Analysis of the use of fruit and nice cultures in greening of the Kherson region
We identified 38 types of niche fruit crops in the greening of settlements in the Kherson region. The study of the decorativeness of the presented niche cultures indicates the possibility of their wide implementation in landscaping of Kherson region.
Рубрика | Экология и охрана природы |
Вид | статья |
Язык | английский |
Дата добавления | 18.12.2023 |
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Analysis of the use of fruit and nice cultures in greening of the Kherson region
Boiko T.O. - PhD in Biology, Associate Professor at the Department of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Kherson State Agrarian-Economic University
Boiko P.M. - PhD in Biology, Associate Professor at the Department of Ecology and Sustainable Development named after Professor Yu.V. Pylypenko, Kherson State Agrarian-Economic University
Dvorna A.V. - Assistant at the Department of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Kherson State Agrarian-Economic University
Since the middle of the last century, fruit, berry, nut, medicinal and essential oil plants have been traditionally used in landscaping the cities of southern Ukraine. Often, this was due to a lack of quality planting material of ornamental woody and herbaceous plants. Today such plants are used as exotics. Plants such as Ficus carica L., Diospyros kaki Thunb., Lavandula angustifolia Mill., Asparagus officinalis (L.) and other are increasingly common on the streets of Kherson and in the district centers of the Kherson region. These plants belong to the category of niche crops. Their large-scale cultivation is economically unprofitable and involves great risks. Therefore, they are grown by small farms and amateur gardeners. Since these plants combine valuable nutritional or medicinal properties with decorative ones, it is necessary to find out the possibility of using fruit and niche crops in landscaping.
We identified 38 types of niche fruit crops in the greening of settlements in the Kherson region. Among them, we can single out fruit and berry, medicinal, nut and spice crops. Among them are grain crops (5 species, 13,2%) - Chaenomeles japonica Lindl., Cydonia oblongaMill., Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz, Mespilus japonica Thunb., Diospyros kaki Thunb.; stone crops (6 species, 15,8%) - Lycium chinense Mill., Ziziphus ujubaMill., Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliot., Cornus mas L., Cerasus tomentosa (Thunb.) Wall., Prunus cerasifera Ehrh.; berry crops (10 species, 26,3%) - Lonicera edulis Turcz. Ex Freyn, Hippophae rhamnoides L., Actinidia argute (Sieb. et Zucc.) Planchex, Schizandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill., Berberis vulgaris L., Morus alba L., Morus nigra L., Physalis ixocarpa Brot. ex Hornem., Cudrania tricuspidata (Carriere) Bureau ex Lavalle, Ficus carica L.; nut crops (8 species, 21,1%) - Amygdalus communis L., Juglans regia L., Juglans cordiformisMax., Carya illinoinensis K. Koch., Castanea sativaMill., Corylus avelana L, Corylus colurna L., Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge; spicy crops (2 species, 5,3%) - Hyssopus officinalis L., Origanum majorana (Moench.); medicinal crops (7 species, 18,5%) - Asparagus officinalis (L.), Cyperus esculentus L., Mahonia aquifolium Nutt., Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, Ipomoea batatas L., Lavandula angustifolia Mill., Lavandula latifolia Medic.
The study of the decorativeness of the presented niche cultures indicates the possibility of their wide implementation in landscaping of Kherson and the Kherson region.
Key words: niche cultures, ornamental plantings, landscaping, Kherson region.
Бойко Т.О., Бойко П.М., Дворна А.В. Аналіз використання плодово-ягідних культур в озелененні Херсонської області
В озелененні міст півдня України з середини минулого сторіччя традиційно використовувались плодові, ягідні, горіхові, лікарські та ефіроолійні рослини. Часто це було пов'язане з недостатньою кількістю якісного посадкового матеріалу декоративних деревних та трав'янистих рослин. Сьогодні такі рослини використовуються у якості екзотів. На вулицях Херсону та в районних центрах Херсонської області все частіше трапляються такі рослини як інжир, хурма, лаванда, спаржа тощо. Ці рослини відносяться до категорії нішевих культур. Їх масштабне вирощування економічно не вигідне та пов'язане з великими ризиками. Тому за їх вирощування беруться невеликі фермерські господарства та садівники-аматори. Оскільки ці рослини поєднують у собі як цінні поживні або лікарські якості з декоративними, необхідно з'ясувати можливість застосування плодових та нішевих культур в озелененні.
В озелененні населених пунктів Херсонської області нами визначено 38 видів плодових нішевих культур. Серед них можна виділити плодово-ягідні, лікарські, горіхові та пряні культури. Серед них зерняткові (5 видів, 13,2%) - Chaenomeles japonica Lindl., Cydonia oblongaMill., Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz, Mespilus japonica Thunb., Diospyros kaki Thunb.; кісточкові (6 видів, 15,8%) - Lycium chinense Mill., Ziziphus ujuba Mill., Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliot., Cornus mas L., Cerasus tomentosa (Thunb.) Wall., Prunus cerasifera Ehrh.; ягідні (10 видів, 26,3%) - Lonicera edulis Turcz. Ex Freyn, Hippophae rhamnoides L., Actinidia argute (Sieb. et Zucc.) Planchex, Schizandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill., Berberis vulgaris L., Morus alba L., Morus nigra L., Physalis ixocаrpa Brot. ex Hornem., Cudrania tricuspidata (Carriere) Bureau exLavalle, Ficus caricaL.; горіхові (8 видів, 21,1%) -Amygdalus communis L., Juglans regia L., Juglans cordiformisMax., Carya illinoinensis K. Koch., Castanea sativaMill., Corylus avelana L, Corylus colurna L., Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge; пряні (2 види, 5,3%) - Hyssopus officinalis L., Origanum majorana (Moench.); лікарські (7 видів, 18,5%) - Asparagus officinalis (L.), Cyperus esculentus L., Mahonia aquifolium Nutt., Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, Ipomoea batatas L., Lavandula angustifoliaMill., Lavandula latifoliaMedic.
Дослідження декоративності представлених нішевих культур свідчить про можливість їх широкого впровадження в озеленення Херсона та Херсонської області.
Ключові слова: нішеві культури, декоративні насадження, озеленення, Херсонська область
Setting of the problem
fruit nice cultures greening kherson
Ornamental plantings play an important role in the design of the city environment, offer individual unique features of the area, emphasize and define the most valuable buildings, structures, monuments, improve the microclimate and sanitary and hygienic conditions. The greening of cities and municipalities is a necessary component that performs ecological functions and creates a unique landscape space [1].
Since the middle of the last century, fruit, berry, nut, medicinal and essential oil plants have been traditionally used in landscaping the cities of southern Ukraine. Often, this was due to a lack of quality planting material of ornamental woody and herbaceous plants. Today such plants are used as exotics. Plants such as Ficus carica L., Diospyros kaki Thunb., Lavandula angustifolia Mill., Asparagus officinalis (L.) and other are increasingly common on the streets of Kherson and in the district centers of the Kherson region. These plants belong to the category of niche crops. Their large-scale cultivation is economically unprofitable and involves great risks. Therefore, they are grown by small farms and amateur gardeners. Since these plants combine valuable nutritional or medicinal properties with decorative ones, it is necessary to find out the possibility of using fruit and niche crops in landscaping [2,3].
The purpose of our work was to establish the specifics of the use of fruit and niche crops in landscaping the territories of the Kherson region.
Problem statement
Inventory studies were conducted on the territory of Kherson and Kherson region during 2017-2021. Chamber processing of the material was carried out at the Department of Forestry and Park and Garden of the Kherson State Agrarian and Economic University according to standard methods. The herbarium collections are stored in the herbarium of the department. Identification of plants and their taxonomic nomenclature was carried out in the field and on the basis of the department using relevant literary sources and reference books [4-11]. The nomenclature of taxa is given according to the «Catalog of the dendroflora of Ukraine» [12].
Presentation of the main research material
Fruit and berry plants can be used in decorative landscaping as part of the design of the territory. For this, special agricultural techniques are used, and the types and varieties of such bushes and trees are selected, taking into account the way they bloom, the height, shape and density of the crown [4-6].
We identified 38 species of niche fruit crops in the greening of settlements in the Kherson region. Among them, we can single out fruit and berry, medicinal, nut and spice crops (table 1).
Among them are grain crops (5 species, 13,2%) - Chaenomeles japonica Lindl., Cydonia oblonga Mill., Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz, Mespilus japonica Thunb., Dio- spyros kaki Thunb.; stone crops (6 species, 15,8%) - Lycium chinense Mill., Ziziphus ujuba Mill., Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliot., Cornus mas L., Cerasus tomentosa (Thunb.) Wall., Prunus cerasifera Ehrh.; berry crops (10 species, 26,3%) - Lonicera edulis Turcz. Ex Freyn, Hippophae rhamnoides L., Actinidia argute (Sieb. et Zucc.) Planchex, Schizandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill., Berberis vulgaris L., Morus alba L., Morus nigra L., Physalis ixocarpa Brot. ex Hornem., Cudrania tricuspidata (Carriere) Bureau ex Lavalle, Ficus carica L.; nut crops (8 species, 21,1%) - Amygdalus communis L., Juglans regia L., Juglans cordiformis Max., Carya illinoinensis K. Koch., Castanea sativa Mill., Corylus avelana L, Corylus colurna L.,Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge, spicy crops (2 species, 5,3%) - Hyssopus officinalis L., Origanum majorana (Moench.); medicinal crops (7 species, 18,5%) - Asparagus officinalis (L.), Cyperus esculentus L., Mahonia aquifolium Nutt., Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, Ipomoea batatas L., Lavandula angustifolia Mill., Lavandula latifolia Medic.
Table 1
The spectrum of niche crops used in landscaping in the Kherson region
Species |
Purpose |
Use in landscaping |
||
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
|
1 |
Actinidia argute (Sieb. et Zucc.) Planchex |
berry plant |
vertical gardening |
|
2 |
Amygdalus communis L. |
nut culture |
single landings large plant groups |
|
3 |
Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliot. |
stone crops |
single landings small plant groups hedges |
|
4 |
Asparagus officinalis (L.) |
medicinal plant |
flower beds discounts hedges |
|
5 |
Berberis vulgaris L. |
berry plant |
single landings small plant groups large plant groups hedges |
|
6 |
Carya illinoinensis K. Koch. |
nut culture |
single landings |
|
7 |
Castanea sativa Mill. |
nut culture |
single landings |
|
8 |
Cerasus tomentosa (Thunb.) Wall. |
stone crops |
single landings |
|
9 |
Cornus mas L. |
stone crops |
single landings small plant groups |
|
10 |
Corylus avelana L. |
nut culture |
single landings |
|
11 |
Corylus colurna L. |
nut culture |
single landings |
|
12 |
Cudrania tricuspidata (Carriere) Bureau ex Lavalle) |
berry plant |
single landings |
|
13 |
Cydonia oblonga Mill. |
fruit plant |
single landings |
|
14 |
Cyperus esculentusL. |
medicinal plant |
flower beds discounts |
|
15 |
Chaenomeles japonica Lindl. |
fruit plant |
single landings small plant groups hedges |
|
16 |
Diospyros kaki Thunb. |
fruit plant |
single landings |
|
17 |
Hyssopus officinalis L. |
spicy plant |
border planting flower beds discounts |
|
18 |
Hippophae rhamnoides L. |
berry plant |
single landings |
|
19 |
Juglans regia L. |
nut culture |
single landings large plant groups |
|
20 |
Juglans cordiformis Max. |
nut culture |
single landings large plant groups |
|
21 |
Ficus carica L. |
berry plant |
single landings |
|
22 |
Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench |
medicinal plant |
border planting flower beds discounts |
|
23 |
Ipomoea batatas L. |
medicinal plant |
vertical gardening ground cover plant |
|
24 |
Lycium chinense Mill. |
stone crops |
single landings small plant groups |
|
25 |
Lonicera edulis Turcz. Ex Freyn |
berry plant |
single landings small plant groups |
|
26 |
Lavandula angustifolia Mill. |
medicinal plant |
border planting flower beds discounts |
|
27 |
Lavandula latifolia Medic. |
medicinal plant |
border planting flower beds discounts |
|
28 |
Mahonia aquifolium Nutt. |
medicinal plant |
single landings small plant groups large plant groups hedges |
|
29 |
Mespilus japonica Thunb.) |
fruit plant |
single landings small plant groups |
|
30 |
Morus alba L. |
berry plant |
single landings small plant groups large plant groups |
|
31 |
Morus nigra L. |
berry plant |
single landings small plant groups large plant groups |
|
32 |
Origanum majorana (Moench.) |
spicy plant |
border planting flower beds discounts |
|
33 |
Physalis ixocаrpa Brot. ex Hornem. |
berry plant |
flower beds discounts |
|
34 |
Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. |
stone crops |
single landings |
|
35 |
Schizandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. |
berry plant |
vertical gardening |
|
36 |
Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz |
medicinal plant |
single landings large plant groups |
|
37 |
Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge |
nut culture |
single landings small plant groups |
|
38 |
Ziziphus ujuba Mill. |
stone crops |
single landings |
The decorative qualities of niche crops allow them to be widely used in landscaping. Since niche crops include plants of various life forms, they can be used in various types of plantings. Morus alba, Morus nigra, Mespilus japonica, Corylus avelana, Xanthoceras sorbifolium, Sorbus torminalis, Ficus carica, Juglans regia, Cydonia oblonga are used as solitary plants [13-16]. They can also be formed into borders and palm trees, effectively used in vertical landscaping. Such forms of the crown allow rational use of the area. Formed plants adapt well to an arid climate, do not get sick, bear abundant fruit, and such plantings greatly facilitate their care. These trees are highly decorative, some of them are durable, undemanding to the conditions of local growth, which meets the requirements of green construction. As hedges and borders, it is possible to use Berberis vulgaris, Aronia melanocarpa, Lonicera edulis, Lycium chinense, Mahonia aquifolium, Lavandula angustifolia, Lavandula latifolia, Asparagus officinalis. Physalis ixocarpa, Origanum majorana, Echinacea purpurea, Ipomoea batatas, Hyssopus officinalis are used in flower beds and beds.
Conclusions and suggestions
For decorative landscaping, it is possible to use standard forms or varieties of fruit trees that tolerate regular cutting and pruning. These can be Cydonia oblonga & Cerasus tomentosa. It is possible to plant other decorative forms (with a modified, weeping, spherical shape of the crown) [2].
Fruit and niche cultures can be used in group arrangements. It can be curtains, plantings combined with coniferous, deciduous trees, perennials, flowering bushes. Some species of fruit and berry plants can be placed in complex flower beds.
Almost all species of berry shrubs can be used as decorative plants: for group or solitary plantings, as part of flower beds, hedges or low green fences.
It is used more often than others in decorative landscaping Chaenomeles japonica, Berberis vulgaris, Lonicera edulis, Mespilus japonica.
Decorative compositions using fruit crops can be used to decorate gazebos, walls, fences, wallpapers, arches. From fruit and berry plants, Actinidia argute, Ipomoea batatas, Schizandra chinensis are suitable for this.
Trees and shrubs require regular trimming and branch trimming. Even when forming landscape compositions, periodically sanitary pruning of branches is carried out so that the plant remains strong and does not lose its decorative appearance.
The study of the decorativeness of the presented niche cultures indicates the possibility of their wide implementation in landscaping of Kherson and the Kherson region.
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