Investigation of the possibility of probiotic use for remediation of contaminated soil of solid domestic waste landfills

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Investigation of the possibility of probiotic use for remediation of contaminated soil of solid domestic waste landfills

Pysarenko P.V., Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Ecology; Samoilik M.S., Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor, Professor at the Department of Ecology; Taranenko A.O., Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Senior Lecturer, Senior Lecturer at the Department of Ecology; Tsova Yu.A., Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Senior Lecturer at the Department of Ecology; Sereda M.S., PhD student at the Department of Ecology, Sustainable Use of Nature and Environmental Protection, Poltava State Agrarian University

The imperfection of modern methods and measures to minimize the impact of solid domestic waste dumps on the environment necessitated the solution of a scientific and practical problem: studying the peculiarities of toxic effects of the leachate from solid domestic waste dumps and developing methods to restore the contaminated lands around solid domestic waste dumps in order to return them to the economic turnover. The conducted research is a comprehensive analysis of the impact of solid domestic waste dumps on the germination, growth and root system of planted out Avenc saliva seeds. The prospects of using the probiotic preparations Sviteco - Agrobiotic-01 (1:100 dilution) for the remediation of the contaminated lands of domestic waste dumps are studied.

The results showed that seed germination of Avena sativa in the contaminated soil was 17% lower than in the clean soil (control). On day 7, the average root length of Avena sativa in the variants with contaminated soil was found to be 44% shorter cmd the average length of the aerial part of the plant was 22% shorter compared to the control. The root system weight of Avena sativa plants in the soilfrom the waste dump was 55% lower compared to the control, and the weight of the aerial part of the plant was 42% lower. It was found that when the probiotic Sviteco - Agrobiotic-01 (1:100 dilution) was added to the contaminated soil, the germination of Avena scьvc seeds was 5.2% higher compared to the variant without adding the probiotic. The use of the probiotic improved the biometric indicators of Avena sativa: the weight of the root system and the aerial part of the plant increased by 16.5% and 14% compared to the contaminated soil without cleanup.

The results confirmed that after using Sviteco - Agrobiotic-01 (1: 100 dilution) the soil had medium toxicity in terms of root weight and deficient (weak) toxicity in terms of root length of Avena sativa. The use of Sviteco - Agrobiotic-01 in combination with Cc (OH)2 at pH = 10 makes it possible to reduce significantly the toxic effects on biotc and increase the efficiency oftechnogenicclly contaminated soil cleanup. Thus, the use of the probiotic improves the efficiency of the system of technogenicclly contaminated soil cleanup as a result of municipal solid waste disposal. The conducted research is the basis for the development of the technology of biological treatment of leachate at solid domestic waste dumps and landfills, which will contribute to solving priority problems.

Key words: leachate, domestic waste dump, probiotic, contaminated soil, Avenc sctivc, phytotoxic effects.

Писаренко П.В., Самойлик М.С., Тараненко А.О., Цьова Ю.А., Середа М.С.

Недосконалість сучасних методів та заходів із мінімізації впливу звалищ твердих побутових відходів на довкілля зумовили необхідність розв'язання такого науково-практичного завдання: вивчення особливостей токсичного впливу фільтрату від звалищ побутових відходів і розроблення методів відновлення забруднених земель у районі розташування звалищ твердих побутових відходів із метою повернення їх у господарський обіг. Проведене дослідження є комплексним аналізом впливу звалища твердих побутових відходів на схожість, ріст і кореневу систему висадженого насіння Avena sativa. Досліджено перспективи використання пробіотичних препаратів Sviteco - Agrobiotic-01» (розчинення 1:100) задля відновлення забруднених земель звалищ побутових відходів.

Результати дослідження показали, що схожість насіння Avena sativa у забрудненому ґрунті була на 17% меншою порівняно з чистим ґрунтом (контролем). На сьому добу встановлено, що середня довжина коренів Avena sativa у варіантах із забрудненим ґрунтом була меншою на 44%, а середня довжина наземної частини рослини - на 22% порівняно із контролем. Маса кореневої системи рослин Avena sativa у ґрунті зі звалища відходів була меншою на 55% порівняно із контролем, а маса надземної частини рослини - на 42%. Встановлено, що за внесення пробіотику Sviteco - Agrobiotic-01 (розчинення 1:100) у забруднений ґрунт схожість насіння Avena sativa була на 5,2% вищою порівняно з варіантом без додавання пробіотику.

Використання пробіотику покращило біометричні показники Avena sativa: маса кореневої системи та наземної частини рослин збільшилися відповідно на 16,5 % і 14% порівняно із забрудненим ґрунтом без очищення. Результати дослідження підтвердили, що після використання Sviteco - Agrobiotic-01» (розчинення 1:100) ґрунт характеризувався середньою токсичністю за показником маси коренів і відсутністю або слабкою токсичністю - за показником довжини коренів Avena sativa. Використання пробіотику Sviteco - Agrobiotic-01 у комплексі з Ca (OH)2 за рН=10 дозволяє значно знизити токсичний вплив на біоту і підвищити ефективність очищення техногенно забруднених ґрунтів. Отже, використання пробіотику дозволить підвищити ефективність системи очищення техногенно забрудненого ґрунту внаслідок розміщення звалищ твердих побутових відходів. Проведені дослідження є основою для розроблення технології біологічного очищення фільтрату на звалищах і полігонах твердих побутових відходів, що сприятиме вирішенню першочергових екологічних проблем.

Ключові слова: фільтрат, звалище побутових відходів, пробіотик, забруднений ґрунт, Avena sativa, фітотоксичний вплив.

Problem statement

Anthropogenic pollution of the environment results in the degradation of ecological systems, global climatic and geochemical changes as well as regional and local ecological crises and disasters. Lithosphere is mostly damaged due to human activity. Surface solid waste storage pits, in particular sewage waters of domestic solid waste (MSW) landfill, cause damage to flora and fauna, health of the population and affect dynamic balance of the biosphere as a result of non-compliance with rules of their storage and burial. Particular danger to the environment exists due to heavy metal pollution, from filtrates removed from landfills and precipitation which contact with landfill substrates. The accumulation of toxic substances leads to gradual change of the chemical composition of soils, violation of integrity of geochemical environment and living organisms. Any pollution of a lithosphere with solid wastes can entail the pollution of surface, underground water and the atmosphere. Despite this fact, the most widespread method of waste handling in many countries of the world, including Ukraine, is their burial. Valuable agricultural resources are used as waste sites [1].

Analysis of current research

Works of researchers are devoted to the improvement of solid waste handling: Amos R. [2], Yunjiang Y. [3], Wierzbicki A. [4], Gerding J. [5], Vagin V. [6], Burkinsky B. [7], Singh C. [8] and others. But the issue of reducing the area of contaminated lands, which formation is caused by waste disposal places, as well as their restoration and return to economic turnover are insufficiently studied and remain relevant for scientific community. Methods of biological land restoration, in particular probiotic, are also becoming especially relevant [9, 10]. In the presence of a wide range of methods of reclamation of technogenic contaminated lands by domestic waste dump, the use of probiotics for the reduction of pollution is insufficiently studied. Widespread use of probiotic is hampered by insufficient study of this area: there is no scientific and scientific-practical base, comparative studies of different probiotics, methods of calculating the required doses, profits to obtain a given cleansing effect and more.

The purpose of the research is to study the toxic impact of leachate from domestic waste landfill on the stability of Avena sativa and to develop recommendations on the improvement of leachate treatment around landfill.

Main material of research

The article evaluates the phytotoxicity of contaminated soil before and after cleaning with probiotics. Method of seedlings based on the reaction of the test culture when applying to the soil different pollutants. It allows you to detect the toxic or stimulating effects of those or other substances [11]. Cleaning of contaminated soils is carried out by biological methods, use probiotic Svite- ko-Agrobiotic-01 (1:100 dilution).

At the first stage Avena sativa was seeded in separate containers with different samples of soil (100 pieces each). Four pilot sites with quadruple repetition are identified (Table 1). The soil was collected via standard techniques from the territory of the MSW landfill, located 750 m southeast from Makukhovka village (Poltava district, Poltava region, Ukraine). The area of a landfill is 17.4 hectares. Filling is 105 %. The place of waste disposal is disordered, its opportunities to accept and neutralize waste are fully utilized. The filtrate is accumulated from the north side of the MSW landfill. The potential volume of the filtrate is 51975.2 m³/year [12]. Determination of phytotoxicity of a filtrate was made by Gritsaenko G. method [13]. The experiment was carried out during 14 days, then the following was defined: quantity of germinated seeds; length of ground parts of plants; length of roots (after drying) and their weight (weighing in Petri dish). Chemical analysis of the filtrate and soil was performed in a certified laboratory of agroecological monitoring of Poltava State Agrarian Academy according to generally accepted methods (ДСТУ 17.4.4.02:2019; ДСТУ 4770.9:2007; ДСТУ 4770.3:2007; ДСТУ 4770.5:2007; ДСТУ 4770.1:2007; ДСТУ 7965:2015; ДСТУ 4770.6:2007; ДСТУ 4770.2:2007; ДСТУ 7965:2015; МВВ 31-497058-009-2002).

At the second stage we studied the phytotoxic influence of a dump filtrate after its cleaning with Ca(OH)₂ (lime hydrate) and Sviteco - Agrobiotic-01 (1:100 dilution) for Avena sativa growth and root system. Avena sativa was seeded 100 pieces in separate containers with soil from the MSW landfill (eight pilot sites with quadruple repetition, Table 1).

Table 1 Modification of the experiment

The experiments were conducted within a month then the following was defined: quantity of germinated seeds; length of ground parts of plants; length of roots (after drying) and their weight (weighing in Petri dish). Repeatability of experiments - four times, single trial establishment. To check the reliability of the difference, the Student's coefficient was defined after testing for normality of distribution between statistical characteristics of two alternative data sets [14].

The phytotoxic influence of soil on Avena sativa growth and root system was defined as

where M_o - weight or growth indicators of plants with a control sample of soil; M_k - weight or growth indicators of plants in the studied soil.

The results of quantitative chemical analysis of the filtrate showed the excess of maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) in general indexes (color, smell, total alkalinity, total hardness), petroleum products, hydrogen sulfide and heavy metals. The total hardness of filtrate was 1.13 MPC. The content of petroleum products in filtrate exceed the MPC by 10 times. The content of such heavy metals as Pb, Co, Mn, Cu, Zn significantly exceeds the established norms. (Table 2).

Table 2 Results of quantitative chemical analysis of the filtrate from solid domestic waste landfill (Makukhovka village, Poltava region)

The results of quantitative chemical analysis of the soil from solid domestic waste landfill showed content of heavy metals and petroleum products, which significantly exceeds the established norms of the Order of the Ministry of Health of 14.07.2020 № 1595 “On approval of the Hygienic regulations of the permissible content of chemicals in the soil”. Content of petroleum products was 1.15 MPC, content of Pb, Cu, Co significantly exceeds the established norms (Table 3).

Table 3. Results of quantitative chemical analysis of the soil from solid domestic waste landfill (Makukhovka village, Poltava region)

* - * according to the Order of the Ministry of Health from 14.07.2020 N° 1595 About the statement of Hygienic regulations of admissible maintenance of chemicals in soil ** background value.

So, resuarch results showed considerable contamination of filtrat from solid domestic waste landfill and as result considerable contamination of soil in plases around solid domestic waste landfill. Therefore there is a need of phytotoxic assessment of contaminated lands around the landfill at a distance of 500 m and 1000 m, which are used and / or can be used in agriculture.

The study represents a complex analysis of the influence of the MSW landfill on growth and root system of probiotic Sviteko-Agrobiotic-01 (1:100 dilution) at the first stage, and addition of prebiotic and Ca(OH)₂ at various pH values at the second stage.

The results of the first stage allowed defining the following. On the seventh day of experiment germinated seeds in site 1a (control) was 95%, in site 1b (clean soil and watering with prebiotics) - 97%, in site 1c (contaminated soil and watering without prebiotic) - 69%, in site 1d (contaminated soil and watering with prebiotics) - 85%.

Table 4 Influence of contaminated soil from waste disposal sites on biometric indicators of Avena sati'va

The received results allowed concluding that the germinated seeds in the soil collected around the MSW landfill are 17% lower in comparison with the control, ground parts of plants are 22% less, the average length of roots is 44% less. The weight of ground part and weight of a root system of plants in the soil from the dump is 55% and 42% less respectively. Probiotic use in control (reference) and in variant with polluted soil gave the following results:

- germinated seeds in the clear soil sample were by 1.5% better with probiotic, in contaminated soil from the landfill - by 5.2% respectively;

- the length of ground part in clear soil with addition of probiotic was by 9.4% more, in contaminated soil from the landfill - by 11.6% respectively;

- the average length of roots in clear soil with probiotic was by 11.7% more, in contaminated soil from the landfill - by 40.2% respectively;

- the weight of ground part and weight of a root system of plants in clear soil with probiotic was by 5.6% and 11.5% higher, in contaminated soil from the landfill - by 14% and 16.5% respectively.

The phytotoxicity of soil by length and weight of land and root parts of a plant was calculated (Figure 1).

The second stage included the study of the phytotoxic influence of a filtrate from the MSW landfill after its cleaning with Ca(OH)₂ and probiotic Sviteko-Agrobiotic-01 (1:100 dilution) on germination, growth and the root system of Avena sativa (Table 5).

It is proved that the addition of Ca(OH)₂ and probiotic Sviteko-Agrobiotic-01 (1:100 dilution) at pH 10 gives the maximum filtrate cleaning. In variants with probiotic germinated seeds were 84-93%. In variants with only Ca(OH)₂ application at different pH values germinated seeds were 81-90.0%.

Figure 1. Assessment ofphytotoxic effect of the soil from the MSW landfill on the example of Avena sativa cultivation

Table 5. Assessment of contaminated filtrate from the MSW dump on the example of Avena sativa cultivation at various methods of cleaning

Note. 2a- clean water +Ca(OH)₂ at рН ' 9.0; 2b - filtrate + Ca(OH)₂, pH 8,4;

2c - filtrate + Ca(OH)₂, pH 9,3;

2d - filtrate + Ca(OH)₂, pH 10,0;

2e - clean water + Ca(OH)₂, pH 9.45 + probiotic. 2f - filtrate +Ca(OH)₂, pH 8,35 + probiotic;

2g - filtrate + Ca(OH)₂, pH 9,31 + probiotic;

2h - filtrate + Ca(OH)₂, pH 10,0 + probiotic.

Length of ground part were large in variants with probiotic application (13-22 cm), in variants with only Ca(OH)₂ application were 12-18 cm. Similar results were obtained through the assessment of the weight of root system, weight of underground part, average root weight of one seed (Fig. 2).

Figure 2. The results of the assessment of the phytoxic effect based of Avena sadva cultivation with different cleaning methods

Application probiotic allows improving the soil quality and reducing its phytotoxicity. In particular, if the toxic influence on a root system of contaminated soil was characterized as above the average, after probiotic application toxic influence was weak (absent) according to the levels of growing disease (Table 6).

Table 6. Assessment of phytotoxic effect of a filtrate from the MSW landfill on the example of Avena sati'va cultivation

It is established that the use of Ca(OH)₂ and probiotic Sviteko-Agrobiotic-01 (1:100 dilution) at pH=10 allows improving the quality of anthropogenic polluted soil, reducing toxic impact on biota and increasing the efficiency of filtrate in MSW landfill (Fig. 3).

Figure 3. The results of the evaluation of the phvtotoxic effect on Avena sativa depending on the cleaning methods and different pH

solid domestic waste probiotic land

Conclusion

The experiments allowed estimating the phytotoxic effect of a filtrate from the MSW landfill on the example of Avena sativa cultivation and recommending methods of leachate treatment at solid domestic waste landfill:

1. Phytotoxic effect of the soil from the MSW landfill. Germinated seeds were on 17% lower, length of ground part was on 22% lower, the average length of roots was on 44% lower in comparison with control (clean soil). The weight of ground part and weight of a root system of plants in the soil from the landfill was on 55% and 42% less respectively. Influence of pollutants was characterized as the above average toxicity.

2. Application of probiotic Sviteko-Agrobiotic-01 (1:100 dilution) for cleaning contaminated soil. Germinated seeds were better on 5.2% in comparison with the polluted soil without the probiotic, the length of ground part of plants was large on 11.6%, the average length of roots - on 40.2% respectively; the green weight of ground part of plants and the weight of a root system of plants were on 14% and 16.5% higher in comparison with the polluted soil without the probiotic application. Thus, the use of prebiotics allows improving the quality of soil and reducing its phytotoxicity. In particular, if the influence on a root system of the contaminated soil is characterized as toxic above the average, after probiotic application - as the average toxicity by root weight and absent (weak) toxicity by root length. Application probiotic Sviteko-Agrobiotic-01 (1:100 dilution) and Са(ОН)₂ at рН=10 the maximum cleaning effect was reached, the phytotoxic effect is estimated as weak toxicity (by the length of ground part according to the average length of roots) and as no toxicity (by the weight of a ground part, weight of a root system). The phytotoxic effect of the filtrate without cleaning - above the average toxicity.

Thus, the use of Ca(OH)₂ and probiotic Sviteko-Agrobiotic-01 (1:100 dilution) at рН=10 allows improving the quality of contaminated soil, reducing toxic impact on biota and increasing the efficiency of leachate treatment in MSW landfill.

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