The measuring monitoring network of toxic pollutants in ecosystem for the sustainable environment

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National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”

Taurida National V. I. Vernadsky University

THE MEASURING MONITORING NETWORK OF TOXIC POLLUTANTS IN ECOSYSTEM FOR THE SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT

Valeriia Lytvynenko Postgraduate Student at the Department of Ecology and Technology of Plant Polymers Alina Dychko Doctor of Engineering, Professor at the Department of Geoengineering Igor Yeremeyev Doctor of Engineering, Professor at the Department of Automated Process Control

Kyiv

Annotation

monitoring network technogenic ecological

Environmental monitoring of the area of influence of pollutants of sewage is inextricably linked with the state of atmospheric air parameters, which determines the final characteristics of the process. In this case, this interaction has a significant impact on the development and functioning, as well as the durability of plant components of ecosystems. Increasing the accuracy and reliability of monitoring results is due to the economic difficulties due to the high cost of equipment (detectors, communication channels, multiplexing devices, security systems, etc.). The aim of the research is to optimize the measuring monitoring network of toxic pollutants, taking into account the number and location of pollutant detectors. The simplest developed method is based on taking into account the radius of the area of reliable detection, which depends on the signal threshold of detection, which in turn depends on the background pollution and its fluctuations in the control locations, the distance from the source of the emissions, the time of exposure of the detector (or the processing time of the analysis), the level the actions of the control system (the values of pollution, the achievement of which should trigger an alarm system to exceed the maximum permissible value of pollution), flow velocity.

The system approach to the analysis of heavy technogenic accidents and their ecological consequences is aimed at the coordination and integration of the use of scientific research, the holistic coverage of the phenomena of interest, the deepening of the study of the mechanism of accidents, the development of emergency processes in space and time, the impact of the impressive factors of the accident on the environment. The developed methodology for the analysis of the toxic pollutions, including waste with hexamethylenediamine, is built on a hierarchical principle, consisting of blocks of analysis of accidents, examination of the consequences of accidents, a priori and a posteriori risk assessment, as well as the adoption of managerial decisions.

Key words: monitoring, hexamethylenediamine, pollutant detectors, control system, legislative-administrative subsystem, ecological information system.

Анотація

МЕРЕЖА ВИМІРЮВАЛЬНОГО МОНІТОРИНГУ ТОКСИЧНИХ ЗАБРУДНЮЮЧІВ В ЕКОСИСТЕМІ ДЛЯ СТАЛОГО СЕРЕДОВИЩА

Валерія Литвиненко аспірант кафедри екології та технології рослинних полімерів Національний технічний університет України «Київський політехнічний інститут імені Ігоря Сікорського», Київ

Аліна Дичко доктор технічних наук, професор кафедри геоінженерії Національний технічний університет України «Київський політехнічний інститут імені Ігоря Сікорського», Київ

Ігор Єремєєв доктор технічних наук, професор кафедри автоматизованого управління технологічними процесами Таврійський національний університет імені В. І. Вернадського, Київ

Екологічний моніторинг зони впливу забруднюючих речовин стічних вод нерозривно пов'язаний зі станом параметрів атмосферного повітря, що визначає кінцеві характеристики процесу. При цьому ця взаємодія має значний вплив на розвиток і функціонування, а також на довговічність рослинних компонентів екосистем. Підвищення точності та достовірності результатів моніторингу обумовлено економічними труднощами через високу вартість обладнання (сповіщувачів, каналів зв'язку, пристроїв мультиплексування, систем безпеки тощо). Метою дослідження є оптимізація вимірювальної моніторингової мережі токсичних забруднюючих речовин з урахуванням кількості та розташування детекторів забруднюючих речовин. Найпростіший розроблений метод заснований на врахуванні радіусу зони надійного виявлення, який залежить від сигнального порогу виявлення, який у свою чергу залежить від фонового забруднення та його коливань у контрольних місцях, відстані від джерело викидів, час опромінення детектора (або час обробки аналізу), рівень дій системи контролю, значення забруднення, досягнення яких повинно спрацьовувати сигналізацію для перевищення гранично допустиме значення забруднення), швидкість течії.

Системний підхід до аналізу важких техногенних аварій та їх екологічних наслідків спрямований на узгодження та інтеграцію використання наукових досліджень, цілісне висвітлення явищ, що представляють інтерес, поглиблення вивчення механізму аварій, розвиток аварійних процесів у просторі та часі, впливу вражаючих факторів аварії на навколишнє середовище. Розроблена методологія аналізу токсичних забруднень, у тому числі відходів з гексаметилендіаміном, побудована за ієрархічним принципом, що складається з блоків аналізу аварій, експертизи наслідків аварій, апріорної та апостеріорної оцінки ризику, а також прийняття управлінських рішень. Ключові слова: моніторинг, гексаметилендіамін, детектори забруднюючих речовин, система контролю, законодавчо-адміністративна підсистема, екологічна інформаційна система.

INTRODUCTION

Today the issue of wastewater treatment is relevant chemical plants that contain hexamethylenediamine in the production cycle. Chemical companies that use AG salt as a source for production synthetic fibers, dealing with waste that enters the wastewater, namely, with hexamethylenediamine (HMD). HMD is used to obtain valuable polymer products - polyamides, nylons. In its interaction with phosgene, hexamethylenediisocyanate is formed, which is widely used for the production of polyurethane rubber, synthetic varnishes, adhesives, synthetic fibers. HMD is moderately toxic, has irritating effects, causes burns and dermatitis of the skin, mucous membranes of the respiratory tract.

Contaminated water is dangerous to humans by enteringgroundwaterandreservoirsthroughtheground. Thus, there is chemical pollution substances of ponds, lakes, rivers and wells that are close to chemical industry enterprises. In rural areas where there is none centralized water supply, this contaminated water daily used for household needs and for eating. The biggest problem is the ingress and accumulation of untreated water in the human body, which, in turn, contributes to the development of various diseases and even death. Thus the monitoring of harmful substances in the environment is the actual problem. The aim of the research is to optimize the measuring monitoring network of toxic pollutants, taking into account the number and location of pollutant detectors.

In the automated monitoring systems an important role is played by the choice of the number and location of pollution detectors. As machines and systems become more complex, this problem can only get worse, and there is a clear and urgent need to create comprehensive equipment management programs that take into account the various considerations required for efficient maintenance. The modern approach [1] represents a strategy from the cradle to the grave to maintain the operation of the equipment, avoid the consequences of failures and ensure the production capacity of the equipment. Going far beyond traditional approaches, this strategy includes quality and safety, human error and software maintenance, as well as cost, reliability and maintainability. From specialized books and technical articles, authors collected and integrated the latest achievements of engineering maintenance into practical step-by-step plans designed to optimize maintenance activities, extend the life of equipment and minimize failures.

MODERN APPROACHES TO THE ENVIRONMENT MONITORING

The environmental consequences of rapid industrialization [7] have resulted in countless incidents of land, air and water resources sites being contaminated with toxic materials and other pollutants, threatening humans and ecosystems with serious health risks. More extensive and intensive use of materials and energy has created cumulative pressures on the quality of local, regional and global ecosystems. Before there was a concerted effort to restrict the impact of pollution, environmental management extended little beyond laissez-faire tolerance, tempered by disposal of wastes to avoid disruptive local nuisance conceived of in a shortterm perspective. The need for remediation was recognized, by exception, in instances where damage was determined to be unacceptable.

When analyzing such a complex system, as the environment, the following principles should be followed: simplification; consideration of processes in dynamics; considering the possibility of ambiguity, incompleteness and inaccuracy of information; using a risk-based approach to impact assessment; understanding the system as a hierarchical structure able for adaptation and development [4]. All local ecosystems in the region are interconnected and affect the characteristics of neighboring local ecosystems, usually requiring the adjustment of resources and connections.

The definition ofthe optimal structure ofmeasuring environmental monitoring network is proposed by displaying the area of contamination and evaluation of dynamics of the pollution's “spots” that uses the methods of the theory of fractals and the theory of sets and general topology [5].

Presented approach [6] allows, under conditions of ensuring the requirements of the admissible metric (radius of detectors sensitivity) and taking into account the terrain and other features of the migration of contaminants, to find such optimal configuration of the monitoring system that will provide reliable information on the state of the environment in the controlled areal. Using the proposed algorithm it's possible to construct a set of fractal contours of any configuration with a given accuracy of reflections, which characterize the distribution of contaminants of the same level in the controlled areal, and to use the contours of the same level, or surfaces, characterizing the areal status at different times, to identify the dynamics of contaminants migration.

Two specific concepts [8] served as the basis for the control approach:

- the assimilative capacity concept, which asserts the existence of a specified level of emissions into the environment which does not lead to unacceptable environmental or human health effects;

- the principle of control concept, which assumes that environmental damage can be avoided by controlling the manner, time and rate at which pollutants enter the environment.

In response [9] to extensive evidence of the serious contamination associated with unrestricted management of waste, governments have established standards for acceptable practices for collection, handling and disposal to ensure environmental protection. Particular attention has been paid to the criteria for environmentally safe disposal through sanitary landfills, incineration, hazardous-waste treatment and the environmental monitoring of toxic pollutions.

This report [12] deals with the design and operation of source and environmental monitoring programs and systems relating to the release of radioactive material to the environment from authorized (registered or licensed) practices under normal operating conditions and during the decommissioning of facilities.

The method of online control of pollution in local areas involves the use of a specialized mobile environmental laboratory with a trailer for simultaneous collection and rapid analysis as samples of air, water and soil in the area under the flame of the alleged source of excessive pollution, taking into account meteorological characteristics and sampling emissions, as well as the measurement of aerodynamic parameters directly on the intended source of excessively normal pollution in the tube to determine the intensity of emissions of hazardous substances [2]. Then the test results are automatically transmitted via the mobile Internet to the computer. The proposed method of controlling air pollution in local areas provides rapid analysis of the sample of atmospheric air, water and soil in the flame zone of the expected and source of excessively normal pollution, taking into account meteorological characteristics and industrial emissions, accurate calculation of the contribution of industrial emissions to the general level, air pollution and online detection of sources of potential air pollution in local areas.

The practices considered include nuclear facilities (power plants, research reactors, reprocessing plants, fuel production plants, radioisotope production plants, uranium and thorium mining and milling facilities, near surface disposal facilities for radioactive waste) and non-nuclear facilities, for example, hospitals, research and educational establishments, and plants that handle naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM). It also deals with monitoring sites contaminated as a consequence of past practices. It does not, however, deal in detail with the monitoring and surveillance of residues from the mining and milling of uranium and thorium, as this is a matter covered in a separate Safety Report [13], or the surveillance and monitoring of near surface disposal facilities for radioactive waste, as this is covered in a further Safety Report [14].

NETWORKS AROUND SOURCES OF EMISSIONS

An approach based on the analysis of the ratio of the probability of registration of the emissions P (n) and the cost of the control system N (n) is possible in order to assess the amount of detectors required for reliable control ofthe number of detectors. This relation F (n) has a maximum corresponding to the optimal number of detectors. Usually the cost of a data center Щ depends little on the number of detectors and can be taken as a constant. Similarly, the cost of one detector Nd does not depend on the number of detectors in the system:

N(n) = N - n Nd

and

F(n) = p(n)/N(n) = N4lP(n)(2 - Nd N4ln)-\

In the case of zeroing the derivative F (n) by n, we can obtain the expression for the optimal number of detectors n₀:

N N-¹ = [(1 - p) ⁿ₀ - 1][(1 - p)ⁿoln(l -р)]-^ы - n_a,

where p = S_B / S₀ is the probability of detecting contamination by one of the detectors when the contamination has spread to the SB area, while the area of reliable control of the area by means of a number of detectors, which is determined by the sensitivity of the detectors used, covers the area S0, and

P(n) = 1 - (1 - p) n.

Typically, the value of P(n) is determined, which results in an approximate determination of the value of n, and then they find the relation N_d /N₄, at which

n = no.

If the discharges are sufficiently long and the pollution covers the entire area S₀, the task of assessing the accuracy of the data on the contamination of the region S₀. by the data from n detectors arises, which is determined as a result as the ratio of the area S covered by the control to the area So. The expression for R, which replaces P (n), can be represented as

R = 1 - exp(-S1nS-1o),

where S₁ is the area controlled by one detector.

Using the value R instead of P(n), we get another expression to determine the optimal number of detectors:

N4/Nn = p-1k [exp (pk no) - 1] - no,

where p_k = St/ S₀ is the relative size of the area on which data from one detector can be distributed.

In accordance with the above considerations, assuming that the radius of control of one detector, which is equal to half the radius of correlation (the distance at which the normalized function of the correlation of the pollution characteristics of two adjacent detectors decreases by e times) is 3 km and R = 0.7-0.8, 80-110 detectors are required for reliable control within a radius of 25 km from the source of emissions.

But the development of the network of measuring monitoring alone has no prospects, since this path only states the current situation and does not allow predicting its dynamics and trends, and the costs for its creation and operation are quite large.At the same time, and the use of only mathematical models of pollution migration and situation assessment, that is, the use of so-called model monitoring, cannot provide reliable information support for making responsible decisions due to significant modeling errors and ambiguity of the results obtained. Exiting the situation is possible by combining in one system of measuring and model monitoring, that is, using the so-called hybrid monitoring.

NETWORKS IN A CONTROLLED AREA

The reliability of monitoring data is closely related to the adopted concept of monitoring the system, with which state-of-the-art assessment techniques are used, with the degree of clarity and normalization of analytical methods and/or analyzes, quality control methods used, etc. In the process of analyzing the state of the system it is not enough to answer the question “present”, “how many present”, “in what form is present”. It is necessary to consider all relevant factors and the relation of the “Environment” system, the influence of individual elements of the system on one another and on the system as a whole in planning and conducting the analysis, as well as interpretation of the results. In this sense, it is interesting to consider the structure of the organizational and methodological system “Environmental analysis”, the conceptual model of which is given in Figure1.

Figure 1 Conceptual model of the system “Analysis of natural and engineering wastewater systems”

This system consists a number of subsystems. The legislative-administrative subsystem (LS) defines the research areas to be carried out, the types of contaminations and their permissible concentrations, the frequency and place of sampling, the accuracy and reliability of the data and their information value. Between the elements of the subsystem LS there are certain information relations.Thus, the element “source ofpollution” (SP) characterizes (as a rule, not very reliable) the types, amount (intensity) of emission and time of release, as well as the dynamics of emissions. This element is considered as the basis for a number of subsystems and elements of subsystems, between which there are material relations. The subsystem “Environment” (E) contains a number of elements (“air”, “precipitation”, “water”, “soil”, “flora”, “fauna”, “human”), among which, as well as the element “sampling” there are certain ratios.

Each emissions of sewage in the reservoir affect the disturbance of equilibrium in the distribution of pollution in the environment. This, in turn, entails a change in the dynamic equilibrium of material flows. With the knowledge of all biological, chemical and physical laws, every step and the transition in this equilibrium can be understood and mathematically described by models.

The ultimate goal of the analysis in a similar situation is to describe the distribution of pollution in the environment, taking into account the potential risk for humans, and although neither the source of contamination nor the details of material flows are accurately identified, calculating the exact load of toxins per person.

An exhaustive description of the distribution of pollution in the environment requires the complete control of all toxins and knowledge of their variations in space and time. Due to the large number of elements in the subsystem E and the inadequate knowledge of this subsystem in general, a description of the ecological situation and its full control are unlikely. Studies may be limited to random samples whose contents may differ from the characteristic element of subsystem E. Therefore, the value of information obtained during the analysis of samples should be determined by factors such as time and space representativeness and relevancy (the possibility of extrapolation of the analysis of the sample into whole element of subsystem E).

The “Analysis” element includes the procedures necessary for measuring and quality control. Analytical reliability is characterized by accuracy, reliability, detection limits, statistical analysis.

The “Result” element should provide in numerical form the properties of the investigated sample. During the interpretation of the data obtained, it is necessary to confirm the criteria such as relevancy and representableness of the samples and analytical reliability. If the evaluation of the results depends on the efficiency of obtaining data, then it is necessary to determine the optimal, as well as the maximum allowable time. Although costs do not directly affect the value of information, but under certain conditions, they can restrict freedom when choosing one or another procedure, so this factor should be taken into account and, if necessary, set the maximum permissible values.

The above system tracks various influences and feedback between its individual elements and subsystems. It can provide quantifiable information that is available during the analysis of samples, as well as characterize the value of information to be approached on the basis of accepted safety standards, determine the sampling scheme and the necessary analytical procedures. At the same time, it does not issue recommendations to increase the sensitivity of analytical procedures if the relevancy and representableness of the samples are inadequate. Consequently, sampling, analytical procedures, methods of quality control, formulation of results, etc. should be adapted to the requirements and conditions of the system as a whole. These procedures can be standardized and optimized for at least routine research after adaptation.

When choosing a sampling procedure, especially when it comes to indicating both space and time and relevance, the information value has to be taken into account. Such assessments should be made for each type of contamination. At the same time, sampling intervals that determine the sampleness of the sample should be recorded as regular intervals of a single time scale (for example, monthly: 0.003 - 0.03 - 0.25 - 0.5 - 1.0 - 2.0 - 3.0 - 6.0 - 12.0). In order to determine the visibility of space in each case, it is necessary to conduct special investigations, since variations in space are difficult to establish and calculate in advance. The relevance of the samples can be evaluated under conditions of adequate knowledge of subsystem E and a clearly formulated problem. For example, indicators such as plants and animals can have a high degree of relevance if their contamination can be used to extrapolate the contamination of the environment.

The description of the analytical procedures should be carried out in detail, the details of the sample (the structure of the samples, the number of samples, the components studied, the working levels), the data of the standard analysis procedure (characteristic of the procedure, the limits of detection, the standard deviation of the method used, the impact of substances that are outsiders for this structure; requirements for time and cost).

The results must contain numeric data values, mean values, number of individual definitions. Since the quality of the results, despite the standardization of analytical procedures, is subject to the effects of random and systematic errors, the degree of which changes over time, it is necessary to monitor the quality of the results of the analysis at regular intervals.

In the analysis of information and quality control, particular attention should be paid to data that goes beyond a possible range or less than a given value. They need to be processed using special standard procedures. Research results indicate that data that does not fall into the most probable distribution area is largely the result of measurement errors, transitions and calculations, which are based on uncertainty in the evaluation and interpretation of data. Therefore, in order to increase the reliability of the system state of evaluation results at all stages of the collection, processing and analysis of information, it is necessary to widely apply methods of direct optimization based on the concept of optimal use of experimental data, hybrid monitoring and the selection of optimal models.

METHODOLOGY OF ANALYSIS OF TECHNOGENICALLY-HAZARDOUS ENGINEERING OBJECTS OF DRAINAGE SYSTEMS AND ADJACENT TERRITORIES

The system approach to the analysis of heavy technogenic accidents and their ecological consequences is aimed at the coordination and integration of the use of scientific research, the holistic coverage of the phenomena of interest, the deepening of the study of the mechanism of accidents, the development of emergency processes in space and time, the impact of the impressive factors of the accident on the environment. In this regard, a methodology for the analysis of technogenically hazardous drainage and adjacent areas has been developed, built on a hierarchical principle, consisting of blocks of analysis of accidents, examination of the consequences of accidents, a priori and a posteriori risk assessment, as well as the adoption of managerial decisions (Figure 2).

Figure 2 Structural scheme of the methodology of analysis of technogenically hazardous objects and territories

The purpose of this system of analysis is the formation of a set of alternatives to the emergence and development of accidents, risk assessment with the aid of a posterior distribution of accidents and the analysis of the reliability of cases with a given number of their occurrence and comparison with the a priori distribution. In doing so, the principles of interaction and interconnection of various risks are fulfilled.

The methodology allows to analyze the sources, conditions and circumstances of accidents and their development processes, as well as to assess their environmental impact for management decisions in order to minimize environmental impacts.

Technogenic pollution with sewage supplies huge losses to natural complexes and exacerbates the danger of environmental disasters. Since it is impossible to completely stop the flow of waste water and industrial waste into biocenoses, the question of biological regulation of anthropogenic loads becomes of particular urgency. Unfortunately, existing sanitary and hygienic standards are based solely on the priority of protecting human health and do not protect other objects of wildlife. However, environmental standards should ensure the conservation of populations of organisms, even assuming the death of individual individuals, and guarantee not only the well-being of natural complexes, but also without reducing the economic profitability of industrial enterprises in the region.

In solving the problems of environmental normalization, it is necessary to directly determine the norms of the biological system, which is a rather difficult task, since there are possibilities of functioning of systems of the superstructure level in several met stable states, as well as the performance of specific functions in higher-level systems. The most characteristic properties of biological systems are their ability to change the functional parameters in order to maintain the system in optimal conditions. Adaptation processes can take place at three levels: adaptive reactions in organisms, adaptive reactions of supers organism and adaptive microevolution.

One of the main tasks in the field of ecology is a comprehensive analysis of the consequences of manmade impacts on the components of the environment and the responses to them in the biosphere, as well as an assessment of possible transformations that will allow decisions on the permissible levels of such impacts (Figure 3).

Figure 3 Scheme of influence of technogenic factors on components of the biosphere

An information base in the form of a geographic information system is required to take into account the influence of man-made factors on ecosystems, the structural organization of which is shown in Figure 4. Here the ecological information system consists of two main units, the first of which is the database of environmental data, and the second is a database of knowledge about the processes occurring in the natural environment.

The system accumulates in itself characteristic of the region physical and physical-chemical parameters that characterize the soil, hydrological parameters, migration indicators of the components, hydrodynamic indicators, etc.

Implementation of the proposed monitoring system is also appropriate in emergency situations.

The Bioinformation Unit also contains relevant materials that reflect the distribution of plant communities within the considered territories, as well as the biocenose-forming potential of phytocoenoses. Thus, the relationship between the biotic and abiotic components of the biosphere, which corresponds to the bioinformation and geoinformation blocks, which in turn constitute the information component of an expert system that has the following characteristics, is established with:

- the algorithm of solutions is constructed by the system itself with the help of plausible considerations and heuristics;

- system;

- “understanding” in terms of the user's decision;

- is able to analyze and explain their actions and knowledge;

- is capable of gaining new knowledge from the user;

- provides communication of the natural language interface with the user.

Increasing the level of pollution of reservoirs due to the activity of industrial enterprises (including engineering systems for drainage) leads to problems in assessing the ecological status of reservoirs:

- clear zoning of the zones of the influence of various factors on the level of pollution, due to the availability of appropriate sources of pollution of the reservoir and topographical (landscape) features, and the effect of certain factors of selfcleaning, as well as measures aimed at improving the ecological state;

- the presence of a dynamic component of the ecological status of the reservoir in general and its individual landscapes, in particular, due to seasonality, topography and the effect of external factors;

- steady growth of the ecological load on the reservoir;

- the dynamic nature of the spectrum of pollution, due to changes in technology, the closure and discovery of individual industries;

- manifestation in the effect of synergy.

Environmental monitoring of reservoirs should provide for the following tasks:

- identification of the actual state of the reservoir, including the range of toxic contaminants in water, atmosphere and soil, as well as taking into account the influence of synergy;

- analysis of the main sources of pollution in terms of their contribution to the ecology of the reservoir, including analysis of the impact on the reservoir of treatment facilities, industrial enterprises and metropolis, landfills and polygons, sources of electromagnetic radiation;

- district mapping, which reflects both the actual condition of the reservoir and the expected changes in the near or distant future, the identification of steady trends;

- certification of landscapes of a reservoir with separate emission:

a - stable parameters which do not exceed the established norms;

b - parameters that have come to the maximum allowable values;

in - parameters that went beyond the permissible limits;

g - parameters, each of which does not go beyond the permissible limits, but which form the combined effect (the effect of synergy), which exceeds the permissible values;

- processing (based on monitoring data) recommendations aimed at stabilizing or improving the status of the reservoir.

Figure 4 Structural organization of ecological information system

The procedure for assessing the status of a reservoir in terms of the impact on this state of a given facility for the treatment of sewage or industrial plant under normal operating conditions (taking into account the constant degradation of equipment, networks, etc.) and as a result of abnormal work (“design” accidents, peak loads, etc.), as well as in the event of widespread accidents and disasters, has two main problems:

- the abilitytomonitortheemissionsofpollutants, their subsequent migration and metabolism, as well as other factors affecting the state of the ecosystem of the reservoir, on the one hand, and on the other - on its own state ofthe reservoir, its structure, functioning, as well as its trends structural and functional changes;

- the possibility of identifying the observed state or its trends with the corresponding (alternative) standards, the characteristics, reactions and consequences of which are known and there are corresponding alternative ways of transition from the actually formed metastable states to the desired stable.

The problem of observation involves obtaining information:

- the qualitative parameters of the reservoir for a certain period, their statistically average and extreme fluctuations during this period, as well as the results of simulation of the impact on the reservoir of the man-caused object for the entire life cycle of the man-made object under conditions of its normal exploitation, and, accordingly, the influence as a result of the design and hypothetical accidents;

- factors influencing qualitative indicators (dumping of pollutants in normal, abnormal and emergency modes, their distribution, secondary migration, metabolism, hydro and other conditions that facilitate or prevent the flow of processes that lead to changes in the state of the ecosystem);

- models ofprocesses for changing the ecological status of the reservoir and the factors affecting these processes and conditions;

- heuristics that characterize outwardly weakly related or unclearly defined sets of pairs of “factors - states”.

In general, the problem of observation is characterized by indicators:

- that may be physical availability, the possibility of physical measurement or any other real observation of a parameter or factor; Logical-mathematical (if it is possible to calculate the value of a parameter or factor by means of a mathematical model), and availability in time, that is, the ability to measure or calculate a parameter or factor in a time that will not affect the timely assessment of the situation and the adoption of appropriate measures;

- sufficiency including completeness, that is, the exhaustiveness of the data, allowing an adequate assessment of the situation; an alternative, that is, the availability of such a number of sources of information that will allow an adequate assessment of the situation, even when data from some sources will not be received or will be distorted; the efficiency of information, that is, the timely receipt of data;

- including the reliability of the source data and the estimated probability of the results of data processing.

The identification problem is solved at three levels:

- identification of relevance, that is, a certain overwhelming (possibly mediocre, informal, fuzzy) connection with one or another type of standard;

- identification of conformance, that is, a certain rather transparent similarity of the standard;

- confirmation of the identity of the standard.

The above requires have special approach to monitoring the status of the reservoir. It should provide three modes of monitoring the state of the system:

- periodic collection and analysis of data reflecting the condition of the controlled area (including comparing current control data with those obtained at the previous stages of the control), as well as taking into account the factors that infused it at the time and affect the current stage of control both direct and indirect;

- causal control of the state due to the need to assess the impact of new (that is only planned) companies or sewage systems on the general condition of the reservoir, or to assess the actual impact of natural or man-made accidents;

- stochastic (selective) control of individual landscapes in order to check pre-established trends or the limits of actual fluctuation of environmental indicators.

CONCLUSION

The system approach to the analysis of heavy technogenic accidents and their ecological consequences is aimed at the coordination and integration of the use of scientific research, the holistic coverage of the phenomena of interest, the deepening of the study of the mechanism of accidents, the development of emergency processes in space and time, the impact of the impressive factors of the accident on the environment. The developed methodology for the analysis of the toxic pollutions, including waste with hexamethylenediamine, is built on a hierarchical principle, consisting of blocks of analysis of accidents, examination of the consequences of accidents, a priori and a posteriori risk assessment, as well as the adoption of managerial decisions.

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