Atmospheric protection as a composition of environmental safety of the region

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Atmospheric protection as a composition of environmental safety of the region

Masikevych А. Yu.,

PhD, associate professor department of hygiene and ecology, Bucovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine

Heretsun Н. M.,

Lecture, department of ecology and law of Chernivtsi faculty, National Technical University “Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute ”, Chernivtsi

With sufficient scrutiny features of environmental hazards role as a factor of precipitation formation of environmental hazards in urban areas studied enough. It is shown that the leaching of pollutants from the atmosphere leads to a technologically-transformed sediments, which themselves are beginning to act as a factor of environmental hazards. It was found that precipitation as the object of evaluation of environmental hazard have a number of specific features. Methods used regression analysis to establish the relationships between the components of precipitation and air pollution concentrations. It is shown that the proposed methodological approaches will enable to qualitatively and quantitatively assess the environmental hazards that may result from the effects of rainfall.

Key words: environmental hazards, precipitation, chemical composition, acidity, ecological safety.

Formulation of the problem. In Ukraine, environmental safety issues are increasingly being addressed. Determines the understanding that socioeconomic development of society is in direct interaction with the quality of the environment. In order to ensure the stable development of the state, it is necessary to identify the regional countries that carry out the ecological status of the components that have emerged in the most important condition with the accession of resources to the implementation of environmental measures. Obtaining reliable environmental information on the dynamic change of ecosystem components of importance in the process of forecasting and supplementing the prevention of the development of environmentally hazardous situations [8].

Atmospheric precipitation has certain features that allow them to be used as an indicator of the ecological state of atmospheric air [1, 4]. At the same time, the amount of pollutants that comes with atmospheric precipitation on the water surface, soil and surface of plants is a source of environmental hazard. Such an integrated interaction with the environmental components makes them a rather universal indicator that characterizes the environmental safety of the region.

Analysis of recent research and publications.

Problems of the study of atmospheric precipitation in the scientific literature are given considerable attention in many countries of the world. These studies can be combined into the following areas: - studies related to changes in rainfall patterns and their impact on water resources and agriculture [6] ; - analysis of conditions for the formation of the chemical composition of precipitation in different regions of the world [1, 3]; - estimation of processes of precipitation transformation in urbanized territories [2, 3]; - research on the influence of acid rain on some ecosystems [3, 5].

Rainwater can accumulate impurities in one of two ways: by "washing in the cloud," or by processes below the clouds, which are called "washes out precipitation." When "washes out sediments" there is accumulation of impurities in rainwater, which contaminated the surface layer of the atmosphere [5]. Studies [3, 7] show that the chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation in cities is largely determined by the dynamics of air flows and the amount of pollutant emissions. Moreover, the analysis of data presented in [1, 3] shows that atmospheric precipitation is a reliable indicator of air pollution in human settlements.

However, with such a large number of scientific studies, the analysis of atmospheric precipitation in terms of environmental safety is not high enough. Also, with sufficient knowledge of the peculiarities of manifestations of ecological danger, the existence of a scientifically sound approach to solving the ecological hazard of pollutants formed by sources of pollutants, the role of atmospheric precipitation as a factor in the formation of ecological danger of urbanized territories is not sufficiently studied.

The purpose of this work was to conduct an analysis of atmospheric precipitation, based on the principles of environmental safety.

The methodological basis of theoretical studies of this work is a systematic analysis of the factors and conditions for the formation of environmental hazards and the search for methods of environmental safety management. In the course of the work, a comprehensive research method is used, which is based on the logical generalization and systematization of the information base. Methods of regression analysis were used to establish relationships between components of atmospheric precipitation and concentrations of atmospheric air pollution.

Presentation of the main material. The assessment of atmospheric precipitation is the most objective method for assessing the state of atmospheric air. This way of controlling the atmosphere through the estimation of atmospheric precipitation is more simple and convenient compared with the traditional one. Pollution of atmospheric precipitation is derived from air pollution, so it is possible to use it as a sensitive indicator of pollution of the atmosphere. The level of atmospheric pollution contributes to the determination of soil pollution as a result of precipitation of pollutants from the atmosphere [1, 5, 8].

Among the components of pollutant emissions, the most influence on the formation of the environmental hazard of atmospheric precipitation have acidforming compounds, which, when interacting with atmospheric water, turn into acids and contribute to lowering the pH of precipitation. In fig. 1 presents the contribution of stationary and mobile sources to the emissions of acid-forming compounds (sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide oxides). Analysis of data in fig. 1 shows that due to emissions of mobile sources, the main amount of emissions of acidforming compounds is formed. Thus, the contribution of mobile sources to the emission of sulfur dioxide is 60,4%, nitrogen oxides - 93%, carbon monoxide - 97,4% and carbon dioxide - 58,3%.

Figure 1 - Distribution of emissions of acid-based compounds by stationary and mobile sources ofpollution (%)

Most of all dust emissions from vehicles fall onto the ground: gases are predominantly in the form of precipitation, and dust under the influence of gravity.

Depending on the number, duration of exposure, type of pollutant, and soil properties, this leads to various negative consequences.

Table 1 presents the results of a regression analysis of the dependence of the pH level of atmospheric precipitation on the concentration of acid-forming compounds in the air.

Table 1

Functional dependence of the ph of precipitation from the concentration of acid-forming compounds in the air

As the study showed, the best dependence of pH on the concentrations of acid-containing pollutants is described by the second-order equation. The lowest correlation coefficient was fixed for the dependence of pH-SO2, and the highest for the sum of nitrogen oxides. This may be due to the fact that the concentration of nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere is ten times higher than sulfur dioxide.

To effectively predict possible environmental threats and make managerial decisions to improve the state of the environment, it is necessary to carry out a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the level of danger. Taking into account the peculiarities of atmospheric precipitation and the results of the conduct-

ed researches, it is offered to conduct qualitative and quantitative estimation according to the following parameters:

to estimate the possible manifestations of hazards caused by atmospheric precipitation using the value of pH;

for the quantitative estimation of the risk of the influence of atmospheric precipitation on a certain territory, use the sum of modules of inflow of chemical components of precipitation.

Formation of the value of the pH index of atmospheric precipitation occurs due to the influence of a number of natural and anthropogenic factors, and therefore its size characterizes the complex influence of many factors. By changing the pH, it is easy to trace the change in the concentration of hydrogen ions without performing complex calculations. pH of rainwater is considered to be the most important parameter for predicting the nature of human activity.

Figure 2 - Long-term trend of annual average values of atmospheric precipitation pH in Chernivtsi

The qualitative analysis of data in fig. 2 shows a tendency for a stable acidification of atmospheric precipitation in the city of Chernivtsi. Several periods can be detected. The first period falls on 1989 - 1992. The average annual pH value in this period was 7,11, the maximum pH value was in April 1990 and was 9,2, and the minimum pH value of 6,0 was recorded in February 1990. The second period refers to 1993 - 1996. The average annual pH value in this period was 6,72, the maximum value of pH was noted in January 1994 and was 8,0, while the minimum pH value, which was 5,4, was recorded in October 1994. III-nd period from 1997 to 2001 year. The average annual pH value in this period was 6,87, the maximum pH value was in March 2001 and amounted to 8,0, while the minimum pH value of 5,7 was recorded in July 2001. IV-th period from 2002 to 2008 year.

The average annual pH value in this period was 6,5, the maximum pH value was in January 2003 and was 8,0 and the minimum pH value of 5,05 was recorded in May 2004. Despite some fluctuations in pH average rates acid precipitation is 0,026 units of pH per year.

Formation of the index of acidity of atmospheric precipitation occurs due to the influence of a number of natural and anthropogenic factors. However, it is the intensification of human activity that leads to a significant transformation of the component composition of precipitation and often becomes a determining factor in changing their acidity. Particularly noticeable such changes are in urban areas, which are characterized by high levels of pollution of atmospheric air. Table 2 shows the characteristics of the most significant natural and anthropogenic factors of influence on the pH of atmospheric precipitation.

Table 2

Characteristics of the main natural and anthropogenic factors of influence on the pH of atmospheric pre- cipitation ^

As shown in Table 2, among the most important natural factors influencing changes in the acidity of atmospheric precipitation are the landscape features of the territory and meteorological conditions. The influence of the latter involves the dispersion, washing and transformation of harmful substances in the atmosphere. The characteristics of the wind regime belong to the meteorological factors, which most influence the concentration of impurities in the surface layer of the atmosphere and, as a consequence, the acidity of atmospheric precipitation.

Topographic conditions of the area also play an important role in shaping the level of pollution. Increased areas, if this is not hindered by their construction, are well blown, due to which the concentration of impurities in the air is significantly reduced.

Among the anthropogenic factors that aggravate the ecological situation and can lead to the gradual acidification of atmospheric precipitation, the greatest negative impact are emissions from industrial and transport facilities. Moreover, depending on the economic orientation of the region, the share of contribution to the overall pollution of the atmosphere of these factors may vary significantly. Thus, industrialized regions are dominated by emissions from industrial enterprises, and in areas with agricultural direction transport emissions become priority pollutants.

Commercial zones serve as a mechanical barrier to the influence of polluted air streams and contribute to the formation of man-made anomalies, the contrast of which depends on the height of the buildings. The determining factor for urban areas is the ability of green plants to clean air from dust and aerosols. In parks such cleaning is provided by 85%, on streets with two-sided landscaping - by 70%. Therefore, the formation of park-recreational zones contributes to the reduction of air pollution and the formation of a more natural composition of atmospheric precipitation.

For the quantitative assessment of the environmental risks of atmospheric precipitation, it is necessary to select the "reference" value of the pH indicator, which will characterize the safe level of environmental risk. A deviation from this value in one direction or another will indicate an increase in the degree of environmental risk. The "standard" value of the pH indicator, in our opinion, should be 5.6, since this value is typical of unpolluted rainwater.

The range of pH values for the distribution of precipitation according to the degree of environmental risk should be determined by analyzing the safety of fresh natural waters with different values of acidity, as rainwater is part of the fresh water supply on Earth.

For a more complete analysis of the influence of atmospheric precipitation components on the environment, mid-season and annual modules of precipitation of chemicals with precipitation in the city of Chernivtsi were calculated (Table 3).

Table 3

Modules of inflow of chemical compounds with atmospheric precipitation into the city of Chernivtsi

In the autumn most of the city's territory comes sulfates, chlorides, hydrocarbons, ammonium compounds, sodium, potassium, magnesium. In the spring period the maximum amount of nitrates, chlorides and calcium compounds is received.

Conclusions and suggestions. Atmospheric precipitation can serve as an indicator of the ecological safety of the region. The criterion for assessing environmental safety in relation to atmospheric precipitation can be the value of the pH indicator. The mathematical dependence of pH between the pH of sediments and the concentration of acid-forming compounds in the air, which has the form of polynomial function, is established.

The described mathematical dependencies and methodological approaches can be used in forming programs of observations on ecological safety of a certain region.

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