Stepanko A.A., Tkachenko G.G. Possible environmental consequences of the economic development of the Northern territories of the Russian Far East // Arctic: ecology and economy. 2017. N 4 (29). P. 26-36.

Размещено на allbest.ru